आदर्शवाद

adarshavad 1. pratyay aur adarsh-kuchh vicharakoan ke anusar munashy aur any praniyoan mean pramukh bhed yah hai ki manushy pratyayoan ka prayog kar sakata hai aur any praniyoan mean yah kshamata vidyaman nahian. kutta do manushyoan ko dekhata hai, parantu 2 ko usane kabhi nahian dekha. pratyay do prakar ke hote haian-vaijnanik aur naitik, sankhya, gun, matra adi vaijnanik pratyayoan ka astitv to asandigdh hai, parantu naitik pratyayoan ka astitv vivad ka vishay bana raha hai. ham kahate haian-'aj mausam bahut achchha hai'. yahaan ham achchhepan ka varnan karate haian aur isake sath achchhaee ke adhik nyoon hone ki or sanket karate haian. isi prakar ka bhed karmo ke sanbandh mean bhi kiya jata hai. naitik pratyay ko adarsh bhi kahate haian. adarsh ek aisi sthiti hai, jo (1)vartaman mean vidyaman nahian, (2) vartaman sthiti ki apeksha adhik moolyavanh‌ hai, (3) anukaran karane ke yogy hai aur (4) vastavik sthiti ka mooly jaanchane ke lie mapak ka kam deti hai. adarsh ke pratyay mean mooly ka pratyay nihit hai. mooly ke astitv ki babat ham kya kah sakate haian?

kuchh log mooly ko manav kalpana ka pad hi dete haian. jo vastu kisi karan se hamean akarshit karati hai, vah hamari drishti mean moolyavan ya bhadr hai. isake viparit afalatoon ke vichar mean pratyay ya adarsh hi vastavik astitv rakhate haian, drisht vastuoan ka astitv to chhaya matr hai. ek tisare mat ke anusar, jisaka pratinidhitv arastoo karata hai, adarsh vastavikata ka aranbh nahian, apitu 'aant' hai. 'niti' ke aranbh mean hi vah kahata hai ki sari vastuean adarsh ki or chal rahi haian.

moolyoan mean uchch aur nimn ka bhed hota hai. jab ham kahate haian ki k kh se uttam hai, tab hamara ashay yahi hota hai ki sarvottam se kh ki apeksha k ka aantar tho da hai. mooly k tulana ka adhar sarvottam hai. ise ni:shreyas kahate haian. prachin yoonan aur bharat ke lie ni:shreyas ya sarvashreshth mooly ke svaroop ka samajhana hi niti mean pramukh prashn tha.

2. ni:shreyas ka svaroop-ni:shreyas ya sarvochch adarsh ke svaroop ke sanbandh mean sabhi isase sahamat haian ki yah chetana se sanbaddh hai, parantu jyoanhi ham janana chahate haian ki chetana mean kaun sa aansh sadhyamooly hai, tyoanhi matabhed prastut ho jata hai. kuchh log kahate haian ki sukh ka upabhog aisa mooly hai. kuchh jnan, buddhimatta, prem ya shivasankalp ko yah pad dete haian. kuchh is vikalp mean ekavad ko chho dakar anekavad ki sharan lete haian or kahate haian ki ek se adhik vastuean sadhyamooly haian kisi vastu ke sadhyamooly hone ya n hone ka nirnay karane ke lie daktar moor ne nimnalikhit sujhav diya hai: kalpana karo ki do vikalpoan me poorn samanata hai, sivay is bhed ke ki ek vishesh vastu ek viplav mean vidyaman hai. in donoan viplavoan mean tumhari buddhi kisake astitv ko adhik upayukt samajhati hai? jo vastu aisi sthiti mean ek viplav ko doosare se adhik upayukt banati hai, vah sadhyamooly haian.

3. adarshavad ki many dharanaean-moolyoan ka astitv, unamean shreshthata ka bhed or sarvashreshth mooly ka astitv adarshavad ki maulik dharana hai. isase sanbaddh kuchh any dharanaean bhi adarshavadiyoan ke lie many haian. inamean se ham yahaan tin par vichar kareange: (1) samany ka pad vishesh se ooancha hai. pratyek buddhivant buddhivant hone ke nate bhadr mean bhag lene ka adhikari hai. (2) adhyatmik bhadr ka mooly prakritik bhadr se adhik hai. (3) buddhivant prani (manushy) mean bhadr ko siddh karane ki kshamata hai. manushy svadhin karta hai.

in tinoan dharanaoan par tanik vichar ki avashyakata hai.

(1) svarth aur sarvarth-samany aur vishesh ka bhed svarthavad aur sarvarthavad ke vivad mean prakat hota hai. bhogavad (sukhavad) ne svarth se aranbh kiya, parantu shighr hi isake dhhey mean sarvarth ne sthan prapt kar liya. manushy ka aantim uddeshy adhik se adhik sankhya ka adhik se adhik upabhog hai. doosari or kaant ne bhi kaha ki nirapeksh adesh ki drishti mean sare manushy ek saman sadhy haian, koee manushy bhi sadhan matr nahian. mrityu ki tarah naitik jivan sabhi bhedoan ko mita deta hai. koee manushy kartavy se oopar nahian, koee adhikaroan se vanchit nahian

(2) adhyatmik aur prakritik mooly-is vishay mean kaant ka kathan prasiddh hai: jagat mean or isake pare bhi ham shivasankalp ke atirikt kisi vastu ka bhi chiantan nahian kar sakate, jo bina kisi shart ke shubh ya bhadr ho. jan stuart mil jaise sukhavadi ne bhi kaha, tript suar se atript sukarat hona uttam hai. mil ne yah nahian dekha ki is svikriti mean vah apane siddhaant se hatakar adarshavad ka samarthan kar rahe haian. sukarat mean aisa adhyatmik aansh hai jo suar mean vidyaman nahian.

tamas hil grin ne vistar se yah batane ka yatn kiya hai ki adhunik naitik bhavana prachin yoonan ki bhavana se in do batoan mean bahut age badhi hai-manushy aur manushy mean bhed kam ho gaya hai,aur jivan mean adhyatmik paksh agrasar ho raha hai.

(3) naitik svadhinata-kaant ke vichar mean manav prakriti mean pramukh aansh 'naitik bhavana' ka hai, vah anubhav karata hai ki karttavyapalan ki maang shesh sabhi maangoan se adhik adhikar rakhati hai, naitik adesh 'nirapeksh adesh' hai. is svikriti ke sath naitik svadhinata ki svikriti bhi anivary ho jati hai. 'tumhean karana chahie, isalie tum kar sakate ho.' yogyata ke abhav mean uttaradayitv ka prashn uth hi nahian sakata.

4. shreshth, shreshthatar aur shreshthatam-yahaan ek kathin sthiti prastut ho jati hai: naitik adarsh shreshthatam ki siddhi hai ya usaki or chalate jana hai? jis avastha ko ham shreshthatam samajhate haian, use prapt karane par use shreshthatam hi pate haian. jahaan kahian bhi ham pahuanche, truti or apoornata bani rahati hai. svayan kaant ne kaha hai ki hamara aantim uddeshy poornata hai, aur isaki siddhi ke lie anant kal ki avashyakata hai. kuchh vicharak to kahate haian ki apoornata ka kuchh aansh rahana hi chahie. sorto apani prasiddh pustak 'naitik mooly' mean kahata hai: 'kalpana karo ki sare moolyoan ki siddhi ho gee hai. aisa hone par niti ka kya banega? age badhane ke lie koee adarsh rahega hi nahian. saphalata sare prayatn ka aant kar degi aur is tarah siddhi prapt naitik adarsh jivan ko poorn karane mean samapt kar dega. is kathinaee ke karan braidale ne kaha ki naitik jivan mean aantarik virodh hai: sare naitik prayatn ka aant isaki apani hatya hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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