वास्तुकला का इतिहास

[[chitr:Sun-Temple-Konark.jpg|thumb|250px|soory mandir, konark]] vastukala kisi sthan ko manav ke lie vasayogy banane ki kala hai. at: yah kala kalaantar mean chahe jitani bhi jatil ho gee ho, lekin isaka aranbh mausam ki ugrata, vany pashuoan ke bhay aur shatruoan ke akraman se bachane ke praranbhik upayoan mean hi hua hoga. manav sabhyata ke itihas ka bhi kuchh aisa hi aranbh hai. isilie vidvanoan ne ise manav sabhyata ka 'yojak masala' kaha hai. athavian shatabdi ke bad aur visheshakar dasavian se barahavian shatabdi ke bich ka kal mandir nirman kala ka charamotkarsh mana ja sakata hai. aj ham jin bhavyoan mandiroan ko dekhate haian, unamean se adhikatar usi kal mean banaye ge the. is kal ki mandir nirman kala ki mukhy shaili 'nagar' nam se jani jati hai. yadyapi is shaili ke mandir sare bharat mean pae jate haian tathapi inake mukhy kendr uttar bharat aur dakkan mean the.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

adikalin vastu

adikal mean shikariyoan aur machhuoan ne paha di guphaoan mean sharan li hogi. ye guphaean hi shayad manav nivas ke prachinatam roop rahe hoange. kisan vrikshoan ke jhuramutoan mean rahate aur sarakan de, ghas adi ke jhoanp de banate rahe hoange. apane pashuoan ke sath ghoomane vale charavahe cham de ke kholoan mean rahate rahe hoange aur unhean baansoan ya latthoan se ooancha karake dere banate rahe hoange. inhian guphaoan aur deroan mean bad ke vastuvikas ke bij milate haian. misr ke purane makanoan ke namoone sakshi haian ki anagadh dvaroan chattani divaroan aur chhatoan vali prakritik guphaoan se hi patthar ki divarean uthane aur un par patiyoan ki chhat rakhane ka vichar utpann hua. jhuramutoan ke anuroop jhoanp de bane, jinaki divarean paraspar satakar ga di huee shakhaoan se aur chhat ghas se banaee gee. is prakar ke ekamanjile aur dumanjile jhoanp de ab bhi adivasi banate haian. cham de ke dere bhi arab ke baddoo aur any ghumantoo jatiyaan kam mean lati haian. pragaitihasik avashesh, jinaka vastukiy ki apeksha puratatvik mahatv hi adhik hai, pray: ekashmak, stoop tatha svitjaralaiand, itali ya ayaralaiand mean mile sarovaranivasoan ke roop mean haian. bad mean dhire-dhire inaka vikas hota gaya.

prachy aur pashchaty vastu

vikasit vastu ko do sthool vargoan mean baanta ja sakata hai: ek to prachy, jaise- bharatiy, chini aur japani vastu, jo pray: svatantr shailiyaan haian aur jinaka vastuvikas mean vishesh prabhav nahian p da; aur doosara pashchaty vastu, jisaka aranbh misr aur siriya mean hua aur charam vikas yoorop mean hua. prachin amariki aur islami vastu bhi svatantr shailiyaan haian. yadyapi islami vastu ka amit prabhav spen tak p da. misr aur pashchimi eshiya ka prabhav yoonan par aur phalat: sari pashchaty shailiyoan par p da, isalie ve pashchaty vastu ke aantargat hi a sakate haian.

prachin kala mean anek aisi batean haian jinake abhyast yooropiy log nahian haian, isalie ve unhean apriy aur viroop lagati haian. kiantu prayog hi dhire-dhire prakriti ban jata hai. isalie poorvi aur pashchimi vastu mean anivaryat: kuchh bhed hai, jo vishuddh prachy vastu mean vishisht dharmik krityoan aur samajik prathaoan ke prabhav ke roop mean udvyakt hota hai. poorv mean alankaran yojanaean hi pramukh rahi haian jabaki yoorop mean nirman sanbandhi samasyaoan ka dridhatapoorvak samana karate hue unake kramik samadhan dvara vastu vikasit hua.

vastukala ke aitihasik vikas ke pratyek pramukh charan ke mool mean koee n koee vicharadhara spasht jhalakati hai. yoonani vastu mean parishkrit poornata thi, roman imaratean apane vaijnanik nirman ke lie prasiddh haian, phraansisi g aauthi vastu ugr kriyashilata ka dyotak hai, italavi punaruddhar mean us yug ka paandity jhalakata hai aur bharatiy vastu ka pramukh gun hai usaka adhyatmik vishay. isamean sandeh nahian, ki janata ki tatkalin dharmik chetana moort roop mean vyakt karana hi bharatiy vastu ka mool uddeshy raha hai, arthath‌ janabhavana hi eeant patthar mean moort huee hai.

patthar nirmit vastukala

ashok ke shasanakal mean dakshin eshiya ki sabase vishisht aur atimahattvapoorn patthar nirmit vastukala paranpara bhi dekhane ko milati hai. bihar mean gaya ke nikat barabar aur nagarjuni paha diyoan mean patthar nirmit vastukala ki anek shrankhalaean parilakshit haian. unamean abhichitrit anek abhilekhoan se yah pata chalata hai ki ve kuchh ajivak sannyasiyoan, sanbhavat: jain dharm ke anuyayiyoan ko nivas hetu di gee thian. puratatvik drishtikon se ve bharat mean patthar nirmit vastukala shaili ka ek praranbhik udaharan haian. tatkalin yug mean banane vale lak di aur ghasaphoos ke dhaanchoan ka ve pratik haian. sudama aur lobhas rrishi guphaean do prasiddh rrishi ashram the. un guphaoan mean pravesh dvar ke sath-sath vrittakar kamare, golakar chhat aur goliy kothariyaan banian hoti thian.

bharatiy vastu

bharatiy vastu ki visheshata yahaan ki divaroan ke utkrisht aur prachur alankaran mean hai. bhittichitroan aur moortiyoan ki yojana, jisamean alankaran ke atirikt apane vishay ke ganbhir bhav bhi vyakt hote haian, bhavan ko bahar se kabhi kabhi poornataya lapet leti hai. inamean vastu ka jivan se sanbandh kya, vastav mean adhyatmik jivan hi aankit hai. nyoonadhik ubhar mean utkirn apane alaukik krityoan mean lage hue desh bhar ke devi devata tatha yugoan purana pauranik gathaean, moortikala ko pratik banakar darshakoan ke sammukh atyant rochak kathaoan aur manohar chitroan ki ek pustak si khol deti haian. [[chitr:Mohenjodaro-Sindh.jpg|thumb|left|sindh mean mohanajoda do mean h dappa sanskriti ke avashesh]] kiantu is vyapak visheshata ke sath yah bhi ek ashcharyajanak tathy hai ki bharat ki prachinatam kala, jaisi do tin hazar varsh ee.poo. vikasit siandhu ghati sabhyata ki khoj se prakash mean aee hai, sauandary ki drishti se aisi hi shoony thi, jaisi aj kal ki koee bhi sabhyata jagaran ki aang daee bhi n le paee thi, bharat ki yah kala itani vikasit thi, in bastiyoan ke nirmataoan ka nagar niyojan sanbandhi jnan itana paripakv tha, unake dvara prayukt samagri aisi utkrisht koti ki thi aur rachana itani sudridh thi ki us sabhyata ka aranbh bahut pahale, lagabhag char paanch hazar varsh, eesa poorv, manane ko badhy ho p data hai. h dappa aur mohan jod do ki khudaiyoan se prapt avashesh tatkalin bhautik samriddhi ke soochak haian aur unamean kisi mandir, devalay adi ke abhav se yah anuman hota hai ki vahaan dharmik vicharoan ka kuchh vishesh sthan n tha, athava yadi tha to vah nirakar tha.

mugal kal

[[chitr:Red-Fort.jpg|thumb|lal qila|250px]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

mugaloan ne bhavy mahaloan, qiloan, dvaroan, masjidoan, bavaliyoan adi ka nirman kiya. unhoanne bahate pani tatha favvaroan se susajjit kee bag lagavaye. vastav mean mahaloan tatha any vilas-bhavanoan mean bahate pani ka upayog mugal ki visheshata thi. babar svayan bagoan ka bahut shaukin tha aur usane agara tatha lahaur ke nazadik kee bag bhi lagavae. jaise kashmir ka nishat bag, lahaur ka shalimar bag tatha panjab taraee mean pianjor bag, aj bhi dekhe ja sakate haian. sherashah ne vastukala ko nayi disha di. sasaram (bihar) mean usaka prasiddh maqabara tatha dilli ke purane qile mean usaki masjid vastukala ke ashcharyajanak namoone haian. ye mugal-poorvakal ke vastukala ke charmoantkarsh tatha nee shaili ke pararanmbhik namoone haian. akabar pahala mugal samrat tha jisake pas b de paiman par nirman karavane ke lie samay aur sadhan the. usane kee qiloan ka nirman kiya jisamean sabase prasiddh agare ka qila hai. lal patthar se bane is kile mean kee bhavy dvar haian. qila nirman ka charmoantkarsh shahajahaan dvara nirmit dilli ka lal qila hai.

mandiroan ki vastukala

isaki pramukh visheshata 'pratima-kaksh' (jise garbhagrih kaha jata hai) ke oopar ki chhat thi, jo gol aur b di hoti thi. yadyapi isake har taraf prakshep ho sakate the. 'pratima kaksh' se laga ek aur kamara hota tha jise 'mandap' kahate the aur kabhi-kabhi mandir ke charoan or b di-b di divarean hoti thian jinamean b de-b de phatak the. is shaili ke pramukh udaharan madhy pradesh mean khajuraho tatha u disa mean bhuvaneshvar ke mandir haian. vishvanath mandir tatha khajuraho ka kandariya mahadev ka mandir is shaili ke utkrisht aur sundaratam udaharan haian. in mandiroan par barik khudaiyoan se pata chalata hai ki is kal mean moorti kala apane shikhar par thi. inamean se adhikatar mandiroan ka nirman chandeloan ne kiya tha jo is kshetr mean navian shatabdi ke arambh se lekar terahavian shatabdi ke ant tak rajy karate rahe. [[chitr:Lingaraj-Temple-Orissa.jpg|thumb|180px|left|liangaraj mandir, bhuvaneshvar]]

bhavy mandiroan ka nirman

u disa mean is kal ke mandir nirman ka sabase utkrisht udaharan konark ka soory mandir (13 vian shatabdi) tatha liangaraj mandir (11 vian shatabdi mean nirmit) haian. puri ka prasiddh jagannath mandir bhi isi kal ki den hai.

uttar bharat ke aur sthanoan mean mathura, varanasi, dilava da (aboo) adi mean bhi b di sankhya mean mandiroan ka nirman hua. dakshin bharat ki tarah yahaan bhi mandir aur adhik hote ge. [[chitr:Jagannath-Temple-Puri.jpg|thumb|250px|jagannath mandir, puri]] ye samajik aur saanskritik jivan ke kendr bhi the. inamean se somanath mandir jaise kuchh mandiroan ne apar sampatti ikatthi kar li. ye kee gaanv par shasan karane lage. unhoanne vyapar mean bhi bhag liya.

muslim vastu

vastukala par musalamanoan ke akraman ka jitana prabhav bharat mean p da utana anyatr kahian nahian, kyoanki jis sabhyata se muslim sabhyata ki takkar huee, kisi se usaka itana virodh nahian tha jitana bharatiy sabhyata se. chir pratishthit bharatiy samajik aur dharmik pravrittiyoan ki tulana mean muslim sabhyata bilakul nee to thi hi, usake maulik siddhat bhi bhinn the. donoan ka sangharsh yatharthavad ka adarshavad se, vastavikata ka svapnadarshita se aur vyakt ka avyakt se sangharsh tha, jisaka praman masjid aur mandir ke bhed mean spasht hai. masjidean khuli huee hoti haian, unaka keandr sudoor makka ki disha mean hota hai; jabaki mandir rahasy ka ghar hota hai, jisaka keandr anek divaroan evan galiyaroan se ghira hua bich ka devasthan ya garbhagrih hota hai. majisd ki divarean pray: sadi ya pavitr ayatoan se utkirn hoti haian, unamean manav akritiyoan ka chitran nishiddh hota hai; jabaki mandiroan ki divaroan mean moortikala aur manavakriti chitran uchchatam shikhar par pahuancha, par likhaee ka nam n tha. pattharoan ke sahal rangoan mean hi is chitran dvara mandiroan ki sajivata aee; jabaki masjidoan mean rangabirange pattharoan, sangamarmar aur chitr vichitr palastar ke dvara divarean mukhar ki gee. [[chitr:Buland-Darwaja-Fatehpur-Sikri-Agra.jpg|thumb|left|buland daravaza, fatehapur sikari]] gurutvakarshan ke siddhaant par ek hi prakar ki bhari bharakam sanrachanaean kh di karane mean siddhahast, bharatiy karigaroan ki yugoan yugoan se ek hi lik par p di, nishpravah pratibha, vijetaoan dvara any deshoan se lae hue ne siddhaant, nee paddhatiyaan aur nee disha pakar sphoort ho uthi. phalasvaroop dharmik imaratoan, jaise masjidoan, maqabaroan, raujoan aur daragahoan ke atirikt any anek prakar ki dharmanirapeksh imaratean bhi, jaise mahal, mandap, nagaradvar, koop, udyan, aur b de b de kile, yahaan tak ki sara shahar gherane vale parakote tak taiyar hue. desh mean uttar se dakshin tak jaise jaise muslim prabhatv badhata gaya, vastukala ka yug bhi badalata gaya. muslim vastu ke tin kramik charan spasht haian. pahala charan, jo bahut tho de samay raha, vijayadarp aur dharmaandhata se prerit 'nirmoolan' ka tha, jisake bare mean hasan nizami likhata hai ki pratyek kila jitane ke bad usake stanbh aur niv tak mahakay hathiyoan ke pairoan tale rauandavakar dhool mean mila dene ka rivaj tha. anek durg, nagar aur mandir isi prakar astitvahin kie ge. tadanantar doosara charan soddeshy aur aanshik vidhvans ka aya, jisamean imaratean isalie to di gee ki vijetaoan ki masjidoan aur makabaroan ke lie taiyar mal upalabdh ho sake. b di-b di dharane aur stanbh apane sthan se hatakar nee jagah le jane ke lie bhi hathiyoan ka hi prayog hua. pray: isi kal mean mandiroan ko vishesh kshati pahuanchi, jo vijit praantoan ki nayi nayi rajadhaniyoan ke nirman ke lie taiyar mal ki khan ban ge aur uttar bharat se hiandoo vastu ki pray: saphaee hi ho gee. aantim charan tab aranbh hua, jab akraanta anek bhagoan mean bhali bhaanti jag ge the aur unhoanne pratyavasthapan ke bajay yojanabaddh nirman dvara suvinyast aur utkrisht vastukritiyaan vastut kian.

muslim vastu ki shailiyaan

shailiyoan ki drishti se bhi muslim vastu ke tin varg ho sakate haian. [[chitr:Qutub-Minar-Delhi.jpg|thumb|qutub minar|250px]]

• pahala dilli, athava shahanshahi hai, jise pray: 'pathan vastu' (1193-1554) kahate haian. (yadyapi isake sabhi poshak 'pathan' nahian the) is varg mean dilli ki kutubaminar (1200), sultan gadhi (1231), altamash ka maqabara (1236), alaee daravaza (1305), nijamuddin (1320), gayasuddin tugalak (1325) aur phirojashah tugalak (1388) ke maqabare, kotala phirojashah (1354-1490), mubarakashah ka maqabara (1434), merath ki masjid (1505), sherashah ki masjid (1540-45) sahasaram ka sherashah ka maqabara (1540-45), aur ajamer ka adhaee din ka jhoanp da (1205) adi ullekhaniy haian.
• doosare varg mean praantiy shailiyaan haian. inamean panjab shaili (1150-1325 ee.); jaise multan ke shrakane alam (1320) aur shahayoosuph gardiji (1150), tabriji (1276), bahaulahak (1262) ke makabare; bangal shaili (1203-1573): jaise pandua ki adina masjid (1364), gaur ke phatehakhaan ka maqabara (1657), qadam rasool (1530), taantimara masjid (1475); gujarat shaili (1300-1572) : jaise khanbe (1325), ahamadabad (1423), bh doch aur chamane (1523) ki jama masjidean, nagina masjid maqabara (1525); jaunapur shaili (1376-1479 : jaise atala masjid (1408), lal daravaza masjid (1450), jama masjid (1470); malava shaili (1405-1569) : jaise madoo ke jahajamahal (1460), hoshang ka maqabara (1440), jama masjid (1440), hiandola mahal (1425), dhar ki lat masjid (1405), chanderi ka badal mahal phatak (1460), kushak mahal (1445), shahazadi ka rauja (1450); dakshini shaili (1347-1617): jaise gulabarga ki jama masjid (1367) aur hapht guanbaj (1378), bidar ka madarasa (1481), haidarabad ki charaminar (1591) adi; bijapur khanadesh shaili (1425-1660), jaise bijapur ke golaguanbaj (1660), rauja ibrahim (1615) aur jama masjid (1570), thalaner khanadesh ke pharooki vansh ke makabare (15 vian shati); aur kashmir shaili (15-17 vian shati) : jaise shrinagar ki jama masjid (1400), shah hamadan ka maqabara (17 vian shati) adi, sammilit haian.
• tisare varg mean mugal shaili ati hai, jisake utkrishtatam namoone dilli, agara, phatehapur sikari, lakhanoo, lahaur adi mean kiloan, makabaroan, rajamahaloan, udyan mandapoan adi ke roop mean maujood haian. isi kal mean kala patthar se badhakar sangamaramar tak pahuanchi aur dilli ke divane khas, moti masjid, jama masjid aur agara ke tajamahal jaisi vishvavikhyat kritiyaan taiyar huee.

brihattar bharat ka vastu

bharatiy kala ke utkrisht namoone bharat ke bahar lanka, nepal, barma (vartaman myaanmar), syam, java, bali, hiandachin aur kanbodiya mean bhi milate haian. nepal ke shanbhunath, bodhanath, mamanath mandir, lanka mean anuradhapur ka stoop aur lankatilak mandir, barama ke bauddh math aur pagoda, kanbodiya mean aankor ke mandir, syam mean baiank aauk ke mandir, java mean praanbanam ka bihar, kalasan mandir aur borobandar stoop adi hiandoo aur bauddh vastu ke vyapak prasar ke praman haian. java mean bharatiy sanskriti ke pravesh ke kuchh praman 4vian shati eesavi ke milate haian. vahaan ke anek smarakoan se pata lagata hai ki madhy java mean 625 se 928 ee. tak vastukala ka svarnakal aur poorvi java mean 928 se 1478 ee. tak rajatakal tha.

bisavian sadi ka vastu

[[chitr:Rashtrapati-Bhavan-1.jpg|thumb|rashtrapati bhavan|250px]] sanh‌ 1911 ee. mean british rajy unnati ke shikhar par tha. usi samay dilli darabar mean ghoshana ki gee aur samrajy ki rajadhani ke anuroop ek nee dilli mean aur sare bharat ke zila sadar sthanoan tak mean, suandar imaratean banavaee, jinamean anek karyalay bhavan, giraje aur eesaee qabristan kala ki drishti se mahattvapoorn haian. sarakari prayas se nee dilli mean rajabhavan (ab rashtrapati bhavan), sachivalay bhavan, sansad bhavan jaisi bhavy imaratean banian, jinamean pashchaty kala ke sath hiandoo, bauddh aur muslim kala ka sukhad sammishran dikhaee deta hai.

mandir vastu bhi, jo keval vyaktigat prayas se apana astitv banae raha, kuchh kuchh isi disha mean jhuka. muslim vastu ke anukaran par ashokakalin shilalekhoan ki pratha pun: pratishthit huee aur mandiroan me bhitar bahar, moortiyoan aur chitroan ke sath lekhoan ko bhi sthan milane laga. dilli ka lakshminarayan mandir aur hiandoo vishvavidyalay, varanasi ka shivamandir bisavian shati ke mandiravastu ki utkrisht kritiyaan haian. mandiroan ke atirikt rajaoan ke mahal aur vidyalay adi bhi kala ko prashray dete rahe. kashi hiandoo vishvavidyalay ki sabhi imaratean aur varanasi ka bharatamata mandir, kashi vishvanath ki mandiroan vali nagari mean darshakoan ke lie vishesh akarshan ke keandr haian. kushinagar mean bane nirvan vihar, buddh mandir aur sarakari vishramagrih mean bauddh kala ko punarjivan mila hai. dilli mean lakshminarayan mandir ke sath bhi ek buddh mandir hai. is prakar kisi shaili vishesh ke pati anagrah aur utkrishtata ke lie samanvay 20vian sadi ki visheshata samajhi ja sakati hai.

guha vastu

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

guha vastu bharatiy prachin vastukala ka ek bahut hi sundar namoona hai. ashok ke shasanakal se guhaoan ka upayog avas ke roop mean hone laga tha. gaya ke nikat barabar paha di par aisi anek gufaean vidyaman haian, jinhean samrat ashok ne avas yogy banavakar ajivakoan ko de diya tha. ashokakalin guhayean sade kamaroan ke roop mean hoti thian, lekin bad mean unhean avas evan upasanagrih ke roop mean stambhoan evan moortiyoan se alankrit kiya jane laga. yah kary vishesh roop se bauddhoan dvara kiya gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh