स्थलमण्डल
sthalamandal bhooprishth par pae jane vale thos shail padarthoan ki paratean haian. yah jivamandal ka mahattvapoorn bhag hai. isaka nirman tatvoan, khanijoan, shailoan tatha mitti se hua hai. tatv shuddh padarth hai jisake antargat loha, taanba, nikil, sona, chaandi, haidrojan, aauksijan, naitrojan, karban adi ate haian. khanijoan mean b aauksait, dolomait, hemetait, phelaspar adi ate haian. shailoan ke roop mean agney shail, avasadi shail, roopaantarit shail tatha mitti ke roop mean jalodh , domat, laiterait mitti adi shamil haian.
sthalamandal ka kshetraphal
sthalamandal sampoorn prithvi ke kshetraphal ka 29% hai. prithvi ke andar tin mandal pae jate haian. oopari mandal ko bhooparpati athava krast kaha jata hai. isaki motaee 30 se 100 ki.mi. tak hoti hai. mahadvipoan mean isaki motaee adhik hai jabaki mahasagaroan mean ya to krast hoti hi nahian, agar hoti hai to bahut patali hoti hai. krast ka oopari bhag sthalamandal ka pratinidhitv karata hai. jin padarthoan se krast ka nirman hota hai ve jaiv samuday ke lie bahut mahattvapoorn haian. krast ka nirman mukhyatah loha, aauksijan, silik aaun, maignishiyam, nikil, gandhak, kailshiyam tatha ailuminiyam se hota hai. krast mean elyuminiyam tatha silika ki matra adhik hoti hai. krast ke niche ke doosare mandal ko maintil kaha jata hai jisaki nichali sima 2900 kimi se prithvi ke kendr tak hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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