भारतीय स्थापत्य कला

[[chitr:Well-And-Bathing-Platforms-Harappa.jpg|thumb|siandhu ghati sabhyata mean sthit ek kuaan aur snanaghar]] bharatiy sthapaty kala ki utpatti h dappa kal se mani jati hai. bharat ke sthapaty ki j dean yahaan ke itihas, darshan evan sanskriti mean nihit haian. bharat ki vastukala yahaan ki paramparagat evan bahari prabhavoan ka mishran hai. sthapaty v vastukala ke drishtikon se h dappa sanskriti tatkalin sanskritiyoan se kafi zyada age thi. bharatiy sthapaty evan vastukala ki sabase khas bat yah hai ki itane lanbe samay ke bavajood isamean ek nirantarata ke darshan milate haian. is mamale mean bharatiy sanskriti any sanskritiyoan se bhinn hai.

siandhu ghati sabhyata

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siandhu ghati sabhyata ya h dappa sabhyata ka kal 3500-1500 ee.poo. tak mana jata hai. isaki ginati vishv ki char sabase purani sabhyataoan mean ki jati hai. h dappa ki nagar yojana isaka ek jivant sakshy hai. nagar yojana is tarah ki thi ki s dakeean ek-doosare ko samakon mean katati thian. h dappa v mohanajod do is sabhyata ke pramukh nagar the. yahaan ki imaratean pakki eeantoan ki banaee jati thian. yah ek aisi visheshata hai jo tatkalin kisi any sabhyata mean nahian paee jati thi. mohanajod do ki sabase b di imarat usaka snanagar tha. gharoan ke nirman mean patthar aur lak di ka bhi prayog kiya jata tha. mohanajod do se mili matri devi, nachati huee l daki ki dhatu ki moorti ityadi tatkalin utkrisht moortikala ke anupam udaharan haian.

mauryakalin sthapaty kala

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kala ki drishti se h dappa ki sabhyata aur maury kal ke bich lagabhag 1500 varsh ka aantaral hai. is bich ki kala ke bhautik avashesh upalabdh nahian hai. mahakavyoan aur bauddh granthoan mean hathidaant, mitti aur dhatuoan ke kam ka ullekh hai. kintu mauryakal se poorv vastukala aur moortikala ke moort udaharan kam hi milate haian. mauryakal mean hi pahale-pahal kalatmak gatividhiyoan ka itihas nishchit roop se prarambh hota hai. rajy ki samriddhi aur maury shasakoan ki prerana se kalakritiyoan ko protsahan mila. is yug mean kala ke do roop milate haian. ek to rajarakshakoan ke dvara nirmit kala, jo ki maury prasad aur ashok stanbhoan mean paee jati hai. doosara vah roop jo parakham ke yaksh didaraganj ki chamar grahini aur vesanagar ki yakshini mean dekhane ko milata hai. rajy sabha se sambandhit kala ki prerana ka srot svayan samrat tha. yaksh-yakshiniyoan mean hamean lokakala ka roop milata hai. lokakala ke roopoan ki parampara poorv yugoan se kashth aur mitti mean chali aee hai. ab use pashan ke madhyam se abhivyakt kiya gaya.[[chitr:Asoka's-Pillar.jpg|thumb|ashok stambh, vaishali]] maury kal ke dauairan bharat mean kee shaharoan ka vikas hua. mauryakal bharatiy kalaoan ke vikas ke drishtikon se ek yugaantakari yug tha. is kal ke smarakoan v stanbhoan ko bharatiy kala ke kshetr mean mil ka patthar mana jata hai. is kal ke sthapaty mean lak di ka kafi prayog kiya jata tha. ashok ke samay se bhavan nirman mean pattharoan ka prayog praranbh ho gaya tha. aisa mana jata hai ki ashok ne hi shrinagar (kashmir) v lalitapatan (nepal) namak nagaroan ki sthapana ki thi. bauddh granthoan ke anusar ashok ne apane rajy mean kul 84,000 stoopoan ka nirman karaya tha. halaanki isako atishayokti mana ja sakata hai. sthapaty ke drishtikon se saanchi, bharahut, bodhagaya, amaravati aur nagarjunakoanda ke stoop prasiddh haian. ashok ne 30 se 40 stambhoan ka nirman karaya tha. ashok ke samay se hi bharat mean bauddh sthapaty shaili ki shuruat huee. is kal ke dauran guphaoan, stambhoan, stoopoan aur mahaloan ka nirman karaya gaya. ashok ke stambhoan se tatkalin bharat ke videshoan se sanbandhoan ka khulasa hota hai. pattharoan par p aaulish karane ki kala is kal mean is star par pahuanch gee thi ki aj bhi ashok ki lat ki p aaulish shishe ki bhaanti chamakati hai. mauryakalin sthapaty v vastukala par grik, pharasi aur misr sanskritiyoan ka poori tarah se prabhav drishtigochar hota hai. parakham mean mili yaksh ki moorti, besanagar ki moorti, ramapurava stambh par bani saand ki moorti tatha patana aur didaraganj ki moortiyaan vishesh roop se kala ke drishtikon se advitiy haian.

shuang, kushan aur satavahan vansh

232 ee.poo. mean ashok ki mrityu ke tho de kal pashchath hi maury vansh ka patan ho gaya. isake bad uttar bharat mean shuang aur kushan vanshoan aur dakshin mean satavahan vansh ka shasanakal aya. is samay ke kala smarak stoop, gupha mandir (chaity), vihar, shailakrit guphaean adi haian. bharahut ka prasiddh stoop ka nirman shuang kal ke dauran hi poora hua. is kal mean u disa (ab odisha) mean jainiyoan ne gupha mandiroan ka nirman karaya. unake nam haian- hathi gumfa, rani gumfa, manchapuri gumfa, ganesh gumfa, jay vijay gumfa, alkapuri gumfa ityadi. ajanta ki kuchh guphaoan ka nirman bhi isi kal ke dauran hua. is kal ke gupha mandir kafi vishal haian. isi kal ke dauran gaandhar moortikala shaili ka bhi vikas hua. is shaili ko grik-bauddh shaili bhi kahate haian. is shaili ka vikas kushanoan ke sanrakshan mean hua. gaandhar shaili ke udaharan hadda v jailiyan se milate haian. gaandhar shaili ki moortiyoan mean sharir ko yatharth v balishth dikhane ki koshish ki gee hai. isi kal ke dauran vikasit ek any shaili-mathura shaili gaandhar se bhinn thi. is shaili mean sharir ko poori tarah se yatharth dikhane ki to koshish nahian ki gee hai, lekin mukh ki akriti mean adhyatmik sukh aur shaanti poori tarah se jhalakati hai. satavahan vansh ne goli, jaggihapeta, bhattiproloo, gantasala, nagarjunakoanda aur amaravati mean kee vishal stoopoan ka nirman karaya.

guptakalin sthapaty kala

[[chitr:Dashavatara-Temple-Deogarh.jpg|thumb|dashavatar vishnu mandir, devagadh, uttar pradesh]]

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gupt kal mean kala ki vividh vidhaoan jaise vastu, sthapaty, chitrakala, mridabhaand, kala adi mean abhootapoorn pragati dekhane ko milati hai. guptakalin sthapaty kala ke sarvochch udaharan tatkalin mandir the. mandir nirman kala ka janm yahian se hua. is samay ke mandir ek ooanche chabootarean par nirmit kie jate the. chabootare par chadhane ke lie charoan or se sidhiyoan ka nirman kiya jata tha. devata ki moorti ko garbhagrih (Sanctuary) mean sthapit kiya gaya tha aur garbhagrih ke charoan or oopar se achchhadit pradakshina marg ka nirman kiya jata tha. guptakalin mandiroan par parshvoan par ganga, yamuna, shankh v padm ki akritiyaan bani hoti thi. guptakalin mandiroan ki chhatean prayah sapat banaee jati thi par shikhar yukt mandiroan ke nirman ke bhi avashesh mile haian. guptakalin mandir chhoti-chhoti eetoan evan pattharoan se banaye jate the. ‘bhitaragaanv ka mandir‘ eetoan se hi nirmit hai.

cholakalin sthapaty kala

choloan ne dravi d shaili ko vikasit kiya aur usako charamotkarsh par pahuanchaya. rajaraj pratham dvara banaya gaya tanjaur ka shiv mandir, jise rajarajeshvar mandir bhi kaha jata hai, dravi d shaili ka utkrisht namoona hai. is kal ke dauran mandir ke ahate mean gopuram namak vishal pravesh dvar ka nirman hone laga. prastar moortiyoan ka manavikaran chol moortikaroan ki dakshin bharatiy kala ko mahanh den thi. chol kaansy moortiyoan mean nataraj ki moorti sarvopari hai.

saltanatakalin sthapaty evan vastukala

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[[chitr:Qutub-Minar-1.jpg|thumb|450px|qutub minar, dilli]] saltanat kal mean bharatiy sthapaty kala ke kshetr mean jis shaili ka vikas hua, vah bharatiy tatha islami shailiyoan ka sammishran thi. isalie sthapaty kala ki is shaili ko ‘indo islamik’ shaili kaha gaya. kuchh vidvanoan ne ise 'indo-sarasenik' shaili kaha hai. fargyoosan mahoday ne ise pathan shaili kaha hai, kintu yah vastav mean bharatiy evan islami shailiyoan ka mishran thi. sar j aaun marshal, eeshvari prasad jaise itihasavidoan ne sthapaty kala ki is shaili ko 'indoan-islamik' shaili v hindoo-muslim shaili kahana uchit samajha. indoan-islamik sthapaty kala shaili ki visheshataean nimn prakar thian-

1. saltanat kal mean sthapaty kala ke antargat hue nirman karyoan mean bharatiy evan eerani shailiyoan ke mishran ka sanket milata hai.
2. saltan kal ke nirman kary jaise- qila, maqabara, masjid, mahal evan minaroan mean nukile meharaboan-gumbadoan tatha sankari evan ooanchi minaroan ka prayog kiya gaya hai.
3. is kal mean mandiroan ko to dakar unake malabe par bani masjid mean ek naye dhang se pooja ghar ka nirman kiya gaya.
4. saltanat kal mean sultanoan, amiroan evan soophi santoan ke smaran mean maqabaroan ke nirman ki parampara ki shuruat huee.
5. is kal mean hi imaratoan ki mazabooti hetu patthar, kankarit evan achchhe qism ke choone ka prayog kiya gaya.
6. saltanat kal mean imaratoan mean pahali bar vaijnanik dhang se meharab evan gumbad ka prayog kiya gaya. yah kala bharatiyoan ne araboan se sikhi. turk sultanoan ne gumbad aur meharab ke nirman mean shila evan shahatir donoan pranaliyoan ka upayog kiya.
7. saltanat kal mean imaratoan ki saj-sajja mean jivit vastuoan ka chitrin nishiddh hone ke karan unhean sajane mean anek prakar ke phool-pattiyaan, jyamitiy evan quran ki ayatean khudavayi jati thian. kalantar mean turk sultanoan dvara hindoo saj-sajja ki vastuoan jaise- kamalabel ke namoone, svastik, ghantiyoan ke namoone, kalash adi ka bhi prayog kiya jane laga. alankaran ki sanyukt vidhi ko saltanat kal mean ‘arabask vidhi’ kaha gaya.

mugalakalin sthapaty kala

[[chitr:Kolaz-mughal-architecture.jpg|thumb|mugalakalin sthapaty evan vastukala]]

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dilli saltanat kal mean prachalit vastukala ki ‘bharatiy islami shaili’ ka vikas mugal kal mean hua. mugalakalin vastukala mean faras, turki, madhy eshiya, gujarat, bangal, jaunapur adi sthanoan ki shailiyoan ka anokha mishran hua tha. parsi braun ne ‘mugal kal’ ko bharatiy vastukala ka grishm kal mana hai, jo prakash aur urvara ka pratik mana jata hai. smith ne mugalakalin vastukala ko 'kala ki rani' kaha hai. mugaloan ne bhavy mahaloan, qiloan, dvaroan, masjidoan, bavaliyoan adi ka nirman kiya. unhoanne bahate pani tatha favvaroan se susajjit kee bag lagavaye. vastav mean mahaloan tatha any vilas-bhavanoan mean bahate pani ka upayog mugaloan ki visheshata thi. mugalakalin sthapaty kala ke vikas aur pragati ki arambhik kramabaddh parinati ‘fatehapur sikari’ adi nagaroan ke nirman mean aur charam parinati shahajahaan ke ‘shahajahaannabad’ nagar ke nirman mean dikhaee p dati hai. mugal kal mean vastukala ke kshetr mean pahali bar ‘akar’ evan dijain ki vividhata ka prayog tatha nirman ki samragi ke roop mean patthar ke alava palastar evan gachakari ka prayog kiya gaya. sajavat ke kshetr mean sangamaramar par javaharat se ki gayi j davat ka prayog bhi is kal ki ek visheshata thi. sajavat ke lie pattharoan ko kat kar phool patte, belaboote ko safed sangamaramar mean j da jata tha. is kal mean banane vale gumbadoan evan burjoan ko ‘kalash’ se sajaya jata tha.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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