खपरैल
thumb|300px|khaparail se nirmit chhat khaparail ka prayog pray: chhatoan v divaroan ko dhakane ke lie kiya jata hai. ye mitti ke bane hote hai. bharat mean kafi purane samay se hi khaparail ka prayog b de paimane par jhop di adi ki chhat adi banane mean kiya jata raha hai. samay ke sath-sath ab khaparail ka prayog bahut kam ho gaya hai. inaka sthan ab simeant ki chadaroan ya phir tin adi ki chadaroan ne le liya hai.
gramin kshetroan mean prayog
pray: gramin aanchaloan mean khaparail ka prayog adhik dekhane ko milata hai. baans aur balli ke chaukor jal par inhean bichhaya jata hai. khaparail se bane makanoan mean thandak bhi kafi hoti hai. chhat bichhane ke lie sthaniy deshi khaparail se lekar syalakot, ilahabad, mangalaur ityadi mean achchhe mel ki khaparail kafi banati thian, par inaka prachalan ab dhire-dhire simeant, kankrit tatha prabalit eeantoan ke karan kam hota ja raha hai. vah garib vyakti jo manhage makan adi nahian banava sakate, ve sadharan si jhop di banakar us par chhappar banane ke lie khaparailoan ka prayog karate haian. khaparail bahut majaboot hote haian. isase nirmit chhappar bhari varsha tatha aandhi adi ko asani se sah lete haian. adhunik samay mean khaparail kee chijoan ke sath tezise gayab ho rahe haian. kumhar bhi ab inhean nahian banate. eeantoan ke mukabale ab khaparail bahut kam matra mean ban rahe haian.
nirman
mitti ke khaparail pray: usi prakar banaye jate haian, jaise eeant; lekin inake banane mean adhik mehanat aur dhyan dena p data hai. khaparailoan ke vibhinn prakar ki dizainoan ke lie saancha bhi bahut savadhani se banana p data hai aur unake pakane aur nikasi mean bahut savadhani rakhani p dati hai. deshi khaparailoan mean do prakar ki khaparailean adhik prachalit haian. ek mean do adhagoli nalidar khaparailean ek doosare par auandhakar rakh di jati haian. doosare mean do chaukor chauke, jinake kinare, tho da sa oopar mu de rahate haian, agal-bagal rakhakar un donoan ke oopar ek adhagoli khaparail ulatakar rakh di jati hai, jisase donoan chaukoan ke bich ki jagah dhak jae. qarib 1,200 khaparailean 100 vargaphut chhat chhane ke lie apekshit hoti haian.
lupt hoti khaparail
adhunik samay mean khaparail ka prayog ab simit ho gaya hai. ar.si.si. aur lohe ke adhik prayog ke karan gharoan mean isaka prayog ab nahian hota. samany khaparail lagabhag 1600 rupe se 2000 rupe prati hajar bikate haian. vahian achchhe khaparail ki dar bhi asaman chhoo rahi hai. is par mazadoori ki badhi dar ne chhat sanvarana aur mushkil kar diya hai. khaparail utarane v chadhane ke lie mazadoori 150 se 200 rupe pratidin ho rahi hai. ek chhote ghar ki marammat saik doan se hazaroan rupe mean badal gee hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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