योग का इतिहास

yog ka itihas
yog|200px|center
vivaran	'yog' ek adhyatmik prakiya hai. isamean sharir, man aur atma ko ek sath lane (yog) ka kary hota hai. yah bharat ki prachin dharohar hai, jo aj sampoorn vishv mean vyapt hai.
utpatti sthal	bharat
vishesh	sakshyoan ke adhar par yog ki utpatti 5000 ee. poo. mean huee hogi. guroo-shishy parampara ke dvara yah jnan paramparagat roop se ek pidhi se doosari pidhi ko milata raha. lagabhag 200 ee. poo. mean maharshi patanjali ne yog ko likhit roop mean sangrahit kiya aur 'yogasootr' ki rachana ki.
sanbandhit lekh	yog darshan, patanjali, aantararashtriy yog divas, svami ramadev, yam (sanyam), asan, hathayog pradipika, hathayog, rajayog
any janakari	'shrimadbhagavadagita' pratishthit granth mana jata hai. isamean 'yog' shabd ka kee bar prayog hua hai. kabhi akele aur kabhi savisheshan, jaise- 'buddhiyog', 'sannyasayog', 'karmayog' adi. vedottar kal mean 'bhaktiyog' aur 'hathayog' nam bhi prachalit ho ge haian. mahatma gaandhi ne 'anasakti yog' ka vyavahar kiya hai.

yog tattvat: bahut sookshh‍m vijnan par adharit ek adhh‍yatmi vishay hai, jo man evan sharir ke bich samanjash‍y sh‍thapit karane par dhh‍yan deta hai. yah sh‍vash‍th jivan-yapan ki kala evan vijnan hai. yog shabh‍d sanskrit ki 'yuj' dhatu se bana hai, jisaka arth ju dana ya ekajut hona ya shamil hona hai. yog se ju de granthoan ke anusar yog karane se vh‍yakti ki chetana brahmaand ki chetana se ju d jati hai jo man evan sharir, manav evan prakriti ke bich paripoorn samanjash‍y ka dyotak hai. adhunik vaijnanikoan ke anusar brahmaand ki har chij usi pariman nabh ki abhivh‍yakti matr hai. jo bhi astith‍v ki is ekata ko mahasoos kar leta hai, use yog mean sthit kaha jata hai aur use yogi ke roop mean pukara jata hai, jisane mukh‍t avash‍tha praph‍t kar li hai, jise mukti, nirvan ya moksh kaha jata hai. is prakar, yog ka lakshh‍y ath‍m-anubhooti, sabhi prakar ke kashh‍toan se nijat pana hai, jisase moksh ki avash‍tha ya kaivalh‍y ki avash‍tha praph‍t hoti hai.

itihas

jivan ke har kshetr mean ajadi ke sath jivan-yapan karana, sh‍vash‍thh‍y evan samanjash‍y yog karane ke pramukh uddeshh‍y hoange. yog ka abhipray ek aantarik vijnan se bhi hai, jisamean kee tarah ki vidhiyaan shamil hoti haian jinake madhh‍yam se manav is ekata ko sakar kar sakata hai aur apani niyati ko apane vash mean kar sakata hai. chooanki yog ko b de paimane par siandhu-sarash‍vati ghati sabhh‍yata, jisaka itihas 2700 eesa poorv se hai, ke amar saansh‍kritik parinam ke roop mean b de paimane par mana jata hai, isalie isane sabit kiya hai ki yah manavata ke bhautik evan adhh‍yatmik donoan tarah ke uth‍than ko sanbhav banata hai. buniyadi manaviy moolh‍y yog sadhana ki pahachan haian.

utpatti

aisa mana jata hai ki jab se sabhh‍yata shuroo huee hai, tabhi se yog kiya ja raha hai. yog ke vijnan ki uth‍patti hajaroan sal pahale huee thi, pahale dharmoan ya ash‍tha ke janh‍m lene se kafi pahale huee thi. yog vidya mean shiv ko pahale yogi ya adi yogi tatha pahale guroo ya adi guroo ke roop mean mana jata hai. kee hajar varsh pahale, himalay mean kaanti sarovar jhil ke tatoan par adi yogi ne apane prabuddh jnan ko apane prasiddh saph‍trrishi ko pradan kiya tha. sath‍prrishiyoan ne yog ke is takatavar vijnan ko eshiya, madhh‍y poorv, uttari afrika evan dakshin amarika sahit vishh‍v ke bhinh‍n-bhinh‍n bhagoan mean pahuanchaya. rochak bat yah hai ki adhunik vidvanoan ne poori duniya mean prachin sansh‍kritiyoan ke bich pae ge ghanishh‍th samanaantar ko not kiya hai. tathapi, bharat mean hi yog ne apani sabase poorn abhivh‍yakti praph‍t ki. agash‍t namak saph‍trrishi, jinh‍hoanne poore bharatiy up mahadvip ka daura kiya, ne yaugik tarike se jivan jine ke ird-gird is sansh‍kriti ko gadha. yog karate hue pitaroan ke sath siandhu-sarash‍vati ghati sabhh‍yata ke anek jivashm, avashesh evan muharean bharat mean yog ki maujoodagi ka sanket deti haian.

yog karate hue pitaroan ke sath siandhu-sarash‍vati ghati sabhh‍yata ke anek jivashh‍m avashesh evan muharean bharat mean yog ki maujoodagi ka sujhav deti haian. devi maan ki moortiyoan ki muharean, laiangik pratik tantr yog ka sujhav dete haian. lok paranparaoan, siandhu ghati sabhh‍yata, vaidik evan upanishad ki virasat, bauddh evan jain paranparaoan, darshanoan, mahabharat evan ramayan namak mahakavh‍yoan, shaivoan, vaishnavoan ki astik paranparaoan evan taantrik paranparaoan mean yog ki maujoodagi hai. isake alava, ek adi ya shuddh yog tha jo dakshin eshiya ki rahash‍yavadi paranparaoan mean abhivh‍yakh‍t hua hai. yah samay aisa tha, jab yog guroo ke sidhe margadarshan mean kiya jata tha tatha isake adhh‍yatmik moolh‍y ko vishesh mahath‍v diya jata tha. yah upasana ka aang tha tatha yog sadhana unake sansh‍karoan mean racha-basa tha. vaidik kal ke dauran soory ko sabase adhik mahath‍v diya gaya. ho sakata hai ki is prabhav ki vajah se age chalakar 'soory namaskar' ki pratha ka avishh‍kar kiya gaya ho. pranayam dainik sansh‍kar ka hish‍sa tha tatha yah samarpan ke lie kiya jata tha. halaanki poorv vaidik kal mean yog kiya jata tha, mahanh sant maharshi patanjali ne apane yogasootroan ke madhh‍yam se us samay vidyaman yog ki prathaoan, isake ashay evan isase sanbandhit jnan ko vh‍yavasthit evan kootabaddh kiya. patanjali ke bad, anek rrishiyoan evan yogacharyoan ne achh‍chhi tarah pralekhit apani prathaoan evan sahith‍y ke madhh‍yam se yog ke parirakshan evan vikas mean kafi yogadan diya.

vikas

soory namaskar poorv vaidik kal (2700 eesa poorv) mean evan isake bad patanjali kal tak yog ki maujoodagi ke aitihasik sakshh‍y dekhe ge. mukhh‍y srot, jinase ham is avadhi ke dauran yog ki prathaoan tatha sanbandhit sahith‍y ke bare mean soochana praph‍t karate haian, vedoan (4), upanishadoan (18), sh‍mritiyoan, bauddh dharm, jain dharm, panini, mahakavh‍yoan (2) ke upadeshoan, puranoan (18) adi mean upalabh‍dh haian. anantim roop se 500 eesa poorv - 800 eesh‍vi san ke bich ki avadhi ko shreshh‍th avadhi ke roop mean mana jata hai jise yog ke itihas evan vikas mean sabase urvar evan mahath‍vapoorn avadhi ke roop mean bhi mana jata hai. is avadhi ke dauran, yogasootroan evan bhagavadgita adi par vyas ki tikaean astith‍v mean aeean. is avadhi ko mukhh‍y roop se bharat ke do mahanh dharmik upadeshakoan- mahavir evan buddh ko samarpit kiya ja sakata hai. mahavir dvara paanch mahanh vratoan- panch mahavratoan evan buddh dvara 'ashh‍th magh‍ga' ya 'ath path' ki sankalh‍pana- ko yog sadhana ki shuruati prakriti ke roop mean mana ja sakata hai. bhagavadgita mean isaka adhik sh‍pashh‍t sh‍pashh‍tikaran praph‍t hota hai jisamean jnan yog, bhakti yog aur karm yog ki sankalh‍pana ko vish‍tar se prash‍tut kiya gaya hai.

tin prakar ke ye yog aj bhi manav ki buddhimatta ke sarvochh‍ch udaharan haian tatha aj bhi gita mean pradarshit vidhiyoan ka anusaran karake lagoan ko shaanti milati hai. patanjali ke yogasootr mean n keval yog ke vibhinh‍n ghatak haian, apitu mukhh‍y roop se isaki pahachan yog ke ath margoan se hoti hai. vh‍yas dvara yogasootr par bahut mahath‍vapoorn tika bhi likhi gee. isi avadhi ke dauran man ko mahath‍v diya gaya tatha yog sadhana ke madhh‍yam se spashh‍t se bataya gaya ki samabhav ka anubhav karane ke lie man evan sharir donoan ko niyantrit kiya ja sakata hai. 800 eesavi-1700 eesavi ke bich ki avadhi ko uth‍krishh‍t avadhi ke bad ki avadhi ke roop mean mana jata hai jisamean mahan achayoan- adi shankarachary, ramanujachary aur madhavachary- ke upadesh is avadhi ke dauran pramukh the. is avadhi ke dauran sudarshan, tulasidas, purandaradas, mirabaee ke upadeshoan ne mahanh yogadan diya. hathayog paranpara ke nath yogi, jaise- ki math‍sh‍yeandr nath, gorakh nath, gauraangi nath, sh‍vath‍maram soori, gheraanda, shrinivas bhatt aisi kuchh mahanh hastiyaan haian, jinh‍hoanne is avadhi ke dauran hathayog ki paranpara ko lokapriy banaya.

yogacharyoan ka yogadan

1700-1900 eesavi ke bich ki avadhi ko adhunik kal ke roop mean mana jata hai, jisamean mahanh yogacharyoan- raman maharshi, ramkrishna paramahans, paramahans yoganand, vivekanand adi ne raj yog ke vikas mean yogadan diya hai. yah aisi avadhi hai jisamean vedaant, bhakti yog, nath yog ya hathayog phala-phoola. shadanga-goraksh shatakam ka yog, chaturanga- hathayog pradipika ka yog, saph‍tanga-gheraanda sanhita ka yog- hathayog ke mukhh‍y j dasootr the. ab samakalin yug mean sh‍vash‍thh‍y ke parirakshan, anurakshan aur sanvardhan ke lie yog mean har kisi ki ash‍tha hai. svami vivekanand, shri ti krishh‍namachary, svami kuvalayananda, shri yogeandr, sh‍vami ram, araviando, maharshi mahesh yogi, achary rajanish, pattabhijois, bi. ke. es. ayangar, sh‍vami sath‍yeandr sarash‍vati adi jaisi mahanh hastiyoan ke upadeshoan se aj yog poori duniya mean phail gaya hai. bi. ke. es. ayangar ayangar yog ke nam se vikhh‍yat yog shaili ke sansh‍thapak the tatha unako duniya ke sarvashreshh‍th yog shikshakoan mean se ek ke roop mean mana jata hai.

kee logoan ke lie yog ka arth hathayog evan asanoan tak simit hai. tathapi, yogasootroan mean keval tin sootroan mean asanoan ka varnan ata hai. maulik roop se hathayog taiyari prakriya hai, jisase sharir oorja ke uchh‍ch sh‍tar ko bardashh‍t kar sake. prakriya sharir se shuroo hoti hai phir shh‍vasan, man aur aantaratam ki bari ati hai. am taur par yog ko sh‍vash‍thh‍y evan phitanes ke lie thirepi ya vh‍yayam ki paddhati ke roop mean samajha jata hai. halaanki sharirik evan manasik sh‍vash‍thh‍y yog ke sh‍vabhavik parinam haian, parantu yog ka lakshh‍y adhik dooragami hai. 'yog brahmanh‍d' se sh‍vayan ka samanjash‍y sh‍thapit karane ke bare mean hai. yah sarvochh‍ch sh‍tar ki anubhooti evan samanjash‍y praph‍t karane ke lie brahmand se sh‍vayan ki jh‍yamiti ko sanrekhit karane ki kala hai. yog kisi khas dharm, ash‍tha paddhati ya samuday ke mutabiq nahian chalata hai; ise sadaiv aantaratam ki sehat ke lie kala ke roop mean dekha gaya hai. jo koee bhi talh‍linata ke sath yog karata hai vah isake labh praph‍t kar sakata hai, usaka dharm, jati ya sansh‍kriti jo bhi ho.

yog ki paranparagat shailiyaan

yog ke bhinh‍n-bhinh‍n darshan, paranparaean, vanshavali tatha guru-shishh‍y paranparaean bhinh‍n-bhinh‍n paranparagat shailiyoan ke udbhav ka marg prashash‍t karati haian, udaharan ke lie jnan yog, bhakti yog, karm yog, dhh‍yan yog, patanjali yog, kuandalini yog, hath yog, mantr yog, lay yog, raj yog, jain yog, buddh yog adi. har shaili ke apane sh‍vayan ke siddhaant evan paddhatiyaan haian, jo yog ke param lakshh‍y evan uddeshh‍yoan ki or le jati haian.

sh‍vash‍thh‍y evan tandaroosh‍ti ke lie yog ki paddhatiyaan

v de paimane par ki jane vali yog sadhanaean is prakar haian- yam, niyam, asan, pranayam, prath‍yahar, dharana, dhyan, samadhi/samh‍yama, bandh evan mudraean, shatakarm, yukh‍t ahar, yukh‍t karm, mantr jap adi. yam aankush haian tatha niyam achar haian. inako yog sadhana ke lie pahali avashyakata ke roop mean mana jata hai. asan, sharir evan man ki sthirata lane mean saksham 'kuryat tad asanan sthairyam...' ke tahat kafi lanbi avadhi tak sharir (manasik-sharirik) ke vibhinh‍n paitarn ko apanana, sharir ki mudra banae rakhane ki samarthh‍y pradan karana shamil hai.

pranayam ki vibhinh‍n mudraean

pranayam ke tahat apane shvasan ki jagarookata paida karana aur apane astith‍v ke prakaryath‍mak ya mahath‍vapoorn adhar ke roop mean shh‍vasan ko apani ichh‍chha se viniyamit karana shamil hai. yah apane man ki chetana ko vikasit karane mean madad karata hai tatha man par niyantran rakhane mean bhi madad karata hai. shuruati charanoan mean, yah nasikaoan, muanh tatha sharir ke anh‍y dvaroan, isake aantarik evan bahari margoan tatha gantavh‍yoan ke madhh‍yam se shh‍vas-prashh‍vas ki jagarookata paida karake kiya jata hai. age chalakar, viniyamit, niyantrit evan paryavekshit shh‍vas ke madhh‍yam se is paridrishh‍y ko sanshodhit kiya jata hai jisase yah jagarookata paida hoti hai ki sharir ke sh‍than bhar rahe haian (poorak), sh‍than bhari huee avash‍tha mean bane hue haian (kuanbhak) aur viniyamit, niyantrit evan paryavekshit prashh‍vas ke dauran yah khali ho raha hai (rechak).

prath‍yahar jnaneandriyoan se apani chetana ko alag karane ka pratik hai, jo bahari vash‍tuoan se ju de rahane mean madad karati haian. dharana dhh‍yan (sharir evan man ke aandar) ke vish‍trit kshetr ka dyotak hai, jise akh‍sar sankeandran ke roop mean samajha jata hai. dhh‍yan sharir evan man ke aandar apane ap ko keandrit karana hai aur samadhi-ekikaran. bandh aur mudraean pranayam se sanbaddh sadhanaean haian. inako yog ki uchh‍chatar sadhana ke roop mean dekha jata hai kh‍yoanki inamean mukhh‍y roop se shh‍vasan par niyantran ke sath sharir (sharirik-manasik) ki katipay paddhatiyoan ko apanana shamil hai. isase man par niyantran aur sugam ho jata hai tatha yog ki uchh‍chatar siddhi ka marg prashash‍t hota hai. shatakarm vishakh‍tata door karane ki prakriyaean haian tatha sharir mean sanchit vish ko nikalane mean madad karate haian aur ye naidanik sh‍varoop ke haian. yukh‍tahar (sahi bhojan evan anh‍y inaput) sh‍vash‍th jivan ke lie upayukh‍t ahar evan khan-pan ki adatoan ki vakalat karata hai. tathapi, ath‍manubhooti, jise uth‍karsh ka marg prashash‍t hota hai, mean madad karane vali dhyan ki sadhana ko yog sadhana ke sar ke roop mean mana jata hai.

maulik batean

yog hamare sharir, man, bhavana evan oorja ke sh‍tar par kam karata hai. isaki vajah se mote taur par yog ko char bhagoan mean baanta gaya hai-

1. karmayog - jahaan ham apane sharir ka upayog karate haian.
2. bhaktiyog - jahaan ham apani bhavanaoan ka upayog karate haian.
3. jnanayog - jahaan ham man evan buddhi ka prayog karate haian.
4. kriyayog - jahaan ham apani oorja ka upayog karate haian.

yog shiksha

paranparagat roop se, parivaroan mean jnani, anubhavi evan buddhiman vh‍yaktiyoan dvara aur phir ashramoan mean rrishiyoan, muniyoan, acharyoan dvara yog ki shiksha pradan ki jati thi. doosari or, yog ki shiksha ka uddeshh‍y vh‍yakti, astith‍v ka dhh‍yan rakhana hai. aisa mana jata hai ki achh‍chha, santulit, ekikrit, sach par chalane vala, sh‍vachh‍chh, paradarshi vh‍yakti apane lie, parivar, samaj, rashh‍tr, prakriti aur poori manavata ke lie adhik upayogi hoga. yog ki shiksha sh‍v ki shiksha hai. vibhinh‍n jivant paranparaoan tatha pathoan evan vidhiyoan mean sh‍v ke sath kam karane ke vh‍yauroan ko rekhaankit kiya gaya hai jo is mahath‍vapoorn kshetr mean yogadan kar rahe haian jise yog ke nam se jana jata hai. ajakal, yog ki shiksha anek mashahoor yog sansh‍thaoan, yog vishh‍vavidyalayoan, yog kalejoan, vishh‍vavidyalayoan ke yog vibhagoan, prakritik chikith‍sa kalejoan tatha niji nh‍yasoan evan samitiyoan dvara pradan ki ja rahi hai.

ash‍pataloan, aushadhalayoan, chikith‍sa sansh‍thaoan tatha rogahar sh‍thapanaoan mean anek yog kh‍linik, yog therepi aur yog prashikshan keandr, yog ki nivarak sh‍vash‍thh‍y dekh-rekh yoonitean, yog anusandhan keandr adi sh‍thapit kie ge haian. yog ki dharati bharat mean vibhinh‍n samajik riti-rivaj evan anushh‍than paristhitiki santulan, doosaroan ki chiantan paddhati ke lie sahishh‍nuta tatha sabhi praniyoan ke lie sahanubhooti ke lie prem pradarshit karate haian. sabhi prakar ki yog sadhana ko sarthak jivan evan jivan-yapan ke lie ramaban mana jata hai. vh‍yapak sh‍vash‍thh‍y, samajik evan vh‍yaktigat donoan, ke lie isaka prabodhan sabhi dharmoan, nash‍loan evan rashh‍triyataoan ke logoan ke lie isake abhh‍yas ko upayogi banata hai. ajakal poori duniya mean yog sadhana se lakhoan vh‍yaktiyoan ko labh ho raha hai, jise prachin kal se lekar aj tak yog ke mahanh acharyoan dvara parirakshit kiya gaya hai. yog sadhana ka har din vikas ho raha hai tatha yah adhik jivant hoti ja rahi hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

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