लॉर्ड डलहौज़ी

thumb|l aaurd dalahauzi
Lord Dalhousie 1848 ee. mean l aaurd dalahauzi, jise 'arl aauf dalahauzi' bhi kaha jata tha, gavarnar-janaral banakar bharat aya. usaka shasan kal adhunik bharatiy itihas mean ek smaraniy kal raha kyoanki usane yuddh v vyapagat siddhant ke adhar par aangrez samrajy ka vistar karate hue anek mahattvapoorn sudharatmak karyoan ko sampann kiya. l aaurd dalahauzi ne bharatiy riyasatoan ko tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya tha. vah bharatiy riyasatoan ki upadhiyoan v padaviyoan par sada hi prahar karata raha. dalahauzi ne mugal samrat ki upadhi bhi chhinane ki koshish ki thi, par apane is kary mean vah saphal nahian ho saka. dalahauzi nagar, aupaniveshak bharat ke british gavarnar-janaral, l aaurd dalahauzi ke nam par hi p da hai.

mahattvapoorn saphalataean

l aaurd dalahauzi ke samay mean aangrejoan dvara prapt ki gee mahattvapoorn saphalataaian is prakar se haian:-

1. dvitiy aangl-sikh yuddh tatha panjab ka british samrajy mean vilay (1849 ee.) dalahauzi ki pratham saphalata thi.
2. multan ke garvanar moolaraj ke vidroh, do aangrez adhikariyoan ki hatya aur hazara ke sikkh garvanar, chatar sianh ke vidroh ne panjab mean sarvatr aangrez virodh ki sthiti paida kar di thi. atah dalahauzi ne dvitiy aangl sikkh yuddh ke pashchath 29 march, 1849 ee. ki ghoshana dvara panjab ka vilay british samrajy mean kar liya.
3. maharaja dalip sianh ko penshan de di gayi. is yuddh ke vishay mean dalahauzi ne kaha tha ki, 'sikkhoan ne yuddh maanga hai, yah yuddh pratishodh sahit l da jayaga.'
4. l aaurd dalahauzi ne sikkim par do aangrez d aauktaroan ke sath durvyavahar ka arop lagakar us par adhikar kar liya (1850 ee.).
5. loar barma tatha pigoo ka british samrajy mean vilay dalahauzi ke samay mean hi kiya gaya.
6. usake samay mean hi dvitiy aangl-barma yuddh l da gaya, jisaka parinam tha, barma ki har tatha loar barma evan pigoo ka aangrezi samrajy mean vilay (1852 ee.).

bharatiy riyasatoan ka vibhajan

l aaurd dalahauzi ke shasan kal ko usake 'vyapagat siddhant' ke karan adhik yad kiya gaya hai. isane bharatiy riyasatoan ko tin bhagoan mean baanta tha:-

1. pratham varg - is varg mean aisi riyasatean shamil thian, jisane n to aangrezoan ki adhinata svikar ki thi, aur n hi 'kar' deti thian.
2. dvitiy varg - is varg mean aisi riyasatean (bharatiy) sammilit thian, jo pahale mugaloan evan peshavaoan ke adhin thian, par vartaman samay mean aangrezoan ke adhiannasth thian.
3. tritiy varg - is varg mean aisi riyasatean shamil thian, jise aangrezoan ne sanadoan dvara sthapit kiya tha.

dalahauzi ne yah tay kiya ki, pratham varg ya shreni mean jo riyasatean haian, jinake god lene ke adhikar ko ham nahian chhin sakate. doosare varg ya shreni ke antargat ane vali riyasatoan ko hamari ajna se god lene ka adhikar mil sakega. ham is mamalean mean anumati de bhi sakate haian aur nahian bhi; vaise prayas anumati dene ka hi rahega, parantu tisari shreni ya varg ki riyasatoan ko uttaradhikar mean god lene ki anumati kadapi nahian di jani chahie. bharatiy riyasatoan ka in tin vargoan mean vibhajan l aaurd dalahauzi ne apani marzi se kiya. is prakar dalahauzi ne apane vilay ki niti se bharat ki prakritik simaoan tak aangrezi rajy ka vistar kar diya.

rajyoan ka vilay

dalahauzi dvara vilay kiye gaye rajy

rajy	varsh
satara	1848 ee.
jaitapur, sanbhalapur	1849 ee.
baghat	1850 ee.
udayapur	1852 ee.
jhaansi	1853 ee.
nagapur	1854 ee.
karauli	1855 ee.
avadh	1856 ee.

vyapagat siddhant ke anusar vilay kiya gaya pratham rajy satara tha. satara ke raja appa sahab ne apani mrityu ke kuchh samay poorv eest indiya kampani ki anumati ke bina ek 'dattak putr' bana liya tha. l aaurd dalahauzi ne ise ashrit rajy ghoshit kar isaka vilay kar liya. 'kamans sabha' mean josef hnoom ne is vilay ko 'jisaki lathi usaki bhaians' ki sanjna di thi. isi prakar sanbhalapur ke raja narayan sianh, jhaansi ke raja gangadhar rav aur nagapur ke raja raghuji tritiy ke rajyoan ka vilay kramashah 1849 ee., 1853 ee. evan 1854 ee. mean unake putr ya uttaradhikari ke abhav mean kiya gaya. unhean dattak putr ki anumati nahian di gayi.

l aaurd dalahauzi ne upadhiyoan tatha peanshanoan par prahar karate hue 1853 ee. mean karnatak ke navab ki peanshan band karava di. 1855 ee. mean tanjaur ke raja ki mrityu hone par usaki upadhi chhin li. dalahauzi mugal samrat ki bhi upadhi chhinana chahata tha, parantu saphal nahian ho saka. usane peshava bajirav dvitiy ki 1853 ee. mean mrityu hone par usake dattak putr nana sahab ko peanshan dene se mana kar diya. usaka kahana tha ki peanshan peshava ko nahian, balki bajirav dvitiy ko vyaktigat roop se di gayi thi. haidarabad ke nizam ka karz ada karane mean apane ko asamarth pakar 1853 ee. mean barar ka aangrezi rajy mean vilay kar liya gaya. 1856 ee. mean avadh par kushasan ka arop lagakar lakhanoo ke rejident autram ne avadh ka vilay aangrezi samrajy mean karava diya, us samay avadh ka navab 'vajid ali shah' tha.

sudhar kary

apane prashasanik sudharoan ke antargat l aaurd dalahauzi ne bharat ke gavarnar-janaral ke karyabhar ko kam karane ke lie bangal mean ek lephtineant garvanar ki niyukti ki vyavastha ki. un naye pradeshoan, jinhe hal mean hi british samrajy mean milaya gaya tha, ke lie dalahauzi ne sidhe prashasan ki vyavastha ki, jise ‘n aaun reguleshan pranali’ kaha gaya. isake antargat pradeshoan mean niyukt kamishnaroan ko pratyaksh roop se garvanar janaral ke prati uttaradayi banaya gaya. sainy sudharoan ke antargat dalahauzi ne topakhane ke mukhyalay ko kalakatta se merath sthanantarit kiya aur sena ka mukhyalay shimala mean sthapit kiya. yah sab kary dalahauzi ne 1856 ee. mean kiya. dalahauzi ne sena mean bharatiy sainikoan ki katauti evan british sainikoan ki vriddhi ki. usane panjab mean nee aniyamit sena ka gathan evan gorakha rejimeant ke sainikoan ki sankhya mean vriddhi ki.

shiksha yojana

shiksha sambandhi sudharoan mean l aaurd dalahauzi ne 1854 ee. mean 'vud dispech' ko lagoo kiya. prathamik shiksha se lekar vishvavidyalay star ki shiksha ke lie ek vyapak yojana banayi gayi. isake tahat ziloan mean 'eanglo-varnakyoolar skool', pramukh nagaroan mean sarakari k aaulejoan tatha tin prasideansiyoan-kalakatta, madras evan bambee mean ek-ek vishvavidyalay sthapit kiye aur sath hi pratyek pradesh mean ek shiksha nideshak niyukt kiya gaya.

bharatiy relave ka janak

l aaurd dalahauzi ko bharat mean relave ka janak mana jata hai, kyoanki usi ke prayatnoan ke phalasvaroop maharashtr mean 1853 ee. mean bambee se thanean tak pratham relaga di chalayi gayi. rel vyavastha dalahauzi ke vyakgit prayasoan ka pratiphal thi. aangrezoan ne isamean khoob pooanji lagaee. dalahauzi ko bharat mean vidyut tar ki bhi shuruat karane ka shrey prapt hai. 1852 ee. mean usane o, shaidhanesi ko vidyul tar vibhag ki adhyakshata sauanpi thi.

any sudhar kary

dak vibhag mean sudhar karate hue dalahauzi ne 1854 ee. mean naya ‘post aaufis ekt’ pas kiya. is ekt ke tahat tinoan presideansiyoan mean ek-ek mahanideshak niyukt karane ki vyavastha ki gee. desh ke andar 2 paise ki dar se patr bhejane ki vyavastha ki gee. pahali bar dalahauzi ne bharat mean dak tikatoan ka prachalan prarambh kiya. l aaurd dalahauzi ne prithakh roop se bharat mean pahali bar ‘sarvajanik nirman vibhag’ ki sthapana ki. ganga nahar ka nirman kar 8 aprail, 1854 ee. ko use sianchaee ke lie khol diya gaya. panjab mean bari doab nahar par nirman kary ki shuruat ki gee. dalahauzi ne graand trank rod ka nirman kary bhi punah shuroo karavaya. vanijyik sudharoan ke antargat dalahauzi ne bharat ke bandaragahoan ko antarrashtriy vyapar ke lie khol diya. karachi, kalakatta evan bambee ke bandaragahoan ko adhunik banane ka prayas kiya gaya. ek kamishan ki riport ke adhar par dalahauzi ne 1854 ee. mean ek svatantr vibhag ke roop mean ‘sarvajanik nirman vibhag’ ki sthapana ki.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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