विराम चिह्न
- viram ka arth hai- 'rukana' ya 'thaharana'. vaky ko likhate athava bolate samay bich mean kahian tho da-bahut rukana p data hai jisase bhasha spasht, arthavan evan bhavapoorn ho jati hai. likhit bhasha mean is thaharav ko dikhane ke lie kuchh vishesh prakar ke chihnoan ka prayog karate haian. inhean hi viram chihn kaha jata hai.
- bhavoan aur vicharoan ko spasht karane ke lie jin chihnoan ka prayog vaky ke bich ya aant mean kiya jata hai, unhean viram chihn kahate haian; jaise
- roko mat jane do.
- roko, mat jane do.
- roko mat, jane do.
uparyukt udaharanoan mean pahale vaky mean arth spasht nahian hota, jabaki doosare aur tisare vaky mean arth to spasht ho jata hai lekin ek doosare ka ulta arth milata hai jabaki tinoan vakyoan mean vahi shabd haian. doosare vaky mean 'roko' ke bad alpaviram lagane se rokane ke lie kaha gaya hai jabaki tisare vaky mean 'roko mat' ke bad alpaviram lagane se kisi ko n rok kar jane ke lie kaha gaya hai. is prakar viram-chihn lagane se doosare aur tisare vaky ko padhane mean tatha arth spasht karane mean jitani suvidha hoti hai utani pahale vaky mean nahian hoti.
- atev viram-chinhoan ke vishay mean poora jnan hona avashyak hai.
- hindi mean nimnalikhit viram chihnoan ka prayog kiya jata hai.
| kram | nam | viram chihn |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | poorn viram ya viram | (.) |
| 2 | arddhaviram | (;) |
| 3 | alpaviram | (,) |
| 4 | prashnavachak chihn | (?) |
| 5 | vismayasoochak | (!) |
| 6 | uddharan chihn | ("") (' ') |
| 7 | yojak | (-) |
| 8 | nirdeshak (daish) | (--) |
| 9 | koshthak | [()] |
| 10 | hansapad (trutibodhak) | (^) |
| 11 | rekhaankan | (_) |
| 12 | laghav chihn | (0) |
| 13 | lop-chihn | (...) |
poorn viram (.)
is chihn ka prayog prashnavachak aur vismayasoochak vakyoan ko chho dakar any sabhi prakar ke vakyoan ke aant mean kiya jata hai; jaise ram skool se a raha hai. vah usaki sauandaryata par mugdh ho gaya. vah chhat se gir gaya. doha, shlok, chaupaee adi ki pahali pankti ke aant mean ek poorn viram (.) tatha doosari pankti ke aant mean do poorn viram (॥) lagane ki pratha hai; jaise:-
rahiman pani rakhie bin pani sab soon.
pani ge n oobare moti, manus, choon॥
arddhaviram (;)
jahaan poorn viram ki apeksha kam der rukana ho aur alpaviram ki apeksha kuchh der tak rukana ho tab arddhaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise- phaloan mean am ko sarvashreshth phal mana gaya hai; kiantu shrinagar mean aur hi kism ke phal vishesh roop se paida hote haian.
alpaviram (,)
jahaan par arddhaviram ki tulana mean aur kam der rukana ho to alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai. is chihn ka prayog nimnalikhit paristhitiyoan mean kiya jata hai-
- ek hi prakar kee shabdoan ka prayog hone par pratyek shabd ke bad alpaviram lagaya jata hai. lekin aantim shabd ke pahale 'aur' ka prayog hota hai; jaise raghu apani sanpatti, bhoomi pratishtha aur man-maryada sab kho baitha.
- 'haan' aur 'nahian' ke pashchat; jaise haan, likh sakata hooan. nahian yah kam nahian ho sakata.
- vakyaansh ya upavaky ko alag karane ke lie; jaise vijnan ka pathyakram badal jane se, maian samajhata hooan, pariksha parinam prabhavit hoga.
- kabhi-kabhi sanbodhan-soochak shabd ke bad alpaviram bhi lagaya jata hai; jaise-ravi tum idhar ao.
- shabd yugmoan mean alagav dikhane ke lie jaise- pap aur puny, sach aur jhooth, kal aur aj.
- patr mean abhivadan aur samapan mean; jaise- poojy pitaji, bhavadiy manyavar adi.
- tarikh ke sath mahine ka nam likhane ke bad tatha sanh, sanvat ke pahale alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise- 2 aktoobar, sanh 1869 ee. ko gaandhi ka janm hua.
- uddharan se poorn alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise- neta ji ne kaha, "dilli chalo".
- aankoan ko likhate samay bhi alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise-5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 60, 70, 100 adi.
- ek hi shabd ya vakyaansh ki punaravritti hone par alpaviram ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise -bhago, bhago, ag lag gee hai.
prashnavachak chihn (?)
prashnavachak vakyoan ke aant mean is chihn ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise tum kahaan ja rahe ho?
vismayasoochak chihn (!)
vismay, ashchary, harsh, ghrina adi ka bodh karane ke lie is chihn ka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise-vah ap yahaan kaise padhare? hay bechara vyarth mean mara gaya.
uddharan chihn (" ")
kisi aur ke vaky ya shabdoan ko jyoan-ka-tyoan rakhane mean isaka prayog kiya jata hai; jaise tulasidas ne kaha- "raghukul riti sada chali aee. pran jay par vachan n jaee॥" (") vaky mean kisi shabd par bal dene ke lie ikahare uddharan chihn ka prayog karate haian; jaise-tulasidas krit 'ramacharitamanas' ek anupam kriti hai.
yojak chihn (-)
is chihn ka prayog nimnalikhit paristhitiyoan mean kiya jata hai-
- samajik padoan ya punarukt aur yugm shabdoan ke madhy kiya jata hai; jaise-jay parajay, labh-hani, do-do, rashtr-bhakti.
- tulanavachak 'sa', 'si', 'se', ke pahale; jaise=chaand sa chehara, phool si muskan.
- dvitv aur shabd yugm jaise- kabhi-kabhi khate-pite.
nirdeshak chihn (--)
is chihn ka prayog nimnalikhit sthitiyoan me kiya jata hai-
- sanvadoan ko likhane ke lie--ramesh--tum kahaan rahate ho?
mohan--maian neharu nagar mean rahata hooan.
- kahana, likhana, bolana, batana, shabdoan ke bad; jaise-gaandhi ji ne kaha--hiansa mat karo. mahesh ne likha--satyamh, shivamh, suandaramh.
koshthak [()]
koshthak ke bhitar mukhyat: us samagri ko rakhate hai; jaise-kriya ke bhedoan (sakarmak aur akarmak) ke udaharan dijie.
- kisi kathin shabd ko spasht karane ke lie; jaise-ap ki samarthy (shakti) ko maian janata hooan.
- natak mean abhinay adi prakat karane hetu; jaise-meghanad- (kuchh age badh kar) lakshman yadi samarthy hai to samane ao.
- vishay, vibhag soochak aankoan athava aksharoan ko prakat karane ke lie; jaise:- sanjna ke tin bhed haian-
- vyaktivachak
- jativachak aur
- bhavavachak sanjna.
hansapad/trutibodhak (^)
jab kisi vaky athava vakyaansh mean koee shabd athava akshar likhane me chhoot jata hai to chhoote hue vaky ke niche hansapad chihn ka prayog kar chhoote hue shabd ko oopar likh dete haian. jaise- svatantrata hamara janmasiddh adhikar hai.
rekhaankan chihn (_)
vaky mean mahattvapoorn shabd, pad, vaky rekhaankit kar diya jata hai; jaise- godan upanyas, premachand dvara likhit sarvashreshth kriti hai.
laghav chihn (0)
sankshipt roop likhane ke lie laghav chihn ka prayog kiya jata haian; jaise-
kri.p.u.=kripaya prishth ulatie
p.n.ni.=patana nagar nigam
lop chihn (...)
jab vaky ya anuchchhed mean kuchh aansh chho d kar likhana ho to lop chihn ka prayog kiya jata hai, jaise:- gaandhi ji ne kaha- "pariksha ki gh di a gee hai... ham kareange ya mareange". lop chihn sadaiv tin ke gune mean lagate haian jaise ...
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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