संवत
kal-ganana mean kalp, manvantar, yug adi ke pashchath sanvatsar ka nam ata hai. yug bhed se sat yug mean brahm-sanvat, treta mean vaman-sanvat, parashuram-sanvat (sahastrarjun-vadh se) tatha shri ram-sanvat (ravan-vijay se), dvapar mean yudhishthir-sanvat aur kali mean vikram, vijay, nagarjun aur kalki ke sanvat prachalit hue ya hoange.
bharat mean janm-patrikaoan mean sanvato ka prayog lagabhag 2000 varshoan se adhik prachin nahian hai. sanvat ka prayog hindoo-sithiyanoan dvara, jinhoanne adhunik afaganistan evan uttar-pashchimi bharat mean lagabhag ee. poo. 100 evan 100 ee. ke bich shasan kiya, unake vrittantoan mean hua. yah bat keval bharat mean hi nahian payi gayi, pratyut misr, bebilon, yoonan evan rom mean sanvat ka lagatar prayog bahut bad mean jakar prarambh hua.
- jyotirvidabharan mean [1] kaliyug ke 6 vyaktiyoan ke nam ae haian, jinhoanne sanvat chalaye the, yatha-
- yudhishthar
- vikram
- shalivahan
- vijayabhinandan
- nagarjun
- kalki
- yah kram se 3044, 135, 18000, 10000, 400000 evan 821 varshoan tak chalate rahe. prachin deshoan mean sanvat ka lagatar prayog nahian tha, keval shasan-varsh hi prayukt hote the.
itihas
ashok ke adesh lekhanoan mean keval shasan-varsh hi prayukt hai. kautily [2] ne malaguzari sangrah karane vale ki kary vyavastha karane ke lie kaloan ki or bhi, sanket kiya hai, jinase malaguzari ekatr karane vale sambandhit the, jaise - rajavarsh, mas, paksh, din adi.[3]
- phlit, shamashastri adi ne vachan ko kee dhang se anoodit kiya hai. vibhinn arthoan ka karan hai 'vyusht' shabd ka prayog. 'vyusht' ka shabdik arth hai 'pratahkal ya prakash' aur yahaan tatpary hai 'varsh ka pratham din, jo shubh mana jata hai.' [4] lekhak is kathan ka anuvad is prakar karata hai, "rajavarsh, mas, paksh, din, shubh (varsh ka pratham din), tin rrituoan, yatha varsha, hemant, grishm ke tisare evan satavean paksh mean ek din (30 mean) kam hai, any paksh poorn haian (mas mean poorn 30 din haian), malamas (adhik mas) prithakh (kalavadhi) hai. ye sabhi ve kal haian, jinhean malaguzari sangrah karane vala dhyan mean rakhega.[5]
- yahi ganana vyavahar roop se kushanoan evan satavahanoan ke kaloan tak chalati gayi aur shasan-varsh hi prayog mean laye jate rahe. saik doan varshoan tak bharat mean vibhinn prakar ke sanvat prayog mean ate rahe, isase kal nirnay evan itihas mean b de-b de bhram upasthit ho ge haian.[6]
sanvat ke prakar
- shriharsh,
- vikramadity,
- shak,
- vallabh evan
- gupt sanvat.
- prachin kal mean bhi kaliyug ke arambh ke vishay mean vibhinn mat rahe haian. adhunik mat hai ki kaliyug ee. poo. 3102 mean arambh hua. is vishay mean char pramukh drishtikon haian-
- yudhishthar ne jab rajy sianhasanarohan kiya;
- yah 36 varsh uparant arambh hua jab ki yudhishthar ne arjun ke pautr parikshit ko raja banaya;
- puranoan ke anusar krishna ke dehavasan ke uparant yah arambh hua.[8];
- varahamihir ke mat se yudhishthar-sanvat ka arambh shak-sanvat ke 2426 varsh pahale hua, arthat doosare mat ke anusar, kaliyug ke 653 varshoan ke uparant prarambh hua.
- aihol shilalekh ne sambhavatah doosare mat ka anusaran kiya hai; kyoanki usamean shak-sanvat 556 se poorv 3735 kaliyug sanvat mana gaya hai.[9]
- pashchatkalin jyotiahshastriy granthoan ke anusar kaliyug sanvat ke 3719 varshoan ke uparant shak sanvat ka arambh hua. [10]
- kaliyug sanvat ke vishay mean sabase prachin sanket aryabhat dvara diya gaya hai. unhoanne kaha hai ki jab ve 23 varsh ke the tab kaliyug ke 3600 varsh vyatit ho chuke the arthat ve 476 ee. mean utpann hue.
- ek chol vrittantalekhan kaliyug sanvat 4044 (943 ee.) ka hai. [11], jahaan bahut-se shilalekhoan mean ullikhit kaliyug sanvat ka vivechan kiya gaya hai.
- madhyakal ke bharatiy jyotishiyoan ne mana hai ki kaliyug evan kalp ke prarambh mean sabhi grah, soory evan chandr ko milakar chaitr shukl-pratipada ko ravivar ke sooryoday ke samay ek sath ekatr the.[12]
- barges evan d aau. saha jaise adhunik lekhak is kathan ko keval kalpanatmak manate haian. kintu prachin siddhant lekhakoan ke kathan ko keval kalpana man lena uchit nahian hai. yah sambhav hai ki siddhant lekhakoan ke samaksh koee ati prachin parampara rahi ho.[13]
- pratyek dharmik krity ke sankalp mean krityakarta ko kal ke b de bhagoan evan vibhagoan ko shvetavarah kalp ke arambh se kahana p data hai, yatha vaivasvat manvantar, kaliyug ka pratham charan, bharat mean krity karane ki bhaugolik sthiti, soory, brihaspati evan any grahoan vali rashiyoan ke nam, varsh ka nam, mas, paksh, tithi, nakshatr, yog evan karan ke nam.
- deval ka kathan hai ki yadi krityakarta mas, paksh, tithi, (krity ke) avasar ka ullekh nahian karata to vah krity ka phal nahian prapt karega [14]. yah hai bharatiyoan ke dharmik jivan mean sanvatoan, varshoan evan inake bhagoan evan vibhagoan ki mahatta. atah pratyek bharatiy (hindoo) ke lie panchaang anivary hai.
shastroan mean is prakar bhoot evan vartaman kal ke sanvatoan ka varnan to hai hi, bhavishy mean prachalit hone vale sanvatoan ka varnan bhi hai. in sanvatoan ke atirikt anek rajaoan tatha sampradayacharyoan ke nam par sanvat chalaye gaye haian. bharatiy sanvatoan ke atirikt vishv mean aur bhi dharmoan ke sanvat haian. tulana ke liye unamean se pradhan-pradhan ki talika di ja rahi hai-
varsh eesvi san1,949 ko manak manate hue nimn ganana ki gayi hai.
kr0san0 |
nam |
vartaman varsh |
1 |
kalpabd |
1,97,29,49,050 |
2 |
srishti-sanvat |
1,95,58,85,050 |
3 |
vaman-sanvat |
1,96,08,89,050 |
4 |
shriram-sanvat |
1,25,69,050 |
5 |
shrikrishna sanvat |
5,175 |
6 |
yudhishthir sanvat |
5,050 |
7 |
bauddh sanvat |
2,524 |
8 |
mahavir (jain) sanvat |
2,476 |
9 |
shrishankarachary sanvat |
2,229 |
10 |
2,006 |
|
11 |
shalivahan sanvat |
1,871 |
12 |
kalachuri sanvat |
1,701 |
13 |
valabhi sanvat |
1,629 |
14 |
fasali sanvat |
1,360 |
15 |
bangala sanvat |
1,356 |
16 |
harshabd sanvat |
1,342 |
kr0san0 |
nam |
vartaman varsh |
1 |
chini san |
9,60,02,247 |
2 |
khataee sanh |
8,88,38,320 |
3 |
parasi sanh |
1,89,917 |
4 |
mistri sanh |
27,603 |
5 |
turki sanh |
7,556 |
6 |
adam sanh |
7,301 |
7 |
eerani sanh |
5,954 |
8 |
yahoodi sanh |
5,710 |
9 |
ibrahim sanh |
4,389 |
10 |
moosa sanh |
3,653 |
11 |
yoonani sanh |
3,522 |
12 |
roman sanh |
2,700 |
13 |
brahma sanh |
2,490 |
14 |
malayaketu sanh |
2,261 |
15 |
parthiyan sanh |
2,196 |
16 |
eesvi sanh |
1,949 |
17 |
java san |
1,875 |
18 |
hijari san |
1,319 |
yah tulana is bat ko to spasht hi kar deti hai ki bharatiy sanvat atyant prachin haian. sath hi ye ganit ki drishti se atyant sugam aur sarvatha thik hisab rakhakar nishchit kiye gaye haian. navin sanvat chalane ki shastriy vidhi yah hai ki jis naresh ko apana sanvat chalana ho, use sanvat chalane ke din se poorv kam-se-kam apane poore rajy mean jitane bhi log kisi ke rrini hoan, unaka rrin apani or se chuka dena chahiye. kahana nahian hoga ki bharat ke bahar is niyam ka kahian palan nahian hua. bharat mean bhi mahapurushoan ke sanvat unake anuyayiyoan ne shraddhavash hi chalaye; lekin bharat ka sarvamany sanvat vikram sanvat hai aur maharaj vikramadity ne desh ke sampoorn rrin ko, chahe vah jis vyakti ka raha ho, svayan dekar ise chalaya hai. is sanvat ke mahinoan ke nam videshi sanvatoan ki bhaanti devata, manushy ya sankhyavachak kritrim nam nahian haian. yahi bat tithi tatha aansh (dinaank) ke sambandh mean bhi haian ve bhi soory-chandr ki gati par ashrit haian. saraansh yah ki yah sanvat apane aang-upaangoan ke sath poornat: vaijnanik satyapar sthit hai.
ujjayini-samrath maharaj vikram ke is vaijnanik sanvat ke sath vishv mean prachalit eesvi sanh par bhi dhyan dena chahiye. eesvi sanh ka mool roman-sanvat hai. pahale yoonan mean olimpiyad sanvat tha, jisamean 360 din ka varsh mana jata tha. rom nagar ki pratishtha ke din se vahi roman sanvat kahalane laga. eesvi sanh ki ganana eesa masih ke janm se tin varsh bad se ki jati hai. roman samrat jooliyas sijar ne 360 din ke badale 365.25 din ke varsh ko prachalit kiya. chhathi shatabdi mean dayonisiyas ne is sanh mean phir sanshodhan kiya; kiantu phir bhi prativarsh 27 pal, 55 vipal ka antar p data hi raha. sanh 1739 mean yah antar badhate-badhate 11 din ka ho gaya; tab pop gregari ne ajna nikali ki 'is varsh 2 sitanbar ke pashchath 3 sitanbar ko 14 sitanbar kaha jay aur jo eesvi sanh 4 ki sankhya se vibhajit ho sake, usaka faravari mas 29 din ka ho. varsh ka prarambh 25 march ke sthan par 1 janavari se mana jay.' is ajna ko itali, denamark, h aaulaiand ne usi varsh svikar kar liya. jarmani aur svitazaralaiand ne sanh 1759 mean, ianglaiand ne sanh 1809 mean, prashiya ne sanh 1835 mean, ayaralaiand ne sanh 1839 mean aur roos ne sanh 1859 mean ise svikar kiya. itana sanshodhan hone par bhi is eesvi sanh mean soory ki gati ke anusar prativarsh ek pal ka antar p data hai. samany drishti se yah bahut tho da antar hai, par ganit ke liye yah ek b di bhool hai. 3600 varshoan ke bad yahi antar ek din ka ho jayaga aur 36,000 varshoan ke bad das din ka aur is prakar yah antar chaloo raha to kisi din joon ka mahina vartaman aktoobar ke shital samay mean p dane lagega.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ yah pashchatkalin rachana hai, jisamean yah aya hai ki yah gatakali 3068 arthath eesa sanvath se 33 varsh poorv mean nirmit hua
- ↑ kautily arthashastr, 2.6, pri0 60
- ↑ rajavarsh masaah paksho divasashch vyushtan varshahemantagrishmanaan tritiyasaptama divasonaah pakshaah shesha poornaah prithagadhimasak iti kalah. kautily arthashastr (11.6, pri0 60).
- ↑ panini 5.1.96-97 -tatr ch diyate kary bhavavath. vyushtadibhyonh.
- ↑ prachin kaloan mean varsh mean 6 rrituean thian, 12 mas the aur pratyek mas mean 30 din the . arthashastr ka yahaan kathan hai ki chhah paksh aise haian jinamean pratyek mean 14 din haian, atah chandr varsh (14×6+15×6+30×3=354) 354 dinoan ka hoga. ise saur varsh ke sath chalane ke lie adhik mas ka samavesh kiya gaya.
- ↑ sanvatoan ki soochiyoan ke vishay mean kaniangham krit 'indiyan eraz'; svamikannu pillee krit 'indiyan ephemeris' (jild 1, bhag 1, pri0 53-55); bi0 bi0 ketakar krit 'indiyan end ph aauren kronol aauji' (pri0 171-172); pi0 si0 senagupt krit 'aishyent indien eraz' (pri0 222-238); d aau. meghanath saha ka lekh 'saians end kalchar' (1952, kalakatta, pri0 116) tatha kailendar riph aaurm kamiti (1955) dekhe ja sakate haian.
- ↑ sachau, jild 2, pri0 5
- ↑ vishnu puran 4.24.108-113
- ↑ epigraiphiya indika (jild 4, pri0 7). yahaan par spasht roop se kaliyug ka arambh mahabharat yuddh ke uparant mana gaya hai.
trianshatsu trisahasreshu bharatadahavaditah.
saptabdashatayukteshu gateshvabdeshu pannchashatsu kalau kale shatsu panchashatasu ch.
samasu samatitasu shakanamapi bhoobhujamh.. - ↑ 'yataah shanmanavo yugani bhamitanyanyadyugaandhritrayan nandadrindugunastava shakanripasyante kalervatsaraah.. - siddhantashiromani (1.28). 'nandadrinduguna' 3179 ke barabar hai (nand=9, adri=7, indu=1, gun=3).
- ↑ je0 ar0 e0 es0 (1911, pri0 689-694
- ↑ grahaganit, madhyamadhikar, shlok 15, bhaskarachary;
lankanagaryamudayachch bhanostasyaiv vare prathaman babhoov.
madhoah sitaderdinanamasavarshayugadikanaan yugapath pravrittiah..chaitrasitaderudayadh bhanordinamasavarsh yugakalpaah.
srishtyadau lankayaan saman pravatta dinearkasy.. - brahmasphutasiddhant (1.4). - ↑ epigraiphiya indika (jild 8, pri0 261). epi0 indika (jild 28, pri0 36) mean arkeshvar dev ke kee patt-lekh haian jinamean yugabd 4248 (kaliyug sanvat) ka ullekh hai, jo 6 faravari 1148 ee. ka hai aur 'ainals aauph saians' (jild 8, sankhya 3, 1952, pri0 221-228) jahaan pro0 neugebabar evan d aau. o0 shchimadt ka 'hindoo aistranomi et nyoo mianstar in 1428' namak lekh hai, jisamean ianglaind ke nyoomianstar sthan mean likhit ek ajnat lekhak ke ek prabandh ki or sanket kiya gaya hai, jisamean 1428 varsh evan nyoomianstar ke akshaansh ke lie jyotiahshastriy gananaean ki gayi haian. us prabandh mean aya hai ki katipay arabi lekhakoan ke uddharan haian, jinamean ek 'omar' ya umar, jo 815 mean mara, ka ullekh hai aur prabandh mean aya hai ki elphaianjo ne avatar ke 3102 varsh poorv 16 faravari ko badh (phlad) ke varsh ka arambh kiya; yah tithi spasht roop se kaliyug sanvat (jise bharatiy jyotishacharyoan ne prayukt kiya hai) ke arambh se sarvatha milati-julati hai.
- ↑ shantimayookh, pri0 2