पश्चिम भारत का इतिहास

pashchim bharat mean bharat ke pashchimi bhag mean sthit kshetroan ko sammilit kiya jata hai. yah kshetr uchchastariy audyogik tatha avasit hai. pashchimi kshetr ke adhikaansh kshetr maratha samrajy mean ate the. bharat ka pashchimi kshetr uttar ki or se thar marusthal, poorv ki or se viandhy parvat aur dakshini or se arab sagar se ghira hua hai. aitihasik drishtikon se bhi yah kshetr bharatiy itihas par apane kabhi n mitane vale itihas ko saheje hue hai.

itihas

bharatiy itihas mean pashchimi kshetroan se ju di hueean anekoan ghatanaean mahattvapoorn haian. saltanat kal mean gujarat hastashilp kaushal, unnat bandaragahoan aur upajaoo bhoomi ke karan dilli saltanat ke samriddhatam prantoan me se ek tha. firozashah tugalak ke kal mean gujarat ka gavarnar bahut sajjan vyakti tha. farishta usake vishay mean likhata hai ki "vah hindoo dharm ko protsahan deta tha aur moortipooja ko dabane ki bajay badhava deta tha." usake bad jafar khan gujarat ka gavarnar bana. usaka pita islam svikar karane se pahale sadharan rajapoot tha aur usane apani bahan ka vivah firoz tugalak se kiya tha. dilli par taimoor ke akraman ke bad gujarat aur malava svatantr ho ge. dilli saltanat ke sath unaka sambandh keval nam matr ka hi rah gaya. kintu jafar khan 1407 mean hi svayan ko gujarat ka shasak ghoshit karane ka avasar prapt kar saka. tab vah mujaffarashah ke nam se gaddi par baitha.

ahamadashah ka yogadan

kintu gujarat rajy ka vastavik sansthapak mujaffarashah ka pota ahamadashah (1411-43) hi tha. usane apane lambe shasan kal mean samantoan ko kaboo mean kiya, prashasan ko sthirata di, apane rajy ka vistar kiya aur use svayan mazaboot kiya. vah apani rajadhani patan se hatakar naye nagar ahamadabad mean le aya. is nagar ki adhashila 1415 mean rakhi gee thi. vah bahut b da bhavan nirmata tha aur usane nagar ko anek bhavy manhaloan, bazaroan, masjidoan aur madarasoan se sajaya. usane gujarat ke jainiyoan ki uchch sthapaty-parampara ka labh uthate hue dilli ke sthapattay se ekadam bhinn shaili ka vikas kiya. is shaili ki kuchh visheshataean haian—patale minar, patthar par utkrisht naqqashi aur alankrit koshtak. us kal ki sthapaty kala ke sundar namoone—ahamadabad ki jama masjid aur tin daravaza, aj bhi surakshit hai.

ahamadashah ne saurashtr aur gujarat-rajasthan ki sima par sthit rajapoot riyasatoan ko bhi apane adhikar mean karane ka prayatn kiya. saurashtr mean usane giranar ke mazaboot qile par qabza kar liya, lekin is shart par raja ko lauta diya ki vah use kar deta rahega. phir usane prasiddh tirth sthan siddhapur par akraman kiya aur anek sundar mandiroan ko mitti mean mila diya. usane gujarat ke hinduoan par jaziya laga diya. aisa pahale kabhi nahian hua tha. in ghatanaoan ke karan anek madhyayugin itihasakaroan ne ahamadashah ka kafiroan ke dushman ke roop mean svagat kiya hai. anek adhunik itihasakaroan ne use dharmandh kaha hai. parantu saty kahian jatil jan p data hai. ek or ahamadashah ne dharmandh hokar mandiroan ko to dane ka hukm diya, aur vahian ahamadashah ki doosari or prashasan mean hinduoan ko sammilit karane mean bhi nahian hichaka. 'baniya' (vaishy) samaj se sambaddh manik chand aur moti chand usake mantri the. vah itana nyayapriy tha ki khoon ke aparadh mean usane apane damad ko chaurahe par phaansi lagava di. usane jahaan hindoo rajaoan se yuddh kie, vahian us kal ke musalaman shasakoan, visheshatah malava ke shasakoan se bhi vah l data raha. usane iandaur ke shaktishali qile ko jita tatha jhalava d, booandi aur duangarapur ki rajapoot riyasatoan ko bhi apane adhikar mean kar liya.

gujarat tatha malava ki shatruta

gujarat aur malava prarambh se hi ek-doosare ke kattar shatru the aur har avasar par ek-doosare ka virodh hi karate the. mujaffarashah ne malava ke sultan hushang shah ko harakar qaid kar liya. lekin malava par adhikar rakh pana sambhav ne dekhakar usane kuchh saloan ke bad hushang shah ko chho d diya aur use phir malava ka shasak bana diya. lekin isase donoan ke bich khaee bhari nahian balki malava apane ko gujarat se aur bhi adhik asurakshit samajhane laga. malava vale hamesha gujarat ki shakti ko kam karane ka avasar dhooandhate rahate the aur isake lie ve gujarat ke virodhi gutoan ko, chahe ve vidrohi saradar ho ya phir hindoo raja, sahayata dete rahate the. gujarat ne malava ki gaddi par apana adami bithavakar is pravritti par rok lagane ka prayatan kiya. lekin is shatruta ne donoan rajyoan ko kamazor kar diya. parinamatah ye donoan hi pashchim bharat ki rajaniti mean koee b di bhoomika nahian nibha sake.

mahamood beg da

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gujarat ka sabase prasiddh sultan mahamood beg da tha. usane 50 se bhi adhik varshoan tak (1459-1511) tak gujarat par rajy kiya. use 'beg da' isalie kaha jata tha ki usane do sabase mazaboot qiloan- saurashtr aur giranar, jise ab joonagadh kaha jata hai, aur dakshin gujarat ka champaner ko jita tha. giranar ka raja lagatar kar deta raha tha. lekin beg da ne saurashtr ko apane adhikar mean lene ki niti ke aantargat use apane rajy mean vilin karana chaha tha. saurashtr samriddh pradesh tha. usaki bhoomi ki kee pattiyaan upajaoo thian, aur usake unnat bandaragah the. kintu durbhagy se saurashtr pradesh mean lutere aur samudri dakoo bhi bahut the, jo vyapariyoan aur jahazoan par ghat lagaye rahate the. giranar ka qila saurashtr par adhikar banaye rakhane aur siandh ke viruddh abhiyan ke lie bahut upayukt tha.

malava aur meva d

malava, narmada aur tapti nadiyoan ke bich pathar par sthit tha. gujarat aur uttar bharat tatha gujarat aur dakshin bharat ke bich mukhy margoan par isaka adhikar tha. jab tak malava shaktishali raha vah gujarat, meva d, bahamani aur dilli ke lodi sultanoan ki mahatvakaankshaoan par akuansh ka kam karata raha. malava ki bhaugolik aur rajanitik sthit aisi thi ki yadi us kshetr ki koee shakti us par adhikar kar leti to vah samast uttar bharat par adhikar karane ka prayatn kar sakati thi.

pandrahavian shatabdi mean malava apani unnati ke charam shikhar par raha. rajadhini dhar se maandoo le jaee gee. maandoo bahut surakshit sthan tha aur prakritik saundary se bharapoor tha. malava ke shasakoan ne vahaan bahut si imaratean banavaeean, jinake khandahar ab bhi bhavy haian. maandoo ki sthapatt kala gujarat ki sthapatt kala se bhinn thi aur sthool thi. bhari adharashila ke karan vah aur bhi sthookay lagati thi. anek rangoan aur chamakili eeantoan ke prayog se imaratoan mean bhinnata paida ho jati thi. in imaratoan mean jama masjid, hiandola mahal aur jahaz mahal sabase prasiddh haian.

aantarik vidroh tatha prarambhik shasak

malava mean shuroo se hi aantarik vidroh hote rahe the. gaddi ke uttaradhikar ke lie anek pratidvandviyoan mean lagatar sangharsh hota rahata tha aur in sangharshoan ke sath vibhinn saradaroan aur daloan mean shakti prapt karane ke lie sangharsh bhi ju d jata tha. gujarat aur meva d ke p dosi rajy hamesha is dalabandi ka labh uthane ke avasar ki talash karate rahate the. malava ke prarambhik shasakoan mean se ek hushangashah ne sahanashilata ki udar niti apanaee. usane anek rajapootoan ko malava mean basane ke lie protsahit kiya. usane meva d ke raja rana mokal ke do b de bhaiyoan ko malava mean jagirean dian. isi kal mean nirmit 'lalitapur mandir' ke shilalekhoan se is bat ki janakari milati hai ki mandiroan ke nirman par koee pabandi nahian thi. hushangashah ne jainiyoan ko bhi sahayata pradan ki, jo rajy ke mukhy vyapari aur sahookar the. saphal vyapari naradev soni usaka khajaanchi aur salahakar tha.

durbhagy se malava ke sabhi shasak itane sahanashil aur udar nahian the. mahamood khilaji (1436-1469) ne, jise malava ke sultanoan mean sarvadhik shaktishali mana jata hai, rana kumbha aur any p dosi hindoo rajaoan se l daeeyoan ke dauran anek mandiroan ko nasht karava diya. yadyapi usake is kary ko nyayasangat nahian kaha ja sakata, phir bhi yah kahana hoga ki yah sab l daeeyoan ke dauran kiya gaya tha, aur isalie ise mandiroan ko nasht karane ki kisi samany niti ka hissa nahian mana ja sakata. mahamood khilaji chapal aur mahatvakaankshi shasak tha. usane lagabhag sabhi p dosi rajyoan- gujarat, goandavana aur u disa, bahamani sultan aur yahaan tak ki dilli saltanat se bhi yuddh kiya. phir bhi usaki adhikaansh shakti dakshini rajapootana par adhikar aur meva d ka dabane ke prayatn mean hi kharch ho gee.

meva d ka utthan

pandrahavian shatabdi mean meva d ka utthan uttar bharat ki rajaniti mean ek mahattvapoorn ghatak siddh hua. alauddin khilazi ke dvara ranathanbhaur ki vijay se rajapootana mean chauhanoan ki shakti samapt ho gee. usake avasheshoan se anek nayi riyasatoan ka uday hua. marava d riyasat, jisaki rajadhani 1465 ee. mean nirmit jodhapur thi, unamean se ek thi. any mahattvapoorn riyasat muslim riyasat nagaur thi. ajamer, jo shaktishali muslim gavarnaroan ka kendr raha tha, par alag-alag samay par alag-alag logoan ka adhikar raha. ubharati huee rajapoot riyasatoan ke bich ajamer sangharsh ka karan bana. poorvi rajapootana par prabhutv ko lekar bhi sangharsh tha, kyoanki dilli ke shasakoan ki is kshetr mean bahut ruchi thi.

meva d ke prarambhik itihas ki jyada janakari upalabdh nahian hai. yadyapi isaka uday athavian shatabdi se hi ho gaya tha, kintu ise shaktishali banane vala vyakti rana kumbha (1433-1468) hi tha. apane aantarik pratidvandviyoan par savadhani se vijay prapt karake apani sthiti mazaboot kar li. isake bad kumbha ne apana dhyan gujarat ki sima se lage booandi, kota aur dangarapur ko jitane ki or lagaya. chooanki usase pahale kota, malava ka karad tha aur dangarapur gujarat ka, isalie usaki gatividhiyoan ke karan in donoan rajyoan se usaki shatruta ho gee. is shatruta ke any karan bhi the. nagaur ke khan ne bhi apane oopar rana kumbha ke akraman ke samay gujarat ke sultan se sahayata ki prarthana ki thi. rana ne mahamood khilaji ke ek virodhi ko apane darabar mean sharan di thi aur use malava ki gaddi par baithane ka prayas bhi kiya. badala lene ke lie mahamood khilaji ne bhi rajy ke kee virodhiyoan ko sharan dekar unhean sakriy sahayat di thi. inamean se raja ka bhaee mokal bhi tha. gujarat aur malava ke sath sangharsh mean raja apane poore rajyakal mean lipt raha. is dauran rana ko marava d ke rathauroan se bhi sangharsh karana p da. marava d, meva d ke adhin tha. lekin jaldi hi rav jodha ke netritv mean saphal sangharsh ke bad vah svatantr ho gaya tha.

rana kumbha ki upalabdhi

yadyapi rana kumbha par charoan or se dabav tha, lekin vah meva d mean apani sthiti banae rakhane mean saphal raha. gujarat ki faujoan ne kumbhalagadh par do bar ghera dala. mahamood khilaji ajamer tak pahuanchane mean saphal hua aur usane vahaan apana gavarnar niyukt kar diya. rana bhi in akramanoan ko viphal karane aur ranathanbhaur jaise door-daraz sthit kuchh kshetroan ke atirikt pahale se jite adhikaansh kshetroan ko apane adhikar mean banaye rakhane mean saphal raha. viparit paristhitiyaan hote hue bhi rana dvara do b di shaktiyoan ko roke rakhana kuchh kam upalabdhi nahian thi. kumbha vidvanoan ka adar karata tha. vah svayan bhi vidvanh tha. usane kee pustakean likhi thian. jisamean se kuchh ab bhi padhi ja sakati haian. usake mahal aur chittau d mean banavaya gaya 'vijay stambh' ke khandahar is bat ke praman haian ki vah utsahi bhavan nirmata bhi tha. usane sichaee ke lie anek jhilean aur talab khudavaye. usake shasan kal mean bane kuchh mandir is bat ke gavah haian ki us samay bhi patthar katane aur sthapaty kala ka star kafi ooancha tha.

rana saanga ka prabhutv

kumbha ke putr ooda ne gaddi hathiyane ke liye usaki hatya kar di. yadyapi ooda ko bhi shighr hi apadasth kar diya gaya, lekin usane apane pichhe galat parampara chho di. rana kumbha ka pota rana saanga apane bhaiyoan ke sath lambe dalagat sangharsh ke bad 1508 mean meva d ki gaddi par baitha. kumbha ki hatya aur saanga ke uday ke madhy ki sabase mahattvapoorn ghatana malava ka tezi se hua vighatan thi. vahaan ke shasak mahamood dvitiy ka poorvi malava ke shaktishali rajapoot saradar medini ray ke sath jhag da ho gaya tha. medini ray ne hi malava ki gaddi par adhikar ke lie usaki sahayata ki thi. malava ke shasak ne gujarat se sahayata ki prarthana ki, jabaki medini ray rana saanga ke darabar mean pahuancha. rana saanga ne 1517 ki l daee mean mahamood dvitiy ko hara diya aur bandi banakar use chittau d le aya. lekin chhah mahine ke bad hi usake ek putr ko bandhak roop mean rakhakar use mukt kar diya gaya. chanderi sahit poorvi malava par rana saanga ka prabhutv man liya gaya.

malava ki ghatanaoan ne dilli ke lodi sultanoan ko chiantit kar diya. ve bahut satarkata se sthiti ka adhyayan kar rahe the. ibrahim lodi ne 1518 mean meva d par akraman kar diya. lekin ghatoli ki l daee mean usaki buri tarah se parajay huee. ibrahim lodi apani aantarik sthiti ko mazaboot karane ke lie laut gaya. isi bich babar bhi bharat ke daravaze khatakhata raha tha. is prakar 1525 ke asapas bharat ki rajanitik sthiti mean tezi se parivartan ho raha tha. aur is kshetr mean prabhutv ke lie ek nirnayak sangharsh avashyanbhavi ho gaya.

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