केलाग-ब्रियाँ समझौता
kelag-briyaan samajhauta (aangrezi: Kellogg–Briand Pact) parasparik vivadoan ko shaantipoorn dhang se sulajhane ke liye kiya gaya ek aantararashtriy samajhauta tha, jis par peris mean 27 agast, 1928 ko 15 deshoan ke pratinidhiyoan ne hastakshar kie the.
itihas
is samajhaute ke poorv, aantararashtriy vidhi mean, yuddh vidhanat: grahy sadhan tha, jisake dvara rashtr apane vastavik ya kalpanik adhikaroan ki raksha karate the. is adhikar ko simit karane ka prayas 1899 tatha 1907 ki heg kanaphareansoan tatha sanh 1914 ki brayan sandhiyoan dvara kiya gaya tha. san 1924 mean svikrit jiniva protokal ke doosare anuchchhed mean yah kiya gaya ki un avasthaoan ko chho dakar jo usamean pariganit thian, kisi bhi avastha mean yuddh ka ashray n liya jaye.
polaiand ka prastav
sitanbar 1927 mean lig aauv neshans ki sabha ne apani athavian baithak mean polaiand ka yah prastav svikar kiya ki-
- sabhi abhidhavanatmak yuddhoan (al var aauv aigreshan) ka nishedh hona chahie.
- har prakar ke vivad, jo deshoan ke bich utpann hoan, shaantipoorn upayoan se hal kie jaean.
faravari, sanh 1928 mean chhathi pain-amarikan kanaphareans ne ek prastav karate hue ghoshit kiya ki prathamakraman manushy matr ke prati ek aparadh hai, pratyek prathamakraman pratishiddh, aur is karan nishiddh hai. inhian vicharoan tatha prayatnoan ko kelag-briyaan samajhaute ka roop pradan kiya gaya. prophesar shatavel ke sujhav par phraans ke videsh- sachiv briyaan ne amarika ke sachiv kelag ke bich is sanbandh mean patrachar aranbh kiya aur is patrachar ke phalasvaroop yah sandhipatr svikar kiya gaya. is karan ise kelag-briyaan athava peris samajhauta (paikt) kahate haian.
prakkathan tatha anuchchhed
is samajhaute mean ek prakkathan tatha do mukhy anuchchhed haian. isamean yah ghoshana ki gee hai-
- uchch sanvidit paksh (haee kaantraiktiang partij), apane apane deshavasiyoan ki or se ganbhiratapoorvak ghoshit karate haian ki ve aantararashtriy vivadoan ko sulajhane mean, yuddh ka ashray lena tiraskrit samajhate haian, aur ek doosare se sanbandhit vishayoan mean rashtriy niti ke sadhan ke roop mean usaka parityag karate haian.
- uchch sanvidit paksh is bat par sahamat haian ki sare jhag de athava vivadoan ka samadhan, chahe ve kisi bhi prakar ke hoan ya kisi bhi karan se utpann hue hoan, jo unake bich uthean, keval shaantipoorn ritiyoan se hi sulajhae jaean. is prakar kaha jata hai ki yah samajhauta yuddh ka tyag karane ki ek sarvajanik sandhi hai.[1]
samajhaute ka ullanghan
kalaantar mean yah sandhi keval maukhik ghoshana matr ban kar rah gee. is par hastakshar karane vale deshoan ne shighr isaka ullanghan kiya. 1929 mean roos ne chin ke viruddh, 1931-1932 mean japan ne manchooriya ke viruddh aur 1931 mean peroo ne kolanbiya ke viruddh b de paimane par bal-prayog kiya, yadyapi unhoanne yuddh ki vidhivat ghoshana nahian ki. sanh 1935 mean itali ne abisiniya ke viruddh, 1937 mean japan ne chin ke viruddh, aur 1939 mean roos ne phinalaiand ke viruddh spasht roop se yuddh ki ghoshana ki. is prakar, yadyapi is samajhaute ka vyatikraman shighr hi hona aranbh ho gaya, phir bhi isase yah nahian kaha ja sakata ki usaka vidhik mahatv ghat gaya. ek sthayi samajhauta hone ke nate tatha aantararashtriy samaj ke vidhik dhaanche mean ek moolabhoot parivartan utpann karane ke karan aantararashtriy vidhi vyavastha mean vah apana mahatvapoorn sthan to rakhata hi hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 3 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 121 |
- ↑ san. gran.-openahem, el. : iantaranaishanal l aau, e tritaij, doooosara khand, satavaan sanskaran, dhara (52 eph. ee. 52 el.); jastis pal-ar. bi. : iantaranaishanal militari traibyunal phar d phar eest; iantaramilar : d pis paikt aauv peris (1928); toyanabi, e. : sarve 1929, prishth 344-369.
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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