देवनागरी लिपि
[[chitr:Devnagari-Lipi.jpg|thumb|300px|devanagari lipi, brahmi se devanagari ka vikasanukram]]
- bharat mean sarvadhik prachalit lipi jisamean sanskrit, hiandi aur marathi bhashaean likhi jati haian. is shabd ka sabase pahala ullekh 453 ee. mean jain granthoan mean milata hai. 'nagari' nam ke sanbandh mean mataiky nahian hai. kuchh log isaka karan nagaroan mean prayog ko batate haian. kuchh isaka sanbandh gujaraj ke nagar brahmanoan se jo date haian. yah apane aranbhik roop mean brahmi lipi ke nam se jani jati thi. isaka vartaman roop navi-dasavian shatabdi se milane lagata hai. bhasha vijnan ki shabdavali mean yah 'aksharatmak' lipi kahalati hai. yah vishv mean prachalit sabhi lipiyoan ki apeksha adhik poornatar hai. isake likhit aur uchcharit roop mean koee aantar nahian p data hai. pratyek dhvani sanket yathavat likha jata hai.
- devanagari ek lipi hai jisamean anek bharatiy bhashaean tatha kuchh videshi bhashaean likhian jati haian. sanskrit, pali, hindi, marathi, koankani, sindhi, kashmiri, nepali, gadhavali, bodo, aangika, magahi, bhojapuri, maithili, santhali adi bhashaean devanagari mean likhi jati haian. ise nagari lipi bhi kaha jata hai. isake atirikt kuchh sthitiyoan mean gujarati, panjabi, bishnupuriya manipuri, romani aur urdoo bhashaean bhi devanagari mean likhi jati haian.
- isamean kul 52 akshar haian, jisamean 14 svar aur 38 vyanjan haian. aksharoan ki kram vyavastha (vinyas) bhi bahut hi vaijnanik hai. svar-vyanjan, komal-kathor, alpapran-mahapran, anunasiky-antasth-ushm ityadi vargikaran bhi vaijnanik haian. ek mat ke anusar devanagar (kashi) me prachalan ke karan isaka nam devanagari p da.[1]
- bharat tatha eshiya ki anek lipiyoan ke sanket devanagari se alag haian (urdoo ko chhodakar), par uchcharan v varn-kram adi devanagari ke hi saman haian — kyoanki vo sabhi brahmi lipi se utpann huee haian. isalie in lipiyoan ko paraspar asani se lipyantarit kiya ja sakata hai. devanagari lekhan ki drishti se saral, saundary ki drishti se sundar aur vachan ki drishti se supathy hai.[1]
- isaka vikas uttar bharatiy aitihasik gupt lipi se hua, halaanki aantat: isaki vyutpatti brahmi varnaksharoan se huee, jisase sabhi adhunik bharatiy lipiyoan ka janm hua hai. satavian shatabdi se isaka upayog ho raha hai, lekin isake paripakv svaroop ka vikas 11vian shatabdi mean hua.
- devanagari ki visheshata aksharoan ke shirsh par lanbi kshaitij rekha hai, jo adhunik upayog mean samany taur par ju di huee hoti hai, jisase lekhan ke dauran shabd ke oopar atoot kshaitik rekha ka nirman hota hai.
- devanagari ko baean se dahini or likha jata hai. halaanki yah lipi moolat: varnakshariy hai, lekin upayog mean yah aksharik hai, jisamean pratyek vyanjan ke aant mean ek laghu dhvani ko man liya jata hai, basharte isase pahale vaikalpik svar ke chihn ka upayog n kiya gaya ho. devanagari ko svar chihnoan ke bina bhi likha jata raha hai.
- yah ek dhvanyatmak lipi hai jo prachalit lipiyoan (roman, arabi, chini adi) mean sabase adhik vaijnanik hai. isase vaijnanik aur vyapak lipi shayad keval aipie lipi hai. [1]
itihas
uttar bharat mean nagari lipi ke lekh 8vian – 9vian shatabdi se milane lag jate haian. dakshin bharat mean isake lekh kuchh pahale se milate haian. vahaan yah ‘nandinagari’ kahalati thi. ‘nagari’ nam ki vyutpati evan arth ke bare mean puravid ekamat nahian haian. ‘lalit-vistar’ ki 64 lipiyoan mean ek ‘nag lipi’ nam milata hai. kintu ‘lalit-vistar’ (doosari shatabdi ee.) ki ‘nag-lipi’ ke adhar par nagari lipi ka namakaran sanbhav nahian jan p data . ek any mat ke anusar, gujarat ke nagar brahmanoan dvara sarvapratham upayog kiye jane ke karan isaka nam nagari p da. yah mat bhi sadhar nahian pratit hota. kuchh logoan ne to yahaan tak kaha ki, baki nagar to keval nagar hi haian kiantu kashi devanagari hai, aur vahaan isaka prachar hone ke karan is lipi ka nam ‘devanagari’ p da. is mat ko svikar karane mean a dachanean haian. ek any mat ke anusar, nagaroan mean prachalit hone ke karan yah nagari kahalaee. is mat ko kuchh had tak svikar kiya ja sakata hai. dakshin ke vijayanagar rajaoan ke danapatroan ki lipi ko nandinagari ka nam diya gaya hai. yah bhi sanbhav hai ki nandinagar (adhunik naande d, maharashtr) ki lipi hone ke karan isake lie nagari ka nam astitv mean aya. pahale-pahal vijayanagar rajy ke lekhoan mean nagari lipi ka vyavahar dekhane ko milata hai. bad mean jab uttar bharat mean bhi isaka prachar hua, to ‘nandi’ ki tarah yahaan ‘dev’ shabd isake pahale jo d diya gaya hoga. jo bhi ho, ab to yah nagari ya devanagari shabd uttar bharat mean 8vian se aj tak likhe gaye pray: sabhi lekhoan ki lipi-shailiyoan ke lie prayukt hota hai. dasavian shatabdi mean panjab aur kashmir mean prayukt sharada lipi nagari ki bahan thi, aur baangla lipi ko ham nagari ki putri nahian to bahan man sakate haian . aj samast uttar bharat mean (nepal mean bhi) aur sanpoorn maharashtr mean devanagari lipi ka istemal hota hai.[2]
lipi ke kuchh pramukh lekh
thumb|300px|pratiharavanshi raja mahendrapal ke danapatr ki tin panktiyaan (shivaramamoorti ke adhar par) shivaramamoorti ki ray hai ki harshavardhan ke samakalin gau dadesh (pashchim bangal) ke raja shashaank ke tamrapatroan mean poorvi bharat ki nagari lipi ka svaroop pahale-pahal dekhane ko milata hai. parantu in tamrapatroan ki lipi ko ham abhi nagari nahian kah sakate. adhik se adhik ise ham ‘prak-nagari’ ka nam de sakate hai, kyoanki is lipi ke akshar nyoonakoniy (tirachhe) aur thos trikoni siroanvale haian. uttar bharat mean nagari lipi ka prayog pahale-pahal kannauj ke pratiharavanshiy raja mahendrapal (891-907 ee.) ke danapatroan mean dekhane ko milata hai. inamean ‘a’ ki matra pahale ki tarah akshar ki daeean or a di n hokar, kh di aur poori lanbi ho gee hai. ‘k’ ka niche ka mu da hua vakr usake dand ke sath mil jata hai. is lipi mean aksharoan ke niche ke sire saral hai aur siroan par, pahale ki tarah thos trikon n hokar, ab a di lakirean haian. isake bad to uttar bharat se nagari lipi ke dheroan lekh milate haian. inamean guhilavanshi, chahaman (chauhan) vanshi, rashtrakoot, chauluky (solanki), paramar, chandelavanshi, haihay (kalachuri) adi rajaoan ke nagari lipi mean likhe hue danapatr tatha shilalekh prasiddh haian. dakshin ke pallav shasakoan ne bhi apane lekhoan ke lie nagari lipi ka prayog kiya tha. isi lipi se age chalakar ‘granth lipi’ ka vikas hua. tamil lipi ki apoornata ke karan usamean sanskrit ke granth likhe nahian ja sakate the, isalie sanskrit ke granth jis nagari lipi mean likhe jane lage, usi ka bad mean ‘granth lipi’ nam p d gaya. kaanchipuram ke kailashanath mandir mean nagari lipi mean likhe hue bahut se virud milate haian. inamean saral aur kalatmak donoan hi prakar ki lipiyoan ka prayog dekhane ko milata hai. yah lipi harshavardhan ki lipi se kafi milati-julati dikhaee deti hai. thumb|300px|left|dhar nagari ke paramar shasak bhoj ke betama tamrapatr (1020 ee.) ka ek aansh sudoor dakshin mean bhi pa day shasakoan ne 8vian shatabdi mean nagari ka istemal kiya tha. mahabalipuram ke atiranachan deshvar namak guphamandir mean jo lekh milata hai, vah bhi nagari mean hai. sabase niche dakshin mean nagari ka jo lekh milata hai, vah hai pa day-raja varagun (9vian shatabdi) ka paliyam danapatrh. is danapatr ki lipi mean aur atiranachan deshvar ke guphalekh ki lipi mean kafi samy hai. dakshin ke uttam, rajaraj aur rajendr jaise chol rajaoan ne apane sikkoan ke lekhoan ke lie nagari ka istemal kiya hai. shrilanka ke parakramabahu, vijayabahu jaise rajaoan ke sikkoan par bhi nagari ka upayog hua hai. 13vian shatabdi ke keral ke shasakoan ke sikkoan par ‘virakeralasy’ jaise shabd nagari mean aankit milate haian. vijayanagar shasanakal se to nagari (nandinagari) ka bahutayat se upayog dekhane ko milata hai. is kal ke adhikaansh tamrapatroan par nagari lipi mean hi lekh aankit haian, hastakshar hi pray: telugu-kann d lipi mean hai. sikkoan par bhi nagari ka prayog dekhane ko milata hai. dakshini shaili ki nagari lipi (nandinagari lipi) ka prachinatam namoona hamean rashtrakoot raja dantidurg ke samangad danapatroan mean , jo 754 ee. ke haian, dikhaee deta hai. bad mean badami ke chalukyoan ke uttaradhikari rashtrakoot shasakoan ne to is nagari lipi ka b de paimane par istemal kiya. rashtrakoot raja krishnaraj pratham ke nagari lipi mean likhe hue talegaanv-danapatr prasiddh haian. devagiri ke yadavavanshi rajaoan ne bhi nagari lipi ka hi upayog kiya tha. dhar nagari ka paramar shasak bhoj apane vidyanurag ke lie itihas mean prasiddh hai. baansava da tatha vetama se prapt usake tamrapatr (1020 ee.) usaki ‘koankanavijay’ ke upalakshy mean jari kie gaye the. ye aranbhik nagari lipi mean hai. <websiteFrame> website=http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A%2F%2Fhi.bharatdiscovery.org%2Findia%2F%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE&layout=standard&show_faces=true&width=450&action=like&colorscheme=light&height=80" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border:none; overflow:hidden; width:450px; height:80px;" allowTransparency="true</websiteFrame>
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 hindi sahity (hindi) (ech.ti.em.el). . abhigaman tithi: 28 sitanbar, 2010.
- ↑ muळe, gunakar akshar katha. nee dilli: soochana evan prasaran mantralay, bharat sarakar.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh