भारतीय संस्कृति की विशेषताएँ

bharatiy sanskriti vishv ki sarvadhik prachin evan samriddh sanskriti hai. any deshoan ki sanskritiyaan to samay ki dhara ke sath-sath nasht hoti rahi haian, kintu bharat ki sanskriti adi kal se hi apane paramparagat astitv ke sath ajar-amar bani huee hai. isaki udarata tatha samanyavadi gunoan ne any sanskritiyoan ko samahit to kiya hai, kintu apane astitv ke mool ko surakshit rakha hai. tabhi to pashchaty vidvanh apane desh ki sanskriti ko samajhane hetu bharatiy sanskriti ko pahale samajhane ka paramarsh dete haian.

sanskriti ki visheshataean

bharatiy sanskriti ki pramukh visheshataean nimnalikhit haian-

prachinata -

bharatiy sanskriti vishv ki prachinatam sanskritiyoan mean se ek hai. madhy pradesh ke bhimabetaka mean paye gaye shailachitr, narmada ghati mean ki gee khudaee tatha kuchh any nrivanshiy evan puratattviy pramanoan se yah siddh ho chuka hai ki bharat bhoomi adi manav ki prachinatam karmabhoomi rahi hai. sindhu ghati ki sabhyata ke vivaranoan se bhi pramanit hota hai ki aj se lagabhag paanch hazar varsh pahale uttari bharat ke bahut b de bhag mean ek uchch koti ki sanskriti ka vikas ho chuka tha. isi prakar vedoan mean parilakshit bharatiy sanskriti n keval prachinata ka praman hai, apitu vah bharatiy adhyatm aur chintan ki bhi shreshth abhivyakti hai. upalabdh pramanoan ke adhar par bharatiy sanskriti se rom aur yoonani sanskriti ko prachin tatha misr, asiriya evan bebiloniya jaisi sanskritiyoan ke samakalin mana gaya hai.

nirantarata -

bharatiy sanskriti ki ek mahattvapoorn visheshata yah hai ki hazaroan varshoan ke bad bhi yah sanskriti aj bhi apane mool svaroop mean jivit hai, jabaki misr, asiriya, yoonan aur rom ki sanskritiyoan apane mool svaroop ko lagabhag vismrit kar chuki haian. bharat mean nadiyoan, vat, pipal jaise vrikshoan, soory tatha any prakritik devi - devataoan ki pooja archana ka kram shatabdiyoan se chala a raha hai. devataoan ki manyata, havan aur pooja-path ki paddhatiyoan ki nirantarata bhi aj tak aprabhavit rahi haian. vedoan aur vaidik dharm mean karo doan bharatiyoan ki astha aur vishvas aj bhi utana hi hai, jitana hazaroan varsh poorv tha. gita aur upanishadoan ke sandesh hazaroan sal se hamari prerana aur karm ka adhar rahe haian. kianchit parivartanoan ke bavajood bharatiy sanskriti ke adharabhoot tattvoan, jivan moolyoan aur vachan paddhati mean ek aisi nirantarata rahi hai, ki aj bhi karo doan bharatiy svayan ko un moolyoan evan chintan pranali se ju da hua mahasoos karate haian aur isase prerana prapt karate haian.

lachilapan evan sahishnuta -

bharatiy sanskriti ki sahishnu prakriti ne use dirgh ayu aur sthayitv pradan kiya hai. sansar ki kisi bhi sanskriti mean shayad hi itani sahanashilata ho, jitani bharatiy sanskriti mean paee jati hai. bharatiy hindoo kisi devi - devata ki aradhana karean ya n karean, pooja-havan karean ya n karean, adi svatantrataoan par dharm ya sanskriti ke nam par kabhi koee bandhan nahian lagaye ge. isilie prachin bharatiy sanskriti ke pratik hindoo dharm ko dharm n kahakar kuchh moolyoan par adharit ek jivan-paddhati ki sanjna di gee aur hindoo ka abhipray kisi dharm vishesh ke anuyayi se n lagakar bharatiy se lagaya gaya. bharatiy sanskriti ke is lachile svaroop mean jab bhi j data ki sthiti nirmit huee tab kisi n kisi mahapurush ne ise gatishilata pradan kar isaki sahishnuta ko ek nee abha se mandit kar diya. is drishti se prachinakal mean buddh aur mahavir ke dvara, madhyakal mean shankarachary, kabir, guru nanak aur chaitany mahaprabhu ke madhyam se tatha adhunik kal mean svami dayanand, svami vivekanand evan mahatma jyotiba phule ke dvara kiye ge prayas is sanskriti ki mahattvapoorn dharohar ban ge.

grahanashilata -

bharatiy sanskriti ki sahishnuta evan udarata ke karan usamean ek grahanashilata pravritti ko vikasit hone ka avasar mila. vastut: jis sanskriti mean lokatantr evan sthayitv ke adhar vyapak hoan, us sanskriti mean grahanashilata ki pravritti svabhavik roop se hi utpann ho jati hai. hamari sanskriti mean yahaan ke mool nivasiyoan ne samanvay ki prakriya ke sath hi bahar se ane vale shak, hoon, yoonani evan kushan jaisi prajatiyoan ke log bhi ghulamil kar apani pahachan kho baithe.

bharat mean islami sanskriti ka agaman bhi araboan, turkoan aur mugaloan ke madhyam se hua. isake bavajood bharatiy sanskriti ka prithakh astitv bana raha aur navagat sanskritiyoan se kuchh achchhi batean grahan karane mean bharatiy sanskriti ne sankoch nahian kiya. thik yahi sthiti yooropiy jatiyoan ke ane tatha british samrajy ke karan bharat mean vikasit huee eesaee sanskriti par bhi lagoo hoti hai. yadyapi ye sanskritiyaan ab bharatiy sanskritiyoan ka abhinn aang hai, tathapi ‘bharatiy islam’ evan ‘bharatiy eesaee’ sanskritiyoan ka svaroop vishv ke any islami aur eesaee dharmavalambi deshoan se kuchh bhinn hai. is bhinnata ka moolabhoot karan yah hai ki bharat ke adhikaansh musalaman aur eesaee moolat: bharat bhoomi ke hi nivasi haian. sambhavat: isilie unake samajik parivesh aur saanskritik acharan mean koee parivartan nahian ho paya aur bharatiyata hi unaki pahachan ban gee.

adhyatmikata evan bhautikata ka samanvay -

bharatiy sanskriti mean ashram - vyavastha ke sath dharm, arth, kam aur moksh jaise char purusharthoan ka vishisht sthan raha hai. vastut: in purusharthoan ne hi bharatiy sanskriti mean adhyatmikata ke sath bhautikata ka ek adabhut samanvay kar diya. hamari sanskriti mean jivan ke aihik aur paralaukik donoan pahaluoan se dharm ko sambaddh kiya gaya tha. dharm un siddhantoan, tattvoan aur jivan pranali ko kahate haian, jisase manav jati paramatma pradatt shaktiyoan ke vikas se apana laukik jivan sukhi bana sake tatha mrityu ke pashchath jivatma shanti ka anubhav kar sake. sharir nashvar hai, atma amar hai, yah amarata moksh se ju di huee hai aur yah moksh pane ke lie arth aur kam ke purusharth karana bhi zaroori hai. is prakar bharatiy sanskriti mean dharm aur moksh adhyatmik sandesh evan arth aur kam ki bhautik anivaryata paraspar sambaddh hai. adhyatmikata aur bhautikata ke is samanvay mean bharatiy sanskriti ki vah vishisht avadharana parilakshit hoti hai, jo manushy ke is lok aur paralok ko sukhi banane ke lie bharatiy manishiyoan ne nirmit ki thi. sukhi manav-jivan ke lie aisi chinta vishv ki any sanskritiyaan nahian karatian. sahity, sangit aur kala ki sampoorn vidhaoan ke madhyam se bhi bharatiy sanskriti ke is adhyatmik evan bhautik samanvay ko saralatapoorvak samajha ja sakata hai.

anekata mean ekata -

bhaugolik drishti se bharat vividhataoan ka desh hai, phir bhi saanskritik roop se ek ikaee ke roop mean isaka astitv prachinakal se bana hua hai. is vishal desh mean uttar ka parvatiy bhoo-bhag, jisaki sima poorv mean brahmaputr aur pashchim mean sindhu nadiyoan tak vistrit hai. isake sath hi ganga, yamuna, sataluj ki upajaoo krishi bhoomi, vindhy aur dakshin ka vanoan se achchhadit pathari bhoo-bhag, pashchim mean thar ka registan, dakshin ka tatiy pradesh tatha poorv mean asam aur meghalay ka ativrishti ka suramy kshetr sammilit hai. is bhaugolik vibhinnata ke atirikt is desh mean arthik aur samajik bhinnata bhi paryapt roop se vidyaman hai. vastut: in bhinnataoan ke karan hi bharat mean anek saanskritik upadharaean vikasit hokar pallavit aur pushpit huee haian.

anek vibhinnataoan ke bavajood bhi bharat ki prithakh saanskritik satta rahi hai. himalay sampoorn desh ke gaurav ka pratik raha hai, to ganga - yamuna aur narmada jaisi nadiyoan ki stuti yahaan ke log prachinakal se karate a rahe haian. ram, krishna aur shiv ki aradhana yahaan sadiyoan se ki jati rahi hai. bharat ki sabhi bhashaoan mean in devataoan par adharit sahity ka srijan hua hai. uttar se dakshin aur poorv se pashchim tak sampoorn bharat mean janm, vivah aur mrityu ke sanskar ek saman prachalit haian. vibhinn riti-rivaj, achar-vyavahar aur tij - tyauharoan mean bhi samanata hai. bhashaoan ki vividhata avashy hai phir bhi sangit, nrity aur naty ke maulik svaroopoan mean ashcharyajanak samanata hai. sangit ke sat svar aur nrity ke trital sampoorn bharat mean saman roop se prachalit haian. bharat anek dharmoan, sampradayoan, matoan aur prithakh asthaoan evan vishvasoan ka mahadesh hai, tathapi isaka saanskritik samuchchay aur anekata mean ekata ka svaroop sansar ke any deshoan ke lie vismay ka vishay raha hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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