भाषाविज्ञान

bhashavijnan bhasha ke adhyayan ki vah shakha hai jisamean bhasha ki utpatti, svaroop, vikas adi ka vaijnanik evan vishleshanatmak adhyayan kiya jata hai. bhashavijnan ke adhyayeta 'bhashavijnani' kahalate haian. bhashavijnan sanbhandhit aranbhik gatividhiyoan mean panini ki 'ashtadhyayi' ka pramukh roop se ullekh kiya jata hai. bhashavijnan, vyakaran se bhinn hai. vyakaran mean kisi bhasha ka karyatmak adhyayan (functional description) kiya jata hai jabaki bhashavijnani isake age jakar bhasha ka atyant vyapak adhyayan karata hai. adhyayan ke anek vishayoan mean se ajakal bhasha-vijnan ko vishesh mahattv diya ja raha hai.

bhashavijnan ka itihas

prachin evan madhyakal

bharat ki tulana mean yoorop mean bhashavishayak adhyayan bahut der se praranbh hua aur usamean vah poornata aur ganbhirata n thi jo hamare shikshagranthoan, pratishakhyoan aur paniniy vyakaran mean thi. pashchimi duniya ke liye bhashavishayak prachinatam ullekh old testameant mean buk aauv jenisis (Book of Genesis) ke doosare adhyay mean pashuoan ke namakaran ke sanbandh mean milata hai. yoonani itihasakar herodotas (paanchavi shatabdi ee. poo.) ne misr ke raja sanmetik aaus (Psammetichos) dvara sansar ki bhasha jnat karane ke liye do navajat shishuoan par prayog karane ka ullekh kiya hai. yoonan mean prachinatam bhashavaijnanik vivechan pleto (425-348 47 ee. poo.) ke sanvad mean milata hai aur yah mukhyataya oohapohatmak hai. arastoo (384-322,21 ee. poo.) pashchaty bhashavijnan ke pita kahe jate haian. unhoanne bhasha ki utpati aur prakriti ke sanbandh mean upane guru pleto se kuchh virodhi vichar vyakt kie. unake anusar bhasha samajhaute (thesis) aur paranpara (Synthesis) ka parinam hai. arthath‌ unhoanne bhasha ko yadrichchhik kaha hai. arastoo ka yah mat aj bhi sarvamany hai. gay ko 'gay' isaliye nahian kaha jata hai ki is shabd se is vishesh chaupae janavar ka bodh hona anivary hai, kiantu isaliye kaha jata hai ki kabhi ukt pashu ka bodh karane ke liye is shabad ka yadrichchhik prayog kar liya gaya tha, jise manyata mil gee aur jo paranpara se chala a raha hai unhoanne 'sanjna', 'kriya', 'nipat' ye shabdabhed kie.
yoonan mean bhasha ka adhyayan keval darshanikoan tak hi simit raha. yoonaniyoan ki doosari visheshata yah thi ki unhoanne apani bhasha ke atirikt doosari bhashaoan mean koee ruchi nahian dikhaee. yah bat is tathy se pramanit hoti hai ki sikandar ki senaoan ne yoonan se lekar bharat ki uttari sima tak ke vistrit pradesh ko padakraant kiya, kiantu unake vivaranoan mean un pradeshoan ki boliyoan ka kahian ullekh nahian milata. yoonan mean kuchh bhashavishayak kary bhi hue aristarkas (Aristarchus) ne homar ki kavita ki bhasha ka vishleshan kiya. apolonias diskolas (Appollonios Dyskolos) grik vakyaprakriya par prakash dala. dionisos thrauks (Dionysios Thrax) ne ek prabhavashali vyakaran likha. kuchh shabdakosh aise bhi milate hai jinamean grik aur laitin ke atirikt eshiya mainar mean boli jane vali bhashaoan ke anek shabdoan ka samavesh kiya gaya hai. sankshep mean yoonaniyoan ne bhasha ko tatvamimaansa ki drishti se parakha. unake dvara prastut bhashavishleshan ko darshanik vyakaran ki sanjna di gee hai. rom valoan ne yoonaniyoan ke anukaran par vyakaran aur kosh banae. varo (116-27 ee. poo.) ne 26 khandoan mean laitin vyakaran racha. priskian (512-60) ka 20 khandovala laitin vyakaran bahut prasiddh hai.

madhy yug

madhy yug mean eesaee mishanariyoan ko auroean ki bhashaean sikhani p di. janata ko janata ki bhasha mean upadesh dena prachar ke liye anivary tha. phalasvaroop parabhasha sikhane ki vyavaharik paddhatiyaan nikalian. mishanariyoan ne anek bhashaoan ke vyakaran tatha kosh banae. par grik laitin vyakaran ke dhaanchoan mean rache jane ke karan ye apoorn tatha unupayukt the. usi yug mean sainikoan aur upaniveshoan ne shasakiy varg ke logoan ne sthaniy bhashaoan ka vishleshan shuroo kiya. sath hi vyapar vistar ke karan anekanek bhashaoan se yooropiyoan ka parichay badha. 17vian shatabdi mean (1647 mean) phaiansis lodavik (Francis Lodwick) tatha revareand kev dek (Rev. Cave Deck) jaise vidvanoan ne 'e k aauman raitiang' tatha 'yoonivarsal kairektar' jaise granth likhe the, jisase unake svanavijnan ke jnan ka parichay milata hai. lodavik ne ek ashulipi ka avishkar kiya tha, jo aangrezi aur dach donoan ke liye 1650 ee. ke lagabhag vyavahrit ki gee thi. madhyakal mean sabhi jnat bhashaoan ke sarvekshan ka prayatn hua. atev anek bahubhashi kosh tatha bahubhashi sangrah nikale. 18vian shatabdi mean pallas (P.S. Pallas) ki vishvabhashaoan ki tulanatmak shabdavali mean 285 shabd aise haian jo 272 bhashaoan mean milate haian. edeluang (Adelung) ki maihthrodetij (Mithridates) mean 500 bhashaoan mean 'eesh prarthana' hai.

18vian evan 19vian shati

is prakar 18vian shati ke poorv bhashavishayak prachur samagri ekatr ho chuki thi. kiantu vishleshan tatha prastutikaran k paddhatiyaan vahi purani thian. inamean sarvapratham jarman vidvanh‌ laibanits (Leibnitz) ne parishkar kiya. inhoanne hi sanbhavat: sarvapratham yah bataya ki 'yooreshiyaee' bhashaoan ka ek hi pragaitihasik uts hai. is prakar 18vian shati mean tulatmak aitihasik bhashavijnan ki bhoomika bani, jo 19vian shati mean jakar vikasit huee. sankshep mean, 19vian shatabdi se poorv yooropiy bhashaoan ka jo adhyayan kiya gaya, vah bhashavaijnanik ki apeksha tarkik adhik, roopatmak ki apeksha sankalpanatmak adhik aur varnanatmak ki apeksha vidhyatma (Prescriptive) adhik tha. 19vian shati (aitihasik tulanatmak bhashavijnan) - unnisavian shati aitihasik tulanatmak bhashavijnan ka yug tha isake praranbh ka shrey sanskrit bhasha se pashchatyoan ke parichay ko hai. tulanatmak bhasha vijnan ka sootrapat ek prakar se us samay hua jab 2 faravari, 1786 ko sar viliyam joans ne kalakatte mean yah ghoshana ki ki sanskrit bhasha ki sanrachana adbhut hai, vah grik se adhik poorn, laitin se adhik samriddh aur donoan se hi adhik parishkrit hai. phir bhi isaka donoan se ghanishth sanbandh hai. unhoanne dekha ki sanskrit ki ek or grik aur laitin tatha doosari aur g aauthik, kelti se itani adhik samanata hai ki nishchay hi in sab ka ek hi strot raha hoga. yah parivarik dharana is ne vijnan ke mool mean hai.
is disha mean pahala suvyavasthit kary denamark vasi rask (1787-1832) ka hai. rask ne bhashaoan ki samagr sanrachana ki tulana par adhik bal diya aur keval shabdavali samy agat shabdoan ke karan bhi ho sakata hai. inhoanne svanoan ke samy ko bhi parivarik sanbandh nirdharan ka mahatvapoorn aang mana. is dharana ko suvyavasthit pushti di yakov grim (1785-1863) ne, jinake svan niyam bhasha vijnan mean prasiddh haian. in svan niyamoan mean bharat yooropiy se pragjarmaniy mean, tadanantar uchchajarmaniy mean hone vale vyavasthit vyanjan svan parivartanoan ki vyakhya hai. isi bich sanskrit ke adhikadhik parichay se parivarik tulana ka kram adhikadhik gahara hota gaya. b aaup (1791-1967) ne sanskrit, avesta grik, laitin, lithueni, g aauthik, jarman, prachin slav kelti aur albani bhashaoan ka tulanatmak vyakaran prakashit kiya. rask aur grim ne svan parivartanoan par prakash dala, b aaup ne mukhyat: roopaprakriya ka adhar grahan kiya.
rask, grim aur b aaup ke pashchath‌ maiksamoolar (1823-1900) aur shlaikhar (1823-68) ke nam vishesh roop se ullekhaniy haian. maiksoomoolar ki mahatvapoorn kriti 'lesans in di sayans aauv laiangvej' (1861) hai. shlaikhar ne bharat-yooropiy parivar ki bhashaoan ka ek suvyavasthit sarvagin tulanatmak vyakaran prastut kiya shlaikhar ne tulanatmak bhasha vijnan ke saiddhaantik paksh par bhi vishesh kary kiya. inake anusar yadi do bhashaoan mean saman parivartan pae jate haian, to ye donoan bhashaean kisi kal mean ek sath rahi hoangi. is prakar unhoanne tulanatmak adhar par adibhasha (Ursprache) ki punarrachana (Reconstruction) ke liye marg prashast kiya. punarrachana ke atirikt bhashavijnan ko inaki ek aur mukhy den bhashaoan ka praroopasoochak vargikaran hai. in dinoan bhashavijnan ke kshetr mean ane vali ameriki vidvanoan mean hivatani (1827-1894) agrani haian. inhoanne bhasha ke vikas aur bhasha ke adhyayan par pustakean likhian. 1876 mean prakashit inak sanskrit vyakaran apane kshetr ka advitiy granth hai. shlaikhar ke turant bad phik (1833-1916) ne 1868 mean sarvapratham bharat-yooropiy bhashaoan ka tulatatmak shabdakosh prakashit kiya, jisamean adi bhasha ke punarrachit roop bhi die ge the.
kuchh samay bad vidvanoan ka dhyan grim niyam ki kuchh aansagatiyoan par gaya. denamark vasi varnar ne 1875 mean ek aisi asangati ko niyamabaddh apavad ke roop mean sthapit kiya. yah asangati thi bharat-yooropiy ph‌, th‌, kh‌ ka jarmaniy mean saghosh ban jana. varnar ne grik aur sanskrit ki tulana se isaka apavad dhooandh nikala jo varnar niyam ke nam se prachalit hai. aise apavadoan ki sthapana se vidvanoan ke ek sanpraday ko unake apane vishvasoan mean pushti mili. ye navy vॅyakaran (Jung grammatiker) kahalate haiaian. inake mat se svan niyamoan ka koee apavad nahian hota. svan parivartan akasmik aur avyavasthit nahian hai, pratyut niyat aur suvyavasthit haian. asangati is karan milati hai ki ham unaki prakriya ko poori tarah samajh nahian pae haian, kyoki bhasha ke namoonoan ki kami hai. kuchh asangatiyoan ke mool mean sadrishy hai, jisaki poorvacharyo ne upeksha ki thi. is prakar ye navy vaiyakaran b de vyavasthavadi the.

20vian shati

aitihasik tulanatmak bhashavijnan par 20vian sadi mean bhi kary hua hai. bharat yooropiy parivar par brugamain aur delabruk evan harman hart (Hermann Hirt) ke tulanatmak vyakaran mahatvapoorn granth haian. meie (Meillet) ka bharat-yooropiy bhashaoan ke tulanatmak adhyayan ki bhoomika namak granth sanatan mahatv ka kaha ja sakata hai. hitait namak prachin bhasha ka pata lagane ke bad bharat-yooropiy bhasha vijnan par naye sire se kary praranbh hua. bharat yooropiyetar parivaroan par aitihasik tulanatmak kary ho raha hai. grinabarg ka aphriki bhashaoan ka vargikaran anukaraniy hai. isaki adhunatan shakha bhasha kalakram vijnan (Giotto chronology ya Lixico statistics) hai, jisake aantargat tulanatmak paddhati se us samay ke niroopan ka prayas kiya jata hai jab kisi bhashaparivar ke do sadasy prithakh‌ prithakh‌ hue the. amariki manav vijnani m aauris svedish is prakriya ke janmadata haian. yah paddhati rediyo rasayan dvara li gee hai.

varnanatmak bhashavijnan

bisavian shati ka bhashavijnan mukhyat: varnanatmak athava sanrachanatmak bhashavijnan kaha ja sakata hai. ise adhunik roop dene valoan mean pramukh b aaudean (Baudouin de courtenay), henari svit aur sosur (Saussure) haian. svis bhasha vaijnanik sosur (1857-1913) dvara pratipadit siddhaantoan se bhi poorv hanbolt (Humboldt) ne pratipadit kiya tha ki bhashavishesh ka adhyayan kisi any bhasha se tulana kie bina usi bhasha ke aantarik avayavoan ke adhar par hona chahie. sosur ne sarvapratham bhasha ki pravritti par prakash dalate hue sanketit (Signified) aur sanketan (Signifier) ke sanbandh ko vastu n manakar prakary (function) mana aur use bhashaee chihn (Linguistic Sign) se abhihit kiya. chihn yadrichchhik hai arthath ‘sanketit’ ka ‘sanketak’ se koee tarkasangat sanbandh nahian hai. vriksh ke liye ‘pe d’ kahane mean koee tark nahian hai; ‘p’, ‘e’, ‘d’, shsvanoan kuchh aisa nahian ki vah vriksh ka hi sanketak ho, yah keval paranpara ke karan hai. isake atirikt chihn ka mooly bhasha mean prayukt poori shabdavali (any sabhi chihnoan) ke pariprekshy mean hota hai, arthath‌shh unake virodh se hota hai. bhasha ka inhian virodhoan ki prakaryata par nirbhar rahana varnanatmak bhasha vijnan ka adharastanbh hai. in (svanim, roopim, arthim adi) ki satta virodh ke siddhaant par hi ashrit hai.
sosoor ne bhasha ke do prayogoan pairol (vak) aur laang (bhasha) mean bhi bhed kiya. pratham bhasha ka jivit roop hai, hamara bhashanuchchar pairol hai. kiantu dvitiy bhavanayan (Abstraction) ki prakriya se udbhoot ek amoort bhavana hai. apaki hiandi, hamari hiandi, sabhi ki hiandi vyaktigat star par uchcharan shabdaprayogadi bhed se bhinn hai: phir bhi hiandi bhasha jaisi amoort dharana laang hai jo bhavanayan prakriya ka parinam hai aur jo in anek vaiyaktik bhedoan s pare aur samanyakrit haian. yah sakalik hai (Synchronic) hai. sosur ka mahatv sanrachanatmak bhashavijnan mean kraantikari mana ja sakata hai. parakalin yoorop ke anek skool kopenahegen, praha (prag) landan tatha amerika ke bhashavaijnanik sanpraday inake kuchh mool siddhaantoan ko lekar vikasit hue haiaian.

praha skool

yoorop mean sosur ki prerana se vikasit ek sanpraday prah skool ke nam se prasiddh hai. isake pravartak roosi vidvanh trubejakoy (Trubetzkoy, 1890-1938) the. is samay isake mukhy pracharak roman y aaukobasan haian. is skool ki siddhaant pradarshika pustak trabejakoa likhit (Grundzige der Phonologie), 1936 svanaprakriya ke siddhaant hai is skool mean svanaprakriya (Phonology) par vishesh bal diya jata hai. inake yahaan yah shabd ek vishesh vistrit arth meean prayukt hota hai. isake aantargat bhashan svanoan ke prakary ka sarvagin adhyayan a jata hai, aur isi karan ye log prakaryavadi (Functionalists) kahalate haian. is sanpraday ki mahatta bhashasanrachana ki nirdharak paddhati mean hai jisamean vichar kiya jata hai svan ikaiyaan vishisht bhasha sanbandhi vyavasthaoan meean kis prakar sanghatit hoti hai. yah paddhati virodh par ashrit hai. svanatmak aantar jab arthatmak aantar ko bhi prakat karate haian, virodhatmak arthath svanimatmak (Phonematic) mane jate haian. udaharan ke liye hiandi kal aur gal shabdoan ko lean. inamean svanatmak aantar svanimatmak hai. parinamasvaroop ‘k’ aur ‘g’ do prithakh prithakh‌ svanim haian. yahaan yah dhyan dena chahie ki k aur g svat: svanim nahi hai, ye svanim keval is karan haian ki arth ke anusar ye virodhatmak haian. svan svat: svanim ko nirdharit nahian karate svanimatv ki nirdharak hai in svanoan ki virodhatmak prakaryata. is prakar, svanim ‘k, g’ (k g) svanoan keshh saman vastavik nahian hai. ye keval amoort bhav ya virodhatmak prakaryoan ke yog haian. yah virodh is sanpraday mean b de vistar ke sath varnit hua hai. isake anek pratiroop yugm, jaise dviparshvik, bahuparshvik anupatik, vilagati adi paribhashit kie ge haian. nivaishamyikaran (Neutralization), arkisvanim (Archiphoneme), sahasanbadh (Correlation), adi tekanikal shabd isi skool ke haian. phraans ke aandre martine (Andres Martinet) ne is virodh ki mahatta ka aitihasik svanavikas mean bhi prayog kiya aur kalakramik svanaprakriya ki nianv dali. kalakram se utpann anek svanaparivartan bhasha ki svanasanghatana mean bhi aantar upasthit karate haian. ye prakaryatmak parivartan kahalate haian. ye prakaryatmak parivartan bhi vyavastha se ate haian aur samanjasy (harmony) athava laghav (economy) ki disha mean hote haian. is prakar praha skool aitihasik vikasoan ki bhi tarkasangat vyakhya mean saphal hua hai.

kopehegen skool

inhian dinoan yoorop mean ek any sanpraday chal nikala. yah ‘kopenahegen skool’, ‘denish skool’, athava ‘glasemetiks’ kai nam se prasiddh hai. isake prarvatak hmelmaslev (Hjelmslev) (sanh‌ 1899) haian aur inaki siddhaant darshika hai Omkring Sprogteorienx Grundloeggelse, 1943 aangrezi anuvad hvitaphild dvara Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, 1953. yah sanpraday adhikatar siddhaantoan ke vivechan mean simit raha. par abhi in siddhaantoan ka bhashavishesh par prayog atyalp matra mean hua hai is sanpraday ki mahatta isamean hai ki yah shuddh roopavadi hai. bhasha ko yah bhi sosur ki bhaanti moolyoan ki vyavastha manata hai, kiantu bhashavishleshan mean bhabetar tatvoan ka tatha bhashavijnanetar vijnanoan ka, jaise bhautiki, shariraprakriyavijnan, samajashastr adi ka ashray nahi lena chahata. vishleshan paddhati shuddh bhashaparak honi chahie svayan mean samarth aur svayan mean poorn. is sanpraday mean abhivyakti (expression) aur ashay (content) pratyek ke do do bhed kie ge roop aur sar bhashetar tatv hai. roop shuddh bhashaparak tatv hai jo sar tatvoan ki sanghatana vyavastha ke roop mean hai. is prakar abhivyakti banati hai, aur abhivyakti ke roop mean sanrachana vyavastha, jaise, svanim, roopim adi hai. isi prakar ashay ke sar ke aantargat shabdarth haian aur roop mean arthasanghatana hai

landan skool

henari svit isake adharastanbh kahe ja sakate hai. isaka vishesh parivardhan landan vishvavidyalay ke bhasha vijnan tatha svanavijnan ke vidvanh prophesar pharth dvara hua hai. yah skool arth ko bhi manyata deta hai. isake anusar bhasha ek sarthak kriya hai aur arthaprasang ke mahatv ko bhi svikar kiya gaya hai. is skool mean dhvanyatmak vivechan ke sath hi sath ragatmak tatvoan ki charcha hoti hai. ragatmak vishleshan ameriki svanim vaijnanik vishleshan se bhinn hai aur isaka kshetr kahian adhik vistrit hai. ragatmak vishleshan bahuvyavasthajanit hai, jab ki svanim vijnan ekavyavasthajanit hai. pharth ne jis ragatmak svanaprakriya ka pravartan kiya use age badhanevaloan mean mukhy hean r aaubians, layans (Lyons), helide aur dikshan. jahaan tak svanavijnan ka sanbandh hai, landan skool ke aantargat svit ke bad deniyal jons ka kary vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai.

amariki skool

yadyapi ‘prahaskool’ aur ‘kopenahegan skool’ jaise shabdoan ke vajan par amariki skool namakaran uchit nahian hoga, kyoanki yahaan keval ek paddhati par kam nahian hua; phir bhi suvidha ke liye ameriki skool kaha gaya hai. amarika mean sanrachanatmak bhashavijnan ke pravartakoan mean boaj (1858-1942), saipir (1884-1939) tatha bloomaphild (1887-1949) ke nam ate haian. inamean pahale do moolat: manavavijnani the tatha bhashavishleshan unake liye vyavaharik avashyakata thi. unhoanne amariki jangali jatiyoan ki bhashaoan ke varnan ka prayas kiya hai. bloomaphild nissandeh aitihasik tulanatmak bhashavijnan ke achchhe jnata the aur jarmaniy bhashaoan par unaka poorn adhikar tha. bloomaphild amariki bhashavijnan ke preranastrot rahe haian aair ap ki pustak bhasha (laiangvej) b de adar ke sath padhi-padhaee jati hai. bloomaphild ki mahatta isamean hai ki inhoanne bhashavijnan ko vijnan ki koti mean sthapit kiya aur vyakaran tatha bhashaee vivechan ko sahi artho mean vijnan ka roop diya. inaka agrah raha hai ki bhasha ka vishleshan vargikaran tatha prastutikaran vaijnanik riti se hona chahie . arth ka bhashavishleshan se koee pratyaksh sanbandh nahian hai. manovijnan darshan adi ka ashray nahian lena chahie, n atakalean lagani chahie aur n shithil aspasht shabdavali mean tathyoan ko prakat karana chahie. svan niyamoan ki atootata mean inaka vishvas tha. kiantu bloomaphild ne vishleshan paddhati par koee vishesh prakash nahian dala. yah kami unaki agali pidhi ke vidvanoan ne poori ki. paik ne 'svanivijnan' mean aur naida ne roopaprakriya (Morphology) mean vishleshan paddhati ka vistar vivechan kiya hai. paik ne taigmemik paddhati nikali jo ki roopaprakriya aur vakyaprakriya donoan mean ek saman prayukt hone se sprihaniy ho gee hai. is paddhati par anekanek bhashaoan ke vishleshan aur vivaran prastut kie ge haian aur sarvatr yah saphal rahi hai. inhian ke samakalin jailig hairis (Zellig Harris) ne bhi sanrachanatmak paddhati par apani pustak likhi. isi samay vels ne avyavahit avayav ki paddhati se vakyoan ka vishleshan karana shuroo kiya, jise anek bhashavidoan ne apanaya. phir hairis ke shishy chaumaski (Chomsky) ne ek nitaant ganitiy evan tarkasangat paddhati nikali. yah hai roopaantaran-janan (traansaph aaurmeshan jainaretiv) paddhati yah adhunatan paddhati hai aur bhashavaijnanikoan ko sarvadhik priy ho chali hai. ab hairis ne avyavahit avayav paddhati aur roopaantaran vishleshan paddhati ki kamiyoan ko dekhate hue sootr avayav vishleshan paddhati aur roopaantaran paddhati ke bich ka rasta hai. yah pratyek vaky mean se ek ‘maulik vaky’ prithakh kar deti hai avyavahit avayav vishleshan paddhati mean is tarah ‘maulik vaky’ ka prithakkaran nahian hota jab ki roopaantaran vishleshan paddhati mean poore vaky ko alag alag ‘maulik vakyoan’ aur unake ‘anulagnak shabdoan’ mean prithakh kar diya jata hai. svanimik, roopimik aur vaky star par bhasha ka vishleshan prastut karane ka mahatvapoorn kary jitana pustakean likhakar kiya gaya hai, usase kahian adhik bhashavijnan ne sanbandhit amariki patrapatrikaoan mean prakashit lekhoan se hua hai. inake lekhakoan mean se kuchh haianshh : bl aauk, hairis, h aauket, smith, tregar, vels adi.

bhaugolik bhasha vijnan

bhaugolik bhasha vijnan (Geographical Lingiustics) is vishay ke aantargat bhasha bhoogol bhashika (boli) vijnan ka adhyayan ata hai. kisi ek ullikhit kshetr mean paee jane vali bhasha sanbandhi visheshataoan ka vyavasthit adhyayan bhasha bhoogol ya boli bhoogol (dialect geography) ke aantargat ata hai. ye visheshataean achcharanagat, shabdaligat ya vyakaranagat ho sakati hai. samagri ekatr karane ke liye bhashavijnani avashyakatanusar soochak chunata hai aur teparikardar par ya vishisht svanatmak lipi (Phonetic Script) mean notabuk par samagri ekatr karata hai. is samagri ke sankalan aur sanpadan ke bad vah unhean alag alag manachitroan par aankit karata hai. is prakar tulanatmak adhar par vah samabhashaansh rekhaoan (Isoglosses) dvara kshetriy aantar spasht kar bhashagat ya boligat bhaugolik simaean spasht kar deta hai. is prakar boliyoan ka nirdharan ho jane par pratyek ka varnanatmak evan tulanatmak sarvekshan kiya jata hai. unake vyakaran tatha kosh banae jate haian. boliyoan ke isi sarvaangin varnanatmak tulanatmak ya aitihasik adhyayan ko bhashika (boli) vijnan (Dialectology) kahate haian.
bhasha bhoogol ka adhyayan 19 vian shatabdi mean shuroo hua. is kshetr mean pratham ullekhaniy nam shlemar ka hai, jinhoanne baveriyan boli ka adhyayan prastut kiya. 19vian shatabdi ke aant mean pashchimi yoorop mean bhasha bhoogol ka kary vyapak roop se hua. is kshetr mean ullekhaniy haian jarmani ka aur phraans ka jarmani mean jarj baiankar aka haraur rid ka kary tatha phraans mean gileri aur edamant ka kary mahatvapoorn hai. lagabhag isi samay 'ianglish dayalekt sosayati' ne bhi kary shuroo kiya jisake praneta svit the. sanh‌ 1889 se amerika mean boli kosh ya bhasha etalas ke liye samagri ekatr karane ke liye amerikan dayalekt sosayati ki sthapana hooee. vyavasthit kary mishigan vishvavidyalay ke prophesar d aau. hans kureth keshh netritv mean san 1928 mean shuroo hua. amerika ke braun vishvavidyalay aur amerikan kauansil aauv larned sosayatij ne unake 'liangvistik etalas aauv nyoo ianglaiand' ko chhah jilean mean prakashit kiya hai (1936-43). unhian ke nideshan mean etalas aauv di yoonaited stets aiand kainada jaisa brihath‌ kary sanpann hua.

manav vijnanashrit bhashavijnan

manav vijnanashrit bhashavijnan (Anthropological Linguistics) jab se manav vaijnanik adhyayan mean bhashavijnan aur bhasha vaijnanik vishleshan mean manavavijnan ki sahayata li jane lagi hai, manavavijnanashrit bhashavijnan ko ek vishisht koti ka adhyayan mana jane laga hai. isamean aisi bhashaoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai jinaka apana koee likhit roop n ho aur n unapar pahale vidvanoan ne kary hi kiya ho. arthath‌ jnat sanskriti se achhoot adim jatiyoan ki bhashaoan ka varnanatmak, aitihasik aur tulanatmak adhyayan is koti ke aantargat ata hai. isaka ek roop manavajati bhasha vijnan (Ethno-linguistics) kahalata hai. alabart galeshan (Albert Gallation 1761-1840) ne bhasha adhar par amariki vargoan ka vibhajan kiya. je. dablyoo pavel (1843-1902) aur di0 ji0 briantan (1837-1890) ne amariki iandiyanoan ki bhasha ka adhyayan kiya. habolt (1767-1835) ke adhyayan ke bad 19vian shatabdi ke madhy mean manav jati-vijnan aur bhashavijnan mean ghanishth sanbandh sthapit hua aur tadanantar is kshetr mean adhikadhik kary hone laga. sarvadhik mahatvapoorn kary sapir ka hai jo (Time perspective in Aborigina American Culture) (1916) ke nam se samane aya. voorph hopi ne bauli par kary kiya hai. bloophild ne keandriy elgoankiyan, si. min aauph ne (baantoo aur o. daimpolph (O Dempwlaff) ne malaya polenishiyam kshetroan mean mahatvapoorn kary kiya. li (Lee) ka vianto par aur hairi (Harry Hoijer) ka nahovo (Nahovo) par kiya gaya kary bhasha aur sanskriti ke parasparik sanbandh par paryapt prakash dalata hai. is prakar ameriki skool ke bhashavaijnanikoan ne is kshetr mean b da kary kiya hai. amerika se hi (Anthropological Linguistics) namak patrika nikalati hai jisamean is kshetr mean hone vala anusandhanakary prakashit hota rahata hai.

bhashavijnan ka prayogatmak paksh

vijnan ki any shakhaoan ke saman bhashavijnan ke bhi prayogatmak paksh haian, jinake liye prayog ki pranaliyoan aur prayogashala ki apeksha hoti hai. bhinn bhinn yaantrik prayogoan ke dvara uchcharanatmak svanavijnan (articulatory phonetics), bhautik svanavijnan (acoustic phonetics) aur shravanatmak svanavijnan (auditory phonetics) ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. ise prayogik svanavijnan, yaantrik svanavijnan ya prayogashala svanavijnan bhi kahate haian. isamean darpan jaise samany upakaran se lekar jatilatam vaidyut upakaranoan ka prayog ho raha hai. parinamasvaroop bhashavijnan ke kshetr mean ganitajnoan, bhautik shastriyoan aur ianjiniyaroan ka poorn sahayog apekshit ho gaya hai. kritrim talu aur kritrim talu projektar ki sahayata se vyaktivishesh ke dvara uchcharit svanoan ke uchcharan sthan ki pariksha ki jati hai. kayamograph svanoan ka ghoshanatv aur pranatv nirdharan karane anunasikata aur kalamatra janane ke liye upayogi hai. lairiango skop se svarayantr (kakal) ki sthiti ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. eandoskop lairiangoskop ka hi sudhara roop hai. aausilograph ki tarangean svanoan ke bhautik svaroop ko parde par ya philm par atyant spashtata se aankit kar deti hai. yahi kam spektograph ya sonograph dvara adhik saphalata se kiya jata hai. spektograph jo chitr prastut karata hai unhean paitarn plebaik dvara phir se suna ja sakata hai. spichastrechar ki sahayata se rikard ki huee samagri ko dhimi gati se suna ja sakata hai. inake atirikt aur bhi chhote b de yantr haian, jinase bhashavaijnanik adhyayan mean paryapt sahayata li ja rahi hai.
phraansisi bhashavaijnanikoan mean rooiyo ne svanavijnan ke prayogoan ke vishay mean (Principes phonetique experiment, Paris, 1924) granth likha tha. landan mean pro. pharth ne vishesh taluyantr ka vikas kiya. svaroan ke mapan ke liye jaise svaratrikon ya chatushkon ki rekhaean nirdharit ki gee haian, vaise hi inhoanne vyanjanoan ke mapan ke liye adhar rekhaoan ka niroopan kiya, jinake dvara uchcharan sthanoan ka thik thik varnan kiya ja sakata hai. deniyal jaans aur ida vard ne bhi aangreji svanavijnan par mahatvapoorn kary kiya hai. phraansisi, jarman aur roosi bhashaoan ke svanavijnan par kam karane valoan mean kramash: armastraang, bithel aur boyanas mukhy haian. saiddhaantik aur prayogik svanavijnan par saman roop se kam karane vale vyaktiyoan mean nimnalikhit mukhy haian: stetasan (motar phonetiks 1928), negas (d maikenijm aauv di leriangs,1919) p aautar, grin aur k aaup (vijibul spich), martin joos (akoostik phonetiks, 1948), hephanar (janaral phonetiks 1948), maul (phandameantals aauv phonetiks, 1963) adi.

idhar ek naya yaantrik prayas aranbh hua hai jisaka sanbandh shabdavali, arthatatv tatha vyakaranik roopoan se hai. yaantrik anuvad ke lie vaidyut kampyootaroan ka upayog vaijnanik yug ki ek vishesh den hai. yah anuprayukt bhashavijnan ka atyant rochak aur upadey vishay hai.

anuprayukt bhashavijnan

jis prakar samany vijnan ka vyavaharik paksh anuprayukt vijnan hai, usi prakar bhashavijnan ka vyavaharik paksh anuprayukt bhashavijnan hai . bhashasanbandhi maulik niyamoan ke vichar ki nianv par hi anuprayukt bhashavijnan ki imarat kh di hoti hai. sankshep mean, isaka sanbandh vyavaharik kshetroan mean bhashavijnan ke adhyayan ke upayog se hai. ianglaiand mean anuprayukt bhashavijnan ke keandr landan vishvavidyalay aur edinabara vishvavidyalay hai. bhashavijnan ka sarvadhik upayog bhashashikshan ke kshetr mean kiya ja raha hai. bhasha deshi ho ya videshi, svayan sikhani ho ya doosaroan ko sikhani ho, sabhi karyo ke liye bhashavijnan ka jnan upayogi hota hai. is bhashashikshan ke aantargat vastavik shikshan paddhati aur pathh‌y pustakoan ki rachana, donoan hi sammilit haian. is kary ke liye tulanatmak varnanatmak-bhashavijnan aur shabdavali-adhyayan se bharapoor sahayata mil sakati hai. videshi chhatroan ko aangraji, phraansisi, roosi adi bhashaoan ki shiksha dene ke lie ianglaid, amarika, phraans aur roos adi deshoan mean vyapak anusandhan kary ho raha hai. ashu lipi ki vyavasthit paddhati ke nirman mean shabdavali adhyayan ki b di upadeyata hai. taiparaitar ke kiboerd ki kram-vyavastha mean bhi bhashavijnan ka jnan avashyak hai.

vartaman yug

aj ke yug mean bhashavijnan ka mahatv isaliye bhi badh raha hai ki usaka upayog bhashashikshan ke atirikt svachalit ya yaantrik anuvad (automatic or machine translation) ke kshetr mean bhi bahut hi labhadayak siddh ho raha hai. ek bhasha ke soochanaparak tatha vaijnanik sahity ka doosari bhasha mean manav mastishk ke anuroop hi ilektr aaunik kanpyootaroan (parikalan yantroan) ki sahayata se anuvad kar dena din-prati-din adhikadhik sanbhav hota ja raha hai is kshetr mean vyapak anusandhan amarika aur roos mean ho raha hai, jo bhashavaijnanikoan aur vaidyut ianjiniyaroan ke paraspar sahayog ka phal hai. yaantrik anuvad ka mool vichar sanh‌ 1946 mean varen vivar aur e. di. booth ke bich svachalit aank parikalan yantr automatic digital computers ke vishay mean paricharcha ke samay utha. booth aur dau. ech. bi. britan ne 1947 mean ianstityoot ph aaur edavaansd stadi, prianstan mean svachalit kanpyootar se kosh ka anuvad karane ke lie, ek vistrit 'kod' taiyar kiya. 1948 mean ar. ech. richanas (R.H Richens) ne kore shabdanuvad ke sath sath byakaranik roopoan ka yaantrik anuvad kar sakane ki sanbhavana prakat ki. amerika mean yaantrik anuvad par mahatvapoorn kary julaee sanh‌ 1946 mean varain vivar ke anuvad namak jnapan ke prakashit hone par shuroo hua. anek vishv vidyalayoan aur tekan aaul aauji sansthanoan ne is kary ko apane hath mean liya. 1950 mean rephalar (Reifler) ne Studies in Mechanical Translation namak granth likha, jisamean anuvad par poorv sanpadan aur anuvadottar sanpadan ka prastav rakha. phir yaantrik anuvad par atararashtriy sammelan hone lage, patr-patrikaean nikalian or roosi se aangrezi mean anuvad hone lage. is vishay par ianglaid, amarika, jarmani aur roos mean shodh kary chal raha hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• vagyantr athava vagavayav athava dhvani-yantr
• bhasha-sanrachana – varnanatmak bhashavijnan evan sanrachanatmak bhashavijnan
• prakaryatmak bhashavijnan (Functional Linguistics)

sanbandhit lekh

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