मुहम्मद बिन तुग़लक़

chitr:Disamb2.jpg tugalaq

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- tugalaq

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gayasuddin tugalaq ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr 'joona khaan', muhammad bin tugalaq (1325-1351 ee.) ke nam se dilli ki gaddi par baitha. isaka mool nam 'uloog khaan' tha. rajamuandari ke ek abhilekh mean muhammad tugalaq (jauna ya joona khaan) ko duniya ka khan kaha gaya hai. sambhavatah madhyakalin sabhi sultanoan mean muhammad tugalaq sarvadhik shikshit, vidvanh evan yogy vyakti tha. apani sanak bhari yojanaoan, kroor-krityoan evan doosare ke sukh-dukh ke prati upeksha ka bhav rakhane ke karan ise 'svapnashil', 'pagal' evan 'rakt-pipasu' kaha gaya hai. barani, sarahindi , nizamuddin, badayooanni evan farishta jaise itihasakaroan ne sultan ko adharmi ghoshit kiya gaya hai.

pad vyavastha

sianhasan par baithane ke bad tugalaq ne amiroan evan saradaroan ko vibhinn upadhiyaan evan pad pradan kiya. usane tatar khaan ko 'baharam khaan' ki upadhi, malik qabool ko 'imad-ul-mulk' ki upadhi evan 'vazir-e-mumalik' ka pad diya tha, par kalantar mean use 'khanejahaan' ki upadhi ke sath gujarat ka haqim banaya gaya. usane malik arooyaj ko khvaja jahan ki upadhi ke sath ‘shahana-e-imarat’ ka pad, maulana gayasuddin ko (sultan ka adhyapak) 'kutulug khaan' ki upadhi ke sath 'vakil-e-dar' ki padavi, apane chachere bhaee firoj shah tugalaq ko 'nayab barabak' ka pad pradan kiya tha.

gunavan vyakti

muhammad bin tugalaq dilli ke sabhi sultanoan mean sarvadhik kushagr, buddhi sampann, dharm-nirepaksh, kala-premi evan anubhavi senapati tha. vah arabi bhasha evan farasi bhasha ka viddhan tatha khagolashastr, darshan, ganit, chikitsa, vijnan, tarkashastr adi mean parangat tha. alauddin khilaji ki bhaanti apane shasan kal ke prarambh mean usane, n to khalifa se apane pad ki svikriti li aur n ulema varg ka sahayog liya, yadyapi bad me aisa karana p da. usane nyay vibhag par ulema varg ka ekadhipaty samapt kiya. qazi ke jis phaisale se vah santusht nahian hota tha, use badal deta tha. sarvapratham muhammad tugalaq ne hi bina kisi bhedabhav ke yogyata ke adhar par padoan ka avantan kiya. nasl aur varg-vibhed ko samapt karake yogyata ke adhar par adhikariyoan ko niyukt karane ki niti apanayi. vastut: yah us shasak ka durbhagy tha ki, usaki yojanaean saphalatapoorvak kriyanvit nahian huee. jisake karan yah itihasakaroan ki alochana ka patr bana.

dilli saltanat

muhammad tugalaq ke sianhasan par baithate samay dilli saltanat kul 23 praantoan mean banta thi, jinamean mukhy the - dilli, devagiri, lahaur, multan, saramuti, gujarat, avadh, kannauj, lakhanauti, bihar, malava, jajanagar (u disa), dvarasamudr adi. kashmir evan baloochistan dilli saltanat mean shamil nahian the. dilli saltanat ki sima ka sarvadhik vistar isi ke shasanakal mean hua tha. parantu isaki kroor niti ke karan rajy mean vidroh arambh ho gaya. jisake phalasvaroop dakshin mean ne svatantr rajy ki sthapana huee aur ye kshetr dilli saltanat se alag ho ge. bangal bhi svatantr ho gaya. rajyarohan ke bad muhammad tugalaq ne kuchh navin yojanaoan ka nirman kar unhean kriyanvit karane ka prayatn kiya. jaise -

1. doab kshetr mean kar vriddhi (1326-27 ee.)
2. rajadhani parivartan (1326-27 ee.)
3. saanketik mudra ka prachalan (1329-30 ee.)
4. khurasan evan karachil ka abhiyan adi.

doab kshetr mean kar vriddhi

apani pratham yojana ke dvara muhammad tugalaq ne doab ke oopajaoo pradesh mean kar ki vriddhi kar di (sanbhavatah 50 pratishat), parantu usi varsh doab mean bhayankar akal p d gaya, jisase paidavar prabhavit huee. tugalaq ke adhikariyoan dvara zabaran kar vasoolane se us kshetr mean vidroh ho gaya, jisase tugalaq ki yah yojana asaphal rahi. muhammad tugalaq ne krishi ke vikas ke lie ‘amir-e-kohi’ namak ek navin vibhag ki sthapana ki. sarakari karmachariyoan ke bhrashtachar, kisanoan ki udasinata, bhoomi ka achchha n hona ityadi karanoan se krishi unnati sambandhi apani yojana ko tin varsh pashchath samapt kar diya. muhammad bin tugalaq ne kisanoan ko bahut kam byaj par rrin (sonathar) upalabdh karaya.

rajadhani parivartan

tugalaq ne apani doosari yojana ke antargat rajadhani ko dilli se devagiri sthanantarit kiya. devagiri ko “kuvvatul islam” bhi kaha gaya. sultan kutubuddin mubarak khilaji ne devagiri ka nam 'kutubabad' rakha tha aur muhammad bin tugalaq ne isaka nam badalakar daulatabad kar diya. sultan ki is yojana ke lie sarvadhik alochana ki gee. muhammad tugalaq dvara rajadhani parivartan ke karanoan par itihasakaroan mean b da vivad hai, phir bhi nishkarshatah kaha ja sakata hai ki, devagiri ka dilli saltanat ke madhy sthit hona, mangol akramanakariyoan ke bhay se surakshit rahana, dakshin-bharat ki sampannata ki or khianchav adi aise karan the, jinake karan sultan ne rajadhani parivartit karane ki bat sochi. muhammad tugalaq ki yah yojana bhi poornatah asaphal rahi aur usane 1355 ee. mean daulatabad se logoan ko dilli vapas ane ki anumati de di. rajadhani parivartan ke parinamasvaroop dakshin mean muslim sanskriti ka vikas hua, jisane aantatah bahamani samrajy ke uday ka marg khola.

saanketik mudra ka prachalan

tisari yojana ke antargat muhammad tugalaq ne saanketik v pratikatmak sikkoan ka prachalan karavaya. sikke sanbandhi vividh prayogoan ke karan hi edavard tamas ne use ‘dhanavanoan ka rajakumar’ kaha hai. muhammad tugalaq ne 'dokani' namak sikke ka prachalan karavaya. barani ke anusar sambhavatah sultan ne rajakosh ki riktata ke karan evan apani samrajy vistar ki niti ko saphal banane hetu saanketik mudra ka prachalan karavaya. saanketik mudra ke antargat sultan ne sanbhavatah pital (farishta ke anusar) aur taanba (barani ke anusar) dhatuoan ke sikke chalaye, jisaka mooly chaandi ke rupaye taka ke barabar hota tha. sikka dhalane par rajy ka niyantran nahian rahane se anek jali takasal ban gaye. lagan jali sikke se diya jane laga, jisase arthavyavasatha thapp ho gee. saanketik mudra chalane ki prerana chin tatha eeran se mili. vahaan ke shasakoan ne in yojanaoan ko saphalatapoorvak chalaya, jabaki muhammad tugalaq ka prayog viphal raha. sultan ko apani is yojana ki asaphalata par bhayanak arthik kshati ka samana karana p da.

khurasan evan karachil abhiyan

chauthi yojana ke antargat muhammad tugalaq ke khurasan evan karachil vijay abhiyan ka ullekh kiya jata hai. khurasan ko jitane ke lie muhammad tugalaq ne 3,70,000 sainikoan ki vishal sena ko ek varsh ka agrim vetan de diya, parantu rajanitik parivartan ke karan donoan deshoan ke madhy samajhauta ho gaya, jisase sultan ki yah yojana asaphal rahi aur use arthik roop se hani uthani p di. karachil abhiyan ke antargat sultan ne khusaro malik ke netritv mean ek vishal sena ko paha di rajyoan ko jitane ke lie bheja. usaki poori sena jangali rastoan mean bhatak gee, ibn batoota ke anusar antatah keval tin adhikari hi bachakar vapas a sake. is prakar muhammad tugalaq ki yah yojana bhi asaphal rahi. sambhavatah 1328-29 ee. ke madhy mangol akramanakari taramasharin chagataee ne ek vishal sena ke sath bharat par akraman kar multan, lahaur se lekar dilli tak ke pradeshoan ko rauand dala. aisa mana jata hai ki, sultan muhammad tugalaq ne mangol neta ko ghoos dekar vapas kar diya tha. is niti ke karan sultan ko alochana ka shikar banana p da. isake bad phir kabhi muhammad tugalaq ke samay mean bharat par mangol akraman nahian hua. apani mahattvakaankshi asaphal yojanaoan ke karan muhammad tugalaq ko ‘asaphalataoan ka badashah’ kaha jata hai.

mahattvapoorn vidroh

muhammad bin tugalaq ke shasan kal mean sabase adhik (34) vidroh hue, jinamean se 27 vidroh akele dakshin bharat mean hi hue. sultan muhammad tugalaq ke shasan kal mean hue kuchh mahattvapoorn vidrohoan ka saraansh nimnalikhit haian-
pratham vidroh 1327 ee. mean tugalaq ke chachere bhaee sultan gurashasp ne kiya, jo gulabarga ke nikat sagar ka soobedar tha. vah sultan dvara buri tarah se parajit kiya gaya. muhammad tugalaq ke viruddh siandh tatha multan ke soobedar baharam aeeba oorph kishloo khaan ne 1327-1328 ee. mean vidroh kiya. saiyad jalaluddin hasanashah ka malabar vidroh 1334-1335 ee. mean kiya gaya. bangal ka vidroh (1330-1331 ee.) pramukh haian. bangal ke vidroh ko yadyapi praranbh mean daba liya gaya tha, kintu 1340-1341 ee. ke lagabhag shamsuddin ke netritv mean bangal dilli saltanat se alag ho gaya. 1337-1338 ee. mean k da ke soobedar nizam bhaee ka vidroh, 1338-1339 ee. mean bidar ke soobedar, nusarat khaan ka vidroh, 1339-1340 ee. mean gulabarga ke alishah ka vidroh adi bhi muhammad tugalaq ke viruddh kiye gaye vidrohoan mean pramukh haian. is tarah ke vidrohoan ka sultan ne saphalatapoorvak daman kiya. muhammad tugalaq ke shasanakal mean hi dakshin mean 1336 ee. mean 'harihar' evan 'bukka' namak do bhaeeyoan ne svatantr ‘vijayanagar’ ki sthapana ki. afriki yatri ibn batoota ko 1333 ee. mean muhammad ne apane rajadoot ke roop mean chin bheja. ibn batoota ne apani pustak ‘rehala’ mean muhammad tugalaq ke samay ki ghatanaoan ka varnan kiya hai. muhammad tugalaq dharmik roop mean sahishnu tha. jain vidvanh evan sant 'jinaprabhu soori' ko darabar mean bulakar samman pradan kiya. muhammad bin tugalaq dilli saltanat ka pratham sultan tha, jisane hindoo tyoharoan (holi, dipavali) mean bhag liya. dilli ke prasiddh soofi shekh 'shihabuddin' ko 'divan-e-mustakharaj' niyukt kiya tatha shekh 'mueejuddin' ko gujarat ka garvanar tatha 'saiyyad kalamuddin amir kiramani' ko sena mean niyukt kiya. shekh 'nizamuddin chirag-e-dilli' sultan ke virodhiyoan mean ek the.

mrityu

apane shasan kal ke antim samay mean jab sultan muhammad tugalaq gujarat mean vidroh ko kuchal kar targi ko samapt karane ke lie siandh ki or badha, to marg mean thatta ke nikat goandal pahuanchakar vah ganbhir roop se bimar ho gaya. yahaan par sultan ki 20 march, 1351 ko mrityu ho gee. usake marane ke par itihasakar badayooanni ne kaha ki, “saltan ko usaki praja se aur praja ko apane sultan se mukti mil gee.” isami ne sultan muhammad bin tugalaq ko islam dharm ka virodhi bataya hai. d aau. eeshvari prasad ne usake bare mean kaha hai ki, “madhy yug mean rajamukut dharan karane valoan mean muhammad tugalaq, niahsandeh yogy vyakti tha. muslim shasan ki sthapana ke pashchath dilli ke sianhasan ko sushobhit karane vale shasakoan mean vah sarvadhik viddhan evan susanskrit shasak tha.” usane apane sikkoan par “al sultan jilli allah”, “sultan eeshvar ki chhaya”, sultan eeshvar ka samarthak hai, adi vaky ko aankit karavaya. muhammad bin tugalaq ek achchha kavi aur sangit premi bhi tha.

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sanbandhit lekh

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