रॉबर्ट क्लाइव
r aaubart klaib british sena mean ek sainik ke pad par tainat hua tha, kintu apani soojhaboojh, samajhadari aur buddhi se usane ek bahut ooancha pad prapt kar liya tha. r aaubart klaib ka janm 29 sitambar, 1725 ee. mean hua tha. klaib ne bharat mean eest indiya kampani ko mukhy roop se majabooti pradan ki thi. klaib ne hi apani uchch mahattvakaankshaoan aur kootaniti se sampoorn bharat ko aangrezoan ka gulam banane mean mukhy bhoomika nibhaee thi. pahale plasi ka yuddh aur phir baksar adi ke kee yuddhoan ko jitakar klaib ne bharat mean british satta ko majabooti pradan kar di thi. bharat mean mugaloan ka varchasv samapt karane mean bhi klaib ka b da yogadan tha.
bharat agaman
r aaubart klaib kampani ke ek 'klark' (lipik) ke roop mean bharat aya tha. use mukhy roop se gavarnar ko patr adi likhane ke kary ke liye rakha gaya tha. vah sadaiv apane sath talavar, bandooq aur ek gho da rakhata tha. klaib ko avashyakata ke anusar sainikoan ko kahian par bhi bhejane aur yuddh l dane ke adhikar bhi prapt the. pahali bar vah 1757-1760 ee. aur phir doosari bar 1765-1767 ee. tak vah bangal ka gavarnar raha tha.
karyakal
bharat mean apane karyakal ke dauran r aaubart klaib ne bangal mean aangrezoan ki sthiti atyant hi dridh kar di thi. bangal ke navab sirajuddaula, avadh ke navab shujauddaula aur mugal samrat shahalam dvitiy, in tinoan ko hi klaib ki soojhaboojh, chalaki aur kootaniti ne parast kar diya tha. 23 joon, 1757 ee. ko plasi ka yuddh aur 1764 ee. mean baksar ka yuddh jitakar klaib ne bangal mean british hukoomat ke virodh ko poornataya samapt kar diya tha. 1757 se 1760 eean. tak bangal ka garvanar rahane ke bad klaiv 1760 ee. mean ianglaiand laut gaya. usake pashchath bangal ka sthanapann garvanar 'holavel' bana. tatpashchath 'vensitart' bangal ka garvanar bana. baksar ki vijay ke uparant klaiv ko punah bharat mean aangrezi pradeshoan ka mukhy senapati tatha garvanar banakar bheja gaya tha. 10 aprail, 1765 ko klaiv ne doosari bar madras ki dharati par pair rakha tha aur 3 mee, 1765 ko kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) mean karyabhar grahan kiya.
ilahabad ki sandhiyaan
klaiv ne 12 agast, 1765 ko mugal samrat shahalam dvitiy se ilahabad mean ek sandhi ki, jisaki shartoan ke anusar- kampani ko bangal, bihar tatha u disa ki divani prapt huee. samrat shahalam ke lie ilahabad tatha k da ke zile evan kampani dvara prati varsh 26 lakh rupaye varshik peanshan dene ki vyavastha ki gee. kampani ne avadh ke navab se k da aur manikapur chhinakar mugal badashah ko de diya. ise 'ilahabad ki pahali sandhi' ke nam se jana jata hai. klaiv ne avadh ke navab shujauddaula ke sath 16 agast, 1765 ko ek sandhi ki, jise 'ilahabad ki doosari sandhi' ke roop mean jana jata hai. sandhi ki shartoan ke anusar- navab ne ilahabad v k da ke zile shahalam dvitiy ko dene ka vayada kiya aur yuddh ki kshatipoorti ke lie usane kampani ko 50 lakh rupaye bhi dene ka vayada kiya. in donoan sandhiyoan ke sampann ho jane par eest indiya kampani ki sthiti atyant hi majaboot ho gee.
dvaidh shasan pranali
r aaubart klaiv ne bangal mean dohari sarakar kayam ki, jisamean 'divani' arthath bhoo-rajasv vasoolane ki shakti kampani ke pas thi, par prashasan ka bhar navab ke kandhoan par tha. klaiv ki is prashasanik vyavastha ki visheshata uttaradayitvarahit adhikar aur adhikar rahit uttaradayitv thi. is tarah divani aur nijamat, jisamean divani ke antargat rajasv vasool karane ka adhikar tatha nijamat ke antargat sainik sanrakshan tatha videshi mamaloan ke adhikar shamil the, poorn roop se kampani ke hathoan mean a gaye. dvaidh shasan ki vyavastha ke adhar par kampani dvara vasoole gaye rajasv mean se 26 lakh rupaye prativarsh samrat ko tatha 53 lakh rupaye bangal ke navab ko shasan ke karyoan ke sanchalan ke lie diya jana tha, shesh bache hue bhag ko kampani apane pas rakhane ke lie svatantr thi. is prakar kampani ne rajasv vasoolane ka adhikar tatha navab ne shasan chalane ki zimmedari grahan ki. klaiv ne 'muhammad raja khaan' ko bangal ka divan tatha raja 'shitab ray' ko bihar ka divan banaya.
karnavalis ka vichar
shighr hi dvaidh shasan pranali ka dushparinam dekhane ko mila. desh mean qanoon-vyavastha ast-vyast ho gee aur nyay matr bite samay ki bat hokar rah gaya. is sandarbh mean l aaurd karnavalis ne 'haus aauf kamans' mean kaha ki, maian nishchiy poorvak kah sakata hooan ki, 1765-1784 ee. tak eest iandiya kampani ki sarakar se adhik bhrasht, jhoothi tatha buri sarakar sansar ke kisi bhi sabhy desh mean nahian thi. dvaidh shasan se krishi vyavastha par prabhav p da, rajasv vasooli sarvochch boli bolane valoan ko di jane lagi aur oopar se 1770 ee. mean bangal ke akal ne to krishakoan ki jaise kamar hi to d di.
shvet vidroh
dvaidh shasan ka vyapar tatha vyavasay par bhi galat asar p da. bharatiy vyapariyoan ke shoshan ki gati tivr ho gee. bangal ke vastr tatha resham udyog isamean kafi prabhavit hue. dvaidh vyavastha matr british hit ko sarvopari rakhati thi. klaiv dvara niji vyapar tatha upahar lene par rok lagane se bhrashtachar ko badhava mila tatha isane antarik kar sangrah ko anivary bana diya. klaiv ne kampani ke sainikoan ke dohare bhatte, jo shaanti kal mean milate the, par rok laga di. yah suvidha keval bangal ke sainikoan ko di jane lagi, jo bangal evan bihar ki sima se bahar kary karate the. muanger tatha ilahabad mean karyarat shvet sainik adhikariyoan ne is vyavastha ka virodh kiya, jise kalantar mean shvet vidroh ke nam se jana gaya. klaiv is vidroh ko saphalata se dabane mean saphal hua.
klaib ki vapasi
dvaidh pranali ke antargat krishi ko kafi nukasan hua. bhoomi kar krishakoan par bahut adhik hota tha. bhoomi kar sangrah karane ka bhar prativarsh adhikadhik boli lagane vale ko sauanp diya jata tha, jisaki bhoomi mean sthayi roop se koee ruchi nahian thi. sabase duahkhad ghatana thi- 1770 ee. ka bangal ka bhanyakar akal, jisamean atyadhik jan-mal ki kshati huee. akal ke dinoan mean bhoomikar dridhatapoorvak vasool kiya gaya. kampani ke karyakartaoan ne logoan ki avashyak vastuoan ki qimatoan ko badhakar labh kamaya. british rajy ke sansthapak ke roop mean r aaubart klaiv ke yogadan ko vismrit nahian kiya ja sakata. usane kampani ke karyakartaoan ke lie 'sosayati aauf tred' ka nirman kiya, jisako namak, supari evan tambakoo ke vyapar ka ekadhikar prapt tha. yah nikay utpadakoan ke samast mal naqad mean lekar nishchit kendroan par phutakar vyapariyoan ko bech deta tha. faravari, 1767 ee. mean klaiv ianglaind vapas chala gaya. klaiv ka uttaradhikari 'verelst' (1767-1769 ee.) hua, aur verelst ka uttaradhikari 'kartiyar' (1769-72 ee.). inake kamazor shasan mean klaiv ki dohari sarakar ke durgun poornaroopen spasht ho gaye. rajy atyachar, bhrashtachar aur kasht ke bojh se karahane laga. atah 1772 ee. mean niyukt agale gavarnar varen hestiangs ne dvaidh shasan pranali ko samapt kar diya.
- ke.em. panikkar ka kahana tha ki, "1765 se 1772 ee. tak kampani ne bangal mean dakuoan ka rajy sthapit kar diya. bangal ko avivek roop se loota".
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh