भारत का विभाजन
bharatiy up-mahadvip ka vibhajan aur do ne rajyoan ya rashtroan ka nirman san 14 agast 1947 ko pakistan (muslim rashtr) evan san 15 agast 1947 ko bharat (ripablik aph iandiya) mean donoan rajyoan/rashtroan ke vibhajan tha jisake alag-alag hone ki ghoshana l aaurd maunt betan ne ki. is vibhajan mean n ki bharatiy up-mahadvip ke do tuk de kiye gaye balki bangal ka bhi vibhajan kiya gaya aur bangal ke poorvi hisse ko bharat se alag kar poorvi pakistan (vartaman baangladesh) bana diya gaya. vahian panjab ka vibhajan kar pakistan ka nirman hua is vibhajan mean relave, armi, aitihasik dharohar, keandriy rajasv, sabaka barabari se bantavara kiya gaya. bharatiy mahadvip ke is vibhajan mean jis sanstha ne mukhy roop se bhag liya usaka nam tha muslim lig evan iandiyan neshanal kaangres tatha jin mukhy logoan ne hissa liya vo the mohammad ali jinna, l aaurd maunt betan, kreyal raidakliph, javaharalal neharoo, mahatma gaandhi evan donoan sangathanoan ke kuchh mukhy karyakartagan. in sab mean se sabase ahamh vyakti the kreyal raidkliph jinhean british hukoomat ne bharat pakistan ke vibhajan ki jimmedari sauanpi thi.
muslim rashtr ki maang
is vibhajan ka jo mukhy karan diya ja raha tha vo tha ki hiandoo bahusankhyak hai aur ajadi ke bad yahaan bahusankhyak log hi sarakar banayeange tab mohammad ali jinna ko yah khyal aya ki bahusankhyak ke rajy mean rahane se alpasankhyak ke sath naiansafi ya unhean nazarandaz kiya ja sakata to unhoanne alag se muslim rashtr ki maang shuroo ki. bharat ke vibhajan ki maang varsh dar varsh tej hoti gee. bharat se alag muslim rashtr ke vibhajan ki maang san 1920 mean pahali bar uthaee aur 1947 mean use prapt kiya. 15 agast 1947 ke din bharat ko hiandoo sikh bahusankhyak evan muslim alpasankhyak rashtr ghoshit kar diya gaya. 1920 se 1932 mean bharat pakistan vibhajan ki nianv rakhi gee. pratham bar muslim rashtr ki maang alama ikabal ne 1930 mean muslim lig ke adhyakshiy bhashan mean kiya tha. 1930 mean hi mohammad ali jinna ne sare akhand bharat ke alpasankhyak samuday ko bharose mean le liya aur kaha ki bharat ke mukhyadhara ki parti kaangres muslim hitoan ki anadekhi kar rahi hai. isake bad 1932 se 1942 tak mean vibhajan ki bat bahut age tak nikal gee thi, halaanki hiandoovadi sangathan hiandoo mahasabha desh ka vibhajan nahian chahate the parantu vah hiandoo aur muslim ke bich ke farq ko banaye rakhana chahate the. san 1937 mean hiandoo mahasabha ke 19vean adhivesan mean vir savarakar ne apane adhyakshiy bhashan mean kaha ki bharat ek sajatiy evan ekajut rashtr ho sakata hai apitu do alag-alag hiandoo evan muslim rashtr ke. in sab koshishoan ke bavajood bhi 1940 mean muslim lig ke lahaur adhiveshan mean mohammad ali jinna ne spasht kar diya ki unhean muslim rashtr chahie aur is mudde par lig ne bina kisi hichakichahat ke bola ki hiandoo aur muslim do alag-alag dharm hai, alag riti-rivaj, alag sanskriti hai aur aise mean do alag rashtroan ko ekajut rakhana khasakar tab jab ek dharm alpasankhyak ho aur doosara dharm bahusankhyak, yah sab karan alpasankhyak samaj mean asantosh paida karega aur rashtr mean aur sarakaroan ke kary mean avarodh paida karega.[1]
kaangres ke kaibinet ka bahishkar
1946 mean muslim lig dvara 'dayarekt ekshan de' (“Direct Action Day”) bulae jane par jo hua us ghatana se sare rajanitik evan donoan samuday ke neta ghabara gaye the. is ghatana ke karan uttar bharat aur khas kar bangal mean akrosh badh gaya aur rajanitik partiyoan par donoan rashtr ke vibhajan ka khatara badh gaya. 16 agast 1946 ke 'dayarekt ekshan de' (“Direct Action Day”) ko “Great kolkata Riot” ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. 16 agast 1946 ko muslim lig ne am h datal bulaee thi jisamean mukhy mudada tha tha 'kaangres ke kaibinet ka bahishkar' aur apani alag rashtr ki maang ki davedari ko aur majaboot karana. 'dayarekt ekshan de' ke h datal ke dauran kalakatta mean danga bh dak gaya jisamean muslim lig samarthakoan ne hinduoan evan sikhoan ko nishana banaya jisake pratirodh mean kaangres samarthakoan ne bhi muslim lig karyakartaoan ke oopar hamala bol diya. usake bad yah hiansa bangal se bahar nikal bihar tak mean phail gee. keval kalakatta ke andar mean 72 ghante ke andar mean 4000 log mare ge or qarib 1 ,00 ,000 log beghar ho ge. in sab ke bad bahut se kaangresi neta bhi dharm ke nam par bharat vibhajan ke virodh mean the. mahatma gaandhi ne vibhajan ka virodh karate hue kaha mujhe vishvas hai ki donoan dharm ke log (hiandoo aur musalaman) shaanti aur sohard bana kar ek sath rah sakate haian. meri atma is bat ko asvikar karati hai ki hiandoo dharm aur islam dharm donoan alag sanskriti aur sidhantoan ka pratinidhitv karate haian. mujhe is tarah ke siddhaant apanane ke lie mera bhagavan anumati nahian deta par abatak aangrez apane makasad mean kamayab ho chuke the.[1]
iandiyan indipeandeans ekt (Indian Independence Act)
'dayarekt ekshan de' ke hadase ke bad sabako lagane laga tha ki ab akhand bharat ka vibhajan kar dena chahie. do ne rajyoan/rashtroan ka vibhajan mauntabeten plan ke anusar kiya gaya. 18 julaee, 1947 ko british sansad dvara “Indian Independence Act” pas kiya gaya jisamean vibhajan ki roop rekha taiyar ki gee thi aur aant 1947 mean is ACT ko british sansad adhikarik taur par parit kiya gaya aur bharat evan pakistan ko svatantr rashtr ghoshit kiya gaya.
gaandhi ji ki hatya
svadhin bharat ko jin samasyaoan ka samana karana p da, ve saral nahian thian. use sabase pahale sampradayik unmad ko shant karana tha. bharat ne janaboojhakar dharm nirapeksh rajy banana pasand kiya. usane ashvasan diya ki jin musalamanoan ne pakistan ko nirgaman karane ke bajay bharat mean rahana pasand kiya hai unako nagarikata ke poorn adhikar pradan kiye jayeange. halaanki pakistan janaboojhakar apane yahaan se hinduoan ko nikal bahar karane athava jin hinduoan ne vahaan rahane ka phaisala kiya tha, unako ek prakar se dvitiy shreni ka nagarik bana dene ki niti par chal raha tha. l aaurd mauantabeten ko svadhin bharat ka pahala gavarnar janaral banaye rakha gaya aur pandit javahar lal neharoo tatha aantarim sarakar mean unake kaangrasi sahayogiyoan ne tho de se herapher ke sath pahale bharatiy mantrimandal ka nirman kiya. is mantrimandal mean saradar patel tatha maulana abulakalam azad ko to sammilit kar liya gaya tha, parantu netaji ke b de bhaee sharatachandr bos ko chho d diya gaya. 30 janavari 1948 ee. ko nathooram godase namak hindoo ne rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ki hatya kar di. sara desh shok ke sagar mean doob gaya. nau mahine ke bad, pakistan ke pahale gavarnar janaral muhammad ali jinna ki bhi mrityu ho gayi. usi varsh l aaurd mauantabeten ne bhi avakash grahan kar liya aur chakravarti rajagopalachari bharat ke pratham aur aantarim gavarnar janaral niyukt hue.
riyasatoan ka vilay
adhikaansh deshi riyasatoan ne, jinake samane bharat athava pakistan mean vilay ka prastav rakha gaya tha, bharat mean vilay ke paksh mean nirnay liya, parantu, do riyasatoan—kashmir tatha haidarabad ne koee nirnay nahian kiya. pakistan ne balapoorvak kashmir ki riyasat par adhikar karane ka prayas kiya, parantu aktoobar 1947 ee. mean kashmir ke maharaj ne bharat mean vilay ki ghoshana kar di aur bharatiy senaoan ko vayuyanoan se bhejakar shrinagar sahit kashmiri ghati tak jammoo ki raksha kar li gayi. pakistani akramanakariyoan ne riyasat ke uttari bhag par apana qabza banaye rakha aur isake phalasvaroop pakistan se yuddh chhi d gaya. bharat ne yah mamala sanyukt rashtr sangh mean uthaya aur sanyukt rashtr sangh ne jis kshetr par jisaka qabza tha, usi ke adhar par yuddh viram kar diya. vah aj tak is saval ka koee nipatara nahian kar saka hai. haidarabad ke nizam ne apani riyasat ko svatantrata ka darja dilane ka sh dayantr racha, parantu bharat sarakar ki pulis karravaee ke phalasvaroop vah 1948 ee. mean apani riyasat bharat mean vilayan karane ke lie majaboor ho gaye. riyasatoan ke vilay mean tatkalin grihamantri saradar ballabh bhaee patel ki mukhy bhoomika rahi.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean
sangh rajyoan ka vilay
bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ke dvara 26 navambar 1949 mean sanvidhan pas kiya gaya. bharat ka sanvidhan adhiniyam 26 janavari 1950 ko lagoo kar diya gaya. is sanvidhan mean bharat ko laukataantrik ganarajy ghoshit kiya gaya tha aur sanghatmak shasan ki vyavastha ki gayi thi. daktar rajendr prasad ko pahala rashtrapati chuna gaya aur bahumat parti ke neta ke roop mean pandit javahar lal neharoo ne pradhanamantri ka pad grahan kiya. is pad par ve 27 mee 1964 ee. tak apani mrityu tak bane rahe. navodit bharatiy ganarajy ke lie unaka dirghakalin pradhanamantritv b da labhadayi siddh hua. usase prashasan tatha ghareloo evan videsh nitiyoan mean nirantarata bani rahi. pandit neharoo ne vaideshik mamaloan mean gut-nirapekshata ki niti apanayi aur chin se rajanayik sambandh sthapit kiye. phraans ne 1951 ee. mean chandranagar shantipoorn riti se bharat ka hastaantarit kar diya. 1956 ee. mean usane any phreanch bastiyaan (paandicheri, karikal, mahe tatha yunnan) bhi bharat ko sauanp dian. purtagal ne phraans ka anusaran karane aur shantipoorn riti se apani purtagali bastiyaan (gova, daman aur div) chho dane se iankar kar diya. phalasvaroop 1961 ee. mean bharat ko balapoorvak in bastiyoan ko lena p da[2]. is tarah bharat ka ekikaran poora ho gaya.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 bharat vibhajan aur hakikat (hiandi) navabharat taims. abhigaman tithi: 15 faravari, 2013.
- ↑ 1975 ee. mean purtagali shasan ne vastavikata ko samajhakar isako vaidhanik manyata de di hai.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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