भारत-चीन युद्ध (1962)

[[chitr:India-China.jpg|thumb|300px|bharat-chin ki sthiti]] bharat-chin yuddh 20 aktoobar, 1962 ko l da gaya tha. donoan deshoan ke bich ye yuddh qarib ek mahine tak chala, jisamean bharat ko kafi hani uthani p di aur usaki har huee. is yuddh ke karan jo sabase b di chiz donoan deshoan ne ganvaee, vah unaka apasi vishvas tha. is yuddh mean bharat ne apani vayusena ka istemal nahian kiya tha, jisake lie tatkalin pradhanamantri javaharalal neharoo ki k di alochana bhi huee. bharat-chin yuddh kathor paristhitiyoan mean huee l daee ke lie ullekhaniy hai. is yuddh mean zyadatar l daee 4250 mitar (14,000 phit) se bhi adhik ooanchaee par l di gayi thi. is prakar ki paristhiti ne donoan pakshoan ke lie rasad aur any logistik samasyaean prastut kian. yah yuddh chini aur bharatiy donoan paksh dvara nausena ya vayu sena ka upayog nahian karane ke lie bhi vikhyat hai.

sima vivad

bharat-chin ke is yuddh ke lie himalay ki vivadit sima ek mukhy bahana tha, lekin any muddoan ne bhi isamean pramukh bhoomika nibhaee. chin mean varsh 1959 ke tibbati vidroh ke bad jab bharat ne dalaee lama ko sharan di to bharat-chin sima par hiansak ghatanaoan ki ek shrriankhala ki shuruat ho gayi. bharat ne 'f aauravard niti' ke tahat 'maikamohan rekha' se lagi sima par apani sainik chaukiyaan rakhian, jo 1959 mean 'chini primiyar jhou enalaee' ke dvara ghoshit vastavik niyantran rekha ke poorvi bhag ke uttar mean thi. chini sena ne 20 aktoobar, 1962 ko laddakh mean aur 'maikamohan rekha' ke par ek sath hamale karane prarambh kiye. chini sena donoan morchoan par bharatiy suraksha baloan par unnat sabit huee. chini sena ne pashchimi kshetr mean chushool mean rejaang-la evan poorv mean tavaang par kabza kar liya. jab chini sena ne 20 navambar, 1962 ko yuddh viram aur sath hi vivadit kshetr se apani vapasi ki ghoshana ki, tab yah yuddh samapt hua.

bharatiy sainikoan ki pareshaniyaan

san 1962 mean desh ka rajanitik netritv yah poori tarah se samajh nahian paya ki sena ka istemal kahaan aur kaise kiya jae. us samay sena ko pulis ki tarah istemal kiya gaya. sena ko adesh diya gaya ki vah sima par jae aur har sau gaj par ya ek varg kilomitar par nakebandi kar de. is achanak mile adesh ka palan karate hue bharatiy sena ke javan jab vahaan pahuanche to n vahaan s dakean thian, n us kshetr ke nakshe unake pas the, n hi ve zaroori hathiyaroan se lais the, aur n hi us barphile kshetr mean l dane aur rahane ke lie unake pas uchit kap de the. sainik us k dak dati thand mean thithurate hue vahaan tak pahuanche the. atyadhik ooanchaee aur thand ki sthiti se sainy aur any l aaujistik karyoan mean bharatiy sainikoan ko kee kathinaiyoan ka samana karana p da. yahaan tak ki kee sainik jama dene vali thand se mar bhi ge.

shahid tatha giraphtar sainikoan ki sankhya

is yuddh mean 1383 bharatiy sainik mare ge, jabaki 1047 ghayal hue the. itana hi nahian qarib 1700 sainik lapata ho ge aur 3968 sainikoan ko chin ne giraphtar kar liya. vahian doosari or chin ke kul 722 sainik mare ge aur 1697 ghayal hue the. is yuddh ki sabase b di bat yah bhi thi ki bharat ki taraf se matr barah hazar bharatiy sainik chin ke 80 hazar sainikoan ka mukabala kar rahe the. donoan senaoan ke madhy yah ek bahut b da aantar tha.

bharat ki parajay

bharatiy sainikoan ne viratapoorvak chini sena ka samana kiya, kiantu rajanitik aur sainy netritv ki akshamata ke karan sainikoan ki bahaduri vyarth chali gee. us samay bharatiy vayusena chini vayusena ke mukabale bahut age thi, lekin bharatiy sainy aur rajanitik netritv ne vayusena ko koee kam nahian diya, aur n hi use l daee mean age laya gaya. yadi bharat apani havaee shakti ka prayog karata to jo chini sena bahut nape-tule akalan ke sath apani shakti ka sahi upayog karate hue age badh rahi thi, use roka ja sakata tha. vayusena ka istemal n karane ka parinam bharat ki har ke roop mean samane aya.

yuddh ke karan

bharat-chin yuddh ke mukhy roop se do karan the-

• pahala b da masala tibbat ka tha, jo madhy eshiya ka mashahoor pathar hai. yah donoan deshoan ke bich vivadit vishay bhi raha hai. san 1950 mean chin ne tibbat par qabza kar liya. prarambh mean bharat sarakar isake khilaf khulakar nahian bol paee, lekin jaise-jaise vahaan se daman ki khabarean ane lagian, bharat ne isaka virodh karana shuroo kiya.
• is paristhiti mean ag mean ghi dalane jaisa kam 1959 mean tibbati dharmaguru dalaee lama ko bharat mean sharan dena raha. chin ne bharat par chin virodhi gatividhi chalane ka arop lagaya.
• yuddh ka doosara karan himalay kshetr ka sima vivad tha. bharat manata tha ki sima ka nirdharan british sarakar ke samay sulajhaya ja chuka hai, kiantu chin isase inakar karata raha. usane bharatiy sima ke mahattvapoorn kshetr jammoo-kashmir ke laddakh vale hisse ke aksaee-chin aur arunachal pradesh ke kee hissoan par apana dava jataya. pandit javaharalal neharoo aur maotse tuang ke bich kee vartaoan ke bad bhi masala nahian sulajha, jisaka parinam yuddh ke roop mean samane aya.

neharoo ki alochana

san 1962 ke bharat-chin yuddh ke bad bharatiy sena mean vyapak badalav aye aur isane bhavishy mean isi tarah ke sangharsh ke lie taiyar rahane ki zaroorat mahasoos ki. yuddh se bharatiy pradhanamantri javaharalal neharoo par dabav aya, jinhean bharat par chini hamale ki ashanka mean asaphal rahane ke lie jimmedar thaharaya gaya. bharatiyoan mean deshabhakti ki bhari lahar uthani shuroo ho gayi aur yuddh mean shahid hue bharatiy sainikoan ke lie kee smarak banaye ge. bharat par chini akraman ki ashanka ki akshamata ke karan javaharalal neharoo ko chin ke sath shaantivadi sanbandhoan ko badhava dene ke lie sarakari adhikariyoan se kathor alochana ka samana karana p da. bharatiy rashtrapati radhakrishnan ne kaha ki "neharoo ki sarakar aparishkrit aur taiyari ke bare mean laparavah thi". pandit javaharalal neharoo ne bhi yah svikar kiya ki bharatiy apani samajh ki duniya mean rah rahe the. bharatiy netaoan ne akramanakariyoan ko vapas khade dane par poora dhyan keandrit karane ki bajay raksha mantralay se krishna menan ko hatane par kafi jor diya. bharatiy sena krishna menan ki nitiyoan ki vajah se vibhajit ho gayi thi aur kul milakar 1962 ka yuddh bharatiyoan dvara ek sainy parajay aur ek rajanitik apada ke sanyojan ke roop mean dekha gaya.

vayusena ka upayog n karana

us samay upalabdh vikalpoan par gaur n karake, balki ameriki salah ke tahat bharat ne vayu sena ka upayog chini sainiko ko vapas khade dane mean nahian kiya. 'ameriki guptachar sanstha' ne bad mean kaha ki us samay tibbat mean n to chini sainiko ke pas mean paryapt matra mean eedhan the aur n hi lambi havaeepatti thi, jisase ve vayu sena ka prabhavi roop se upayog karane mean asamarth the. adhikaansh bharatiy chin aur usake sainiko ko sandeh ki drishti se dekhane lage. kee bharatiy yuddh ko chin ke sath ek lanbe samay se shaanti sthapit karane mean bharat ke prayas mean ek vishvasaghat ke roop mean dekhane lage. javaharalal neharoo dvara "hindi-chini bhaee-bhaee" vaky ke upayog par bhi saval shuroo ho ge. is yuddh ne neharoo ki in ashaoan ko khatm kar diya ki bharat aur chin ek majaboot eshiyaee dhruv bana sakate haian, jo shit yuddh gut mahashaktiyoan ki badhati prabhav pratikriya hogi.

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bahari k diyaan

• shahidoan ko shraddhaanjali
• 1962 ka yuddh