वैदिक काल

siandhu sabhyata ke patan ke bad jo navin sanskriti prakash mean ayi usake vishay mean hamean sampoorn janakari vedoan se milati hai. isalie is kal ko ham 'vaidik kal' athava vaidik sabhyata ke nam se janate haian. chooanki is sanskriti ke pravartak ary log the isalie kabhi-kabhi ary sabhyata ka nam bhi diya jata hai. yahaan ary shabd ka arth- shreshth, udatt, abhijaty, kulin, utkrisht, svatantr adi haian. yah kal 1500 ee.poo. se 600 ee.poo. tak astitv mean raha.

rrigvaidik kal 1500-1000 ee.poo.

srot- rrigvaidik kal ke adhyayan ke lie do prakar ke sakshy upalabdh haian-

1. puratatvik sakshy
2. sahityik sakshy

puratatvik sakshy

isake aantargat nimnalikhit sakshy upalabdh prapt hue haian-

• chitrit dhoosar mridabhand
• khudaee mean hariyana ke pas bhagavan pura mean mile 13 kamaroan vala makan tatha panjab mean bhi prapt tin aise sthal jinaka sambandh rrigvaidik kal se jo da jata hai.
• bogaj-koee abhilekh / mitalpi abhilekh (1400 ee.poo- is lekh mean hitti raja shubviluliyum aur mittanni raja mattiuaja ke madhy huee sandhi ke sakshi ke roop mean vaidik devata indr, mitr, varun aur nasaty ka ullekh hai.

sahityik sakshy

rrigved mean 10 mandal evan 1028 mandal sookt hai. pahala evan dasavaan mandal bad mean jo da gaya hai jabaki doosara se 7 vaan mandal purana hai.

aryo ka agaman kal

aryo ke agaman ke vishay mean viddhanoan mean matabhed hai viktaranitj ne aryo ke agaman ki tithi ke 2500 ee. nirdharit ki hai jabaki balagangadhar tilak ne isaki tithi 6000 ee.poo. nirdharit ki hai. maiksamoolar ke anusar inake agaman ki tithi 1500 ee.poo. hai. vartaman samay mean maiksoomoolan ne mat svikary haian.

aryo ka mool sthan

aryo ke adi sthal

adi (mool sthan)	mat
saptasaiandhav kshetr	d aau. avinash chandr, d aau. sampoornanand
brahmarshi desh	pan ganganath
madhy desh	d aau. rajabali pandey
kashmir	el.di. kalla
devika pradesh (multan)	di.es. trivedi
uttari dhuhrav pradesh	bal gangadhar tilak
hangari (yoorop) (denyoob nadi ki ghati)	pi gails
dakshini roos	nehariang gardan chailds
jarmani	penka
yoorop	philippo sesseti, sar viliyam jons
pamir evan baiktriya	edavard meyar evan olden varg je.ji. rod
madhy eshiya	maiksamoolar
tibbat	dayanand sarasvati
himalay (manas)	ke.ke. sharma

1. d aau. avinash chandr dras ne apani pustak 'Rigvedic India' (rrigvaidik iandiya) mean bharat mean sapt saiandhav pradesh ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
2. mahamopadhyay pan. ganganath jha ne bharat mean braharshi desh ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana haian.
3. d aau.rajabali pandey ne bharat mean madhy desh ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
4. el.di. kalla ne bharat mean kashmir athava himalay pradesh aryoan ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
5. shri di.es. trivedi ne multan pradesh mean devika nadi ke as pas ke kshetr ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
6. svami dayanand sarasvati ne tibbat ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai. yah varnan inaki pustak 'satyarth prakash' evan 'indiyan historikal tredishan' mean milata hai.
7. maiks moolar ne madhy eshiya ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan bataya. maiks moolan ne isaka ullekh lekchars an d saians aph laigyuejej mean kiya hai.
8. je.ji.rod aryo ka adi desh baiktriya manate hai.
9. bal gangadhar tilak ne uttari dhruv ko aryo ka mool nivas mana hai. yah varnan inaki pustak 'The Arctic HOme of the Aryans' mean milata hai.
10. pi. gails ne yoorop mean denyoob nadi ki ghati evan hangari ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
11. penka ne jarmani ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan bataya hai.
12. edavard meyar, oldenavarg, kith ne madhy eshiya ke pamir kshetr ko aryo ka mool sthan mana hai.
13. nehariang evan gardan chails ne dakshini roos ko aryo ka mool sthan mana hai.

aryo ke mool nivas ke sandarbh mean sarvadhik pramanik mat alpas parv ke poorvi bhag mean sthit yooreshiya ka hai.

rajanitik vistar

d aau. jaikobi ke anusar aryo ne bharat mean kee bar akraman kiya aur unaki ek se adhik shakhaean bharat mean ayi. sabase mahatvapoorn kabila bharat tha. isake shasak varg ka nam tritsu tha. sanbhavatah srijan aur krivi kabile bhi unase sambaddh the. rrigved mean aryo ke jin paanch kabiloan ka ullekh hai unamean- puru, yadu, turvash, anu, druhm pramukh the. ye panchayan ke nam se jane jate the. chadu aur turvas ko das kaha jata tha. yadu aur turvash ke vishay mean aisa mana jata tha ki indr unhe bad mean lae the. yah jnat hota hai ki sarasvati drishadvati evan apaya nadi ke kinare bharat kabile ne agni ki pooja ki.

aryo ka bhaugolik kshetr

bharat mean aryo ka agaman 1500 ee.poo. se kuchh pahale hua. bharat mean unhoanne sarvapratham sapt saindhav pradesh mean basana prarambh kiya. is pradesh mean bahane vali sat nadiyoan ka jikr hamean rrigved se milata hai. ye haian siandhu, sarasvati, shatudri (sataluj) vipasha (vyas), parushni (ravi), vitasta (jhelam), askini (chinab) adi.

kuchh aphaganistan ki nadiyoan ka jikr bhi hamean rrigved se milata hai. ye haian- kubha (kabul nadi), krubhu (kurram), gomati (gomal) evan suvastu (svat) adi. isase yah pata chalata hai ki aphaganistan bhi us samay bharat ka hi ek aang tha. himalay parvat ka spasht ullekh hua hai. himalay ki ek choti ko moojadant kaha gaya hai jo som ke lie prasidv thi. is prakar ary himalay se parichat the. aryoan ne agale p dav ke roop mean kurookshetr ke nikat ke pradeshoan par kabja kar us kshetr ka nam 'brahmavart' (aryavart) rakha. brahmavart se age badhakar aryo ne ganga-yamuna ke doab kshetr evan usake najadik ke kshetroan par kabja kar us kshetr ka nam brahmarshi desh rakha. isake bad himalay evan vindhyaanchal parvatoan ke bich ke kshetr par kabja kar us kshetr ka nam 'madhy pradesh' rakha. ant mean bangal evan bihar ke dakshin evan poorvi bhagoan par kabja kar samooche uttar bharat par adhikar kar liya, kalantar mean is kshetr ka nam 'aryavat' rakha gaya.

manusmriti mean sarasvati aur drishadvati nadiyoan ke bich ke pradesh ko brahmavart pukara gaya.

rrigved mean nadiyoan ka ullekh

rrigvaidikakalin nadiyaan

prachin nam	adhunik nam
krubhu	kurram
kubha	kabul
vitasta	jhelam
askini	chinav
purushni	ravi
shatadri	satalaj
vipasha	vyas
sadanira	gandak
drishadvati	ghagghar
gomati	gomal
suvastu	svat
siandhu	sindh
sarasvati / drishadvarti	ghaghghar / rakshi / chittag
sushoma	sohan
marudvridha	maruvarman

rrigved me 25 nadiyoan ka ullekh hai, jisamean sabase mahatvapoorn nadi sindhu nadi hai, jisaka varnan kee bar aya hai. yah sapt saindhav kshetr ki pashchimi sima thi. krumu (kurram),gomati (gomal), kubha (kabul) aur suvastu (svat) namak nadiyaan pashchim kinare mean sindhu ki sahayak nadi thian. poorvi kinare par sindhu ki sahayak nadiyoan mean vitasta (jhelam) askini (chenab), parushni (ravi), shatudr (satalaj), vipasa (vyas) pramukh thi. vipas (vyas) nadi ke tat par hi indr ne usha ko parajit kiya aur usake rath ko tuk de-tuk de kar diya. sindhu nadi ko usake arthik mahatv ke karan hiranyani kaha gaya hai. sindhu nadi dvar ooni vastroan ke vyavasay hone ka karan ise suvasa aur oorpavarti bhi kaha gaya hai. rrigved mean sindhu nadi ki charcha sarvadhik bar huyi hai.

sarasvati - rrigved mean sarasvati nadi ko nadiyoan ki agravati, nadiyoan ki mata, vani, prarthana evan kavita ki devi, buddhi ko tivr karane vali aur sangit preranadayi kaha gaya hai. sarasvati rrigved ki sabase pavitr nadi mani jati thi. ise naditama (nadiyoan ki mata) kaha gaya. sarasvati jo ab rajasthan ki registan mean vilin ho gee hai. isaki jagah ab ghagghar nadi bahati hai.

drishadvati- (adhunik chitang athava ghaghghar) yah sindhu samool ki nadi nahi thi.

apaya- yah drishadvati evan sarasvati nadi ke bich mean bahati thi.

sarayoo - yah ganga ki sahayak nadi thi. rrigved ke anusar sanbhavatah yadu evan turvas ke dvara chitrarath aur arn sarayoo nadi ke kinare hi parajit kie ge the.

yamuna- rrigved mean yamuna ki charcha tin bar ki gayi haian.

ganga - ganga ka ullekh rrigved mean ek hi bar hua hai. nadi sookt ki antim nadi gomati hai.

samudr- rrigved mean samudr ki charcha huee hai aur bhujy ki nauka durghatana vali kahani mean jalayatra par prakash p data hai. vaidik taul ki eekaee man evan vebilon ki ikaee man mean samanata se bhi samudr yatra par p data hai. rrigved ke do mantroan (9vean or 10vean mandal ke) mean char samudroan ka ullekh hai.

parvat - rrigvaidik ary himalay paha d se parichit the. parantu vindhy ya satapu da se parichit nahian thean. kuchh mahatvapoorn chotiyoan ki charcha hai, yatha jaise himavant, manjadant, sharpanavanh, arjik tatha sushom.

marusthal- rrigved mean marusthal ke lie dhanv shabd aya hai. aryo ko sambhavatah marusthal ka jnat tha, kyoanki is bat ki charcha ki jati hai ki parjany ne marusthal ko par karane yogy banaya.

kshetr- prarambhik vaidik sahity mean keval ek kshetr 'gaandhari' ki charcha hai. isaki pahachan adhunik peshavar evan ravalapindi ziloan se ki gee hai.

aryo ka sangharsh

aryo ka sangharsh gairik mridabhaannd evan lal aur kale mridabhand vale logoan se hua.

aryo ke vijayi hone ke karan

ary nimnalikhit karanoan se vijayi hote rahe.

1. gho de chalit rath
2. kaanse ke achchhe upakaran
3. kavach (varm)

• ary sambhavatah vishisht prakar ke durg ka prayog karate the. ise pur kaha jata tha. ve dhanush-van ka prayog karate the. prayah do prakar ke banoan mean ek vishakt evan siang ke sira (mukh) vala tatha doosara taanba ke mukh vala hota tha. isake atirikt barachhi, bhala, pharasa aur talavar ka prayog bhi karate the. purachashni shabd ka arth tha- durgoan ko girane vala.
• das evan dasyu aryo ke shastru the. dasyu ko anasa (chapati nak vala), akarman (vaidik karmo mean vishvas n karane vala) evan shishnadeva (liangapoojak) kaha jata tha. puru namak kabila tras dasyu ke nam se jana jata tha.
• bharat jan ko vishvamitr ka sahayog prapt tha. isi sahayog ke bal par usane vyas evan shutudri ko jita. kintu shighr hi bharatoan ne vashishth ko apana guru man liya. atah krudh hokar vishvamitr ne bharat jan ke virodhiyoan ko samarthan diya. parushni nadi ke kinare 10 rajaoan ka yuddh hua. isamean bharat ke virodh mean paanch ary evan paanch anary kabile milakar sangharsh kar rahe the. aryo ke paanch kabile the - puru, yadu, turvash, druhm, aur anu. paanch anary kabile the- alin, pakth, bhalanas, visanin aur shiv. isamean bharat raja sudas ki vijay huee. dash rajaoan ka yuddh pashchimottar pradesh mean base hue poorvakalin jal tatha brahmavart ke uttar kalin aryo ke bich uttaradhikar ke prashn par l da gaya tha.
• rrigved mean karib 25 nadiyoan ka ullekh milata hai jiname mahatvapoorn nadi siandhu ka varnan kee bar aya hai. unake dvara ullikhit doosari nadi hai sarasvati jo ab rajasthan ke registan mean tirohit ho gayi hai. isaki jagah ab ghagghar nadi bahati hai. rrigved mean sarasvati nadi ko 'naditama' (nadiyoan mean pramukh) kaha gaya hai. isake atirikt ganga ka rrigved mean ek bar evan yamuna ka tin bar jikr aya hai. rrigved mean keval himalay parvat evan isaki choti mojavant ka ullekh milata hai.

rajanitik avastha

sarvapratham jab ary bharat mean aye to unaka yahaan ke das athava dasyu kahe jane vale paanch logoan se sangharsh, antatah aryo ko vijay mili. rrigved mean aryo ke paanch kabile ke hone ki vajah se panchajany kaha gaya. ye the puru, yadu, turvash, druhm aur anu. bharat, kriv evan tritsu ary shasak vansh ke the. bharat kul ke nam se hi is desh ka nam bharatavarsh p da. inake purohit the vashishth. kalantar mean bharat vansh ke raja sudas tatha any das janoan, puru, yadu, turvash, anu, drahm akin, pakth, bhalanas, vishanin aur shiv ke madhy dasharajn yu़ddh parushni (ravi) nadi ke kinare l da gaya jisamean sudas ko vijay mili. kuchh samay pashchath parajit raja puru aur bharat ke bich maitri sambandh sthapit hone se ek navin kuru vansh ki sthapana ki gayi.

rrigvaidik kal mean samaj kabile ke roop mean sangathit tha, kabile ko jan bhi kaha jata tha. kabile ya jan ka prashasan kabile ka mukhiya karata tha, jise 'rajan' kaha jata tha. is samay tak raja ka pad anuvanshik ho chuka tha. raja ka janasth gopa tatha purachetta kaha jata tha. isake atirikt raja ki anek upadhiyaan thi - vishapati,ganapati, gramani, adi. kabile ke log svechchha se raja ka kar dete thean. ise vali kaha jata tha. 'rashtr' ki kshetriy avadharana dhire-dhire vikasit ho rahi thian kyoanki rrigved ke 10 vean mandal mean raja se 'rashtr' ki raksha karane ka kaha gaya hai. rrigved mean 'jan' shabd ka ullekh 275 bar milata hai jabaki janapad shabd ka ullekh ek bar bhi nahian milata hai. raja koee bhi nirnay kabayali sangathanoan ke salah se leta tha. raja ki sahayata hetu purohit, senani, evan gramani namak pramukh adhikari thi. prayah purohit ka pad vanshanugat hota tha. l dakoo dal ke pradhan gramani kahalate the. sainy sanchalan vahrat, gan, gram v sardh namak kabilaee tukadiya karati thian rrigved mean yuddh prayah dhanush-vanoan se hota tha. rrigved mean purapatharishnu ka ullekh hua hai,jo prayah durgo ko girane ke lie ek yantr tha. soot, rathakar tatha kammadi adi padadhikari 'ratni' kahe jate the. inaki sankhya raja sahit karib 12 hoti thi. ye raja ke rajyabhishek ke samay upasthit rahate the. 'purap' durgapati hote the. 'spash' janata ki gatividhiyoan ko dekhane vale guptachar hote the. doot samay samay par sandhi-vigrah ke prastavoan ko lekar raja ke pas jata tha. vajapati gochar bhoomi ka adhikari evan kulap parivar ka mukhiya hota tha.

kuchh kabilaee sansthaean astitv mean thi, jaise-sabha, samitad, vidath tatha gan. atharvaved ke anusar sabha aur samiti prajapati ki do putriyaan thi.

sabha

sabha ki utpatti rrigved ke uttarakal mean huee thi. yah vuddh (shreshth) evan abhijat (sanbhrant) logoan ki sanstha thian. yah samiti ki apeksha chhoti thi. sabha mean bhagedari karane valoan ka sabhey kaha jata tha. atharvaved mean sabha ek sthan par 'narishta' kaha gaya hai, jisaka shabdik arth anulandhaniy hai. isase jnat hota hai ki sabhi dvara liya gaya nirnay anulanghaniy hota tha. vedoan mean isake sadasyoan ko pitarah (pita) kah kar sambodhit kaha gaya hai . isaka adhyaksh sabhapati kaha jata tha. sabhi ka pramukh kary nyay pradan karana tha. rrigved mean 8 bar sabha ki charcha ki gee hai.

samiti

yah ek am janapratinidhi sabha (kendriy rajanitik) thi. samiti raja ka nirvachan karati thi tatha us par niyantran rakhati thi. is samiti ke adhyaksh kopati ya eeshan kaha jata tha. samiti mean rajakiy vishayoan par charcha hoti thi tatha sahamati se nirnay hota tha. aruniputr shvetaketu panchal deshiy logoan ko samiti mean aya tha. usase jivan putr pravahan jaibali ne paanch prashn poochha tha jisaka uttar vah nahian de paya tha. isase pata chalata hai ki sanbhavatah samiti mean rajanaitik gairarajanitik vishayoan par bhi charcha hoti thi yah rashtriy ekedami ka bhi kam karati thi. rrigved mean 9 bar samiti ki charcha huee hai.

vidath

yah aryo ki sarvaprachin sanstha thi. ise janasabha bhi kaha jata tha. r aauth ke anusar 'vidath' sanstha sainik asainik tatha dharmik karyo se sanmbaddh thi. isi karan ke.pi. jayasaval vidth ko ek maulik b di sabha manate haian. ramasharan sharma ise aryo ki prachinatam sanstha manate haian, unaka manana hai ki rrigved mean vidth ka ullekh 22 bar hua hai. apake anusar vidth aisi sanstha thi jo yu़ddh mean looti gayi vastuoan athava upahar aur samay-samay par milane vali bhetoan ki samagriyoan ka vitaran karati thi. rrigvaidik kal mean striyaan bhi sabha aur vidth mean bhag leti thi. is prakar, sabha, samiti, vidth aur parishadh vaidik rajatantr mean sahayak ke roop mean kam karati thi. rrigved tatha is par likh ge brahman evan aitarey brahman donoan mean raja ke nirvachan sambandhi sookt paye jate haian.

bhagadudh

vishisht adhikari, jo raja ke anuyayiyoan ke madhy bali (bheant) ka samuchit bantavara evan kar ka nirdharan karata tha.

prashasanik ikaee

rrigvaidik kal mean prashasan ki sabase chhoti ikaee kul ya grih tha. usake oopar gram tha. usake oopar vish tha. sabase oopar jan hota tha. rrigved mean jan shabd ka ullekh 275 bar hua hai, jabaki janapath shabd ka ullekh ek bar bhi nahian hua hai. vish shabd ka ullekh 170 bar hua hai.

rrigvaidik bharat ka rajanitik dhaancha arohi kram mean- kul > gram > vishas > jan > rashtr

isamean kul sabase chhoti ikaee thi . kul ka mukhiya kulap tha. gram ka shasan gramani dekhata tha. vish gram se b di prashasanik eekaee thi. isaka shasak vishpati kaha jata tha. jan kabilaee sangathan tha. inaka shasan pramukh purohit hua karata tha. inhi ke nam par age janapad bane. rashtr shasan ki sabase b di eekaee thi. isaka shasak raja hota tha.

nyay vyavastha

nyay vyavastha dharm par adharit hoti thi. raja kanooni salahakaroan tatha purohit ki sahayata se nyay karata tha. chori, dakaiti, rahajani, adi anek aparadhoan ka ullekh milata hai. isamean pashuoan ki chori sabase adhik hoti thi jise pani log karate the. inake adhikaansh yuddh gay ko lekar hue haian. rrigved mean yuddh ka paryay gavishth (gay ka anveshan) hai. mutyu dand ki pratha nahian thi. aparadhiyoan ko shariradand tatha jurmane ki saja di jati thi. veradey (badala chukane ki pratha) ka prachalan tha. ek vyakti ko shataday kaha jata tha kyoanki usake jan ki kimat 100 gay thi. hatya ka dand dravy ke roop mean diya jata tha. sood ka bhugatan vastu ke oopar mean kiya jata tha. divalie ko rrinadata ka das banaya jata tha. putr sampatti ka adhikari hota tha.

samajik jivan

rrigvaidik samaj ki sabase chhoti ikaee parivar ya kul hoti thi. rrigved mean 'kul' shabd ka ullekh nahian hai. parivar ke lie 'grih' shabd ka prayukt hua hai. kee parivar milakar gram ya gotr tatha kee gram milakar vish ka nirman evan kee vish milakar jan ka nirman karate the. rrigved mean jan shabd lagabhag 275 tatha vish shabd 170 bar prayukt hua hai.

rrigvaidik samaj pitrisattatmak samaj tha. pita hi parivar ka mukhiya hota tha. rrigved ke kuchh ullekhoan se pita ke asimit adhikaroan ki pushti hoti hai. rrijashv ke ullekh se pata chalata hai ki usake pita ne ek mada bhe d ke lie sau bhe doan ka vadh kar dene ke karan use andha bana diya tha. varoonasookt ke shunah shesh ke akhyan se jnat hota hai ki pita apani santan ko bech sakata tha. kintu uddharanoan se yah tatpary kadapi nahian nikala jana chahie ki pita-putr ke sanbandh katutapoorn the. ise apavadasvaroop hi samajha jana chahie. putr prapti hetu devataoan se kamana ki jati thi aur parivar sanyukt hota tha.

varn vyavastha

rrigvaidik kal mean varn vyavastha ke chinh dikhaee p date haian. aryo ko gaur varn tatha dasoan ka krishna varn kaha jata tha. varnavyavastha ka adhar karm ko ho gaya tha. rrigved mean ek chhatr likhata hai ki "mai kavi hooan mere pita chikitsak haian aur meri mata ata pisati hai". arthath ek raja karm se purohit ho sakata tha. aur purohit raja maharshi vishvamitr kshatriy hote hue bhi karm se brahman the. rrigved ke dashamh mandal ka ekamatr purushasookt hi chatuvarno ka ullekh karata hai. isame kaha gaya ki brahman param-purush ke mukh se, kshatriy usaki bhujaoan se, vaishy usaki jaanghoan se evan shoodr usake pairoan se utpann hua hai. rrigved ke shesh bhag mean kahi bhi vaishy aur shoodr ka varnan nahian hai. rrigved ke shesh bhag mean kahi bhi vaishy aur shoodr ka varnan nahian hai. rrigved mean anaryo (arya ke bharat mean abhyuday se pahale bharat mean nivas karane vale log), ko 'avrat' (vratoan ka palan n karane vala) mridhravach (aspashtavani bolane vale) evan 'anas' (chapati nak vale) kaha gaya hai. aitarey brahman mean panchajanoan mean dev, manushy, gandharv, apsara, sarp evan pitaroan ki ganana ki gayi hai. 'nirukt' panchajanoan mean brahman, kshatriy, vaishy, shoodr evan nishad ki ganana ki gayi hai.

striyoan ki sthiti

'shatapath brahman' mean patni ko pati ki arddhaangini bataya gaya hai. rrigved mean "jayadastam" arthat patni hi grih hai kahakar usake mahatv ko svikara gaya hai. striyoan ko janasabha, vidth mean apani bat kahane ki chhoot thi. rrigvaidik kal mean striyoan ki sthiti sammaniy thi. ve apane pati ke sath yajn karyo mean sammilit hoti evan dan diya karati thian. parda pratha ka prachalan nahian tha. striyaan bhi shiksha grahan kiya karati thian, rrigved me lopamudra,ghosha, sikata, apala, evan vishvas jesi vidushi striyoan ka jikr milata hai. in vidushi kanyaoan ko 'rrishi' upadhi se vibhooshi kiya gaya. is samay l dakiyoan ka bhi upanayan sanskar kiya jata tha. shiksha gurukul paddhati par nirbhar thi, jahaan samanyatah maukhik shiksha ka prachalan tha. pita ki akeli santan hone athava vivah n karane ki sthiti mean pita ke ghar me rahane par kanya pita ki sampatti mean hissedar hoti thi.

bal evan bahu vivah

samanyatah bal vivah evan bahu vivah ka prachalan nahian tha. vivah ki ayu lagabhag 16-17 varsh hoti thi. vidhava vivah, antarjatiy evan punarvivah ki sanbhavana ka ullekh rrigved mean milata hai. sadharanataya samaj mean ek patni pratha ka hi prachalan tha, par sampann log ek se adhik vivah karate the. dahej pratha ka prachalan tha. kanya ki vidaee ke samay upahar evan dravy diye jate the, jise vastu kahate the. sati pratha evan parda pratha ka vivaran nahian milata. samaj mean niyog pratha, jisake antargat putravihin vidhava putr prapti hetu apane devar se yaun sanbandh sthapit kar sakati thi, evan bahupatitv pratha ka prachalan bhi tha. udaharan hetu marutoan ne rodasi ko milakar bhoga, soorya (soory ki putri) apane do bhaee ashvin ke sath rahati thi. jivanabhar avivahit rahane vali l dakiyoan ko 'amajoo' kaha jata tha. samaj mean striyoan ki dasha achchhi hote hue bhi do drishtiyoan se rrigvaidik samaj unhe ayogy samajhata tha-

1. unhean rajaniti mean bhag lene ka adhikar nahian tha.
2. unhe sampati sambandhi adhikar prapt nahian the.

mukhy bhojan

rrigvaidikakalin logoan ka mukhy bhojan padarth chaval aur jau tha. isake atirikt phal, doodh, dahi, ghi evan maans bhojy padarth the. ann mean yav, dhany, u dad evan mooang ka prayog karate the. pey padarth mean somaras ka pan karate the. rrigved ke navean mandal mean som ki stuti mean kee sookt milate haian. ek sthan par kanv rrishi dava karate haian ki som ras pine ke bad unhone amaratv prapt kar liya aur devataoan ko jan liya. maans mean bhe d, bakari, evan bail ka maans khate the. gay ko 'aghanya' - (n marane yogy) mana jata tha. phir bhi kahi-kahi par vadh ke praman milate haian. ary log namak evan machhali kap prayog nahian karate the. shatapath brahman mean atithi ke samman mean vishal vrishabh athava bakari ke mare jane ka vidhan milata hai.

rrigvaidik kal ke log 'kshem' (alasi ka soot) oon aur mrig ke cham de se nirmit vastr dharan karate the. ary mukhyatah tin prakar ke vastr dharan karate the-vasash (sharir par dharan kiya jane vala mukhy vastr), adhivas evan ushniy (pag di). rrigved mean 'samooly' ooni kap de ko evan 'peshas' kadhe hue kap de ko kaha gaya hai. rrigvaidik kal mean mukhy abhooshan mean nishk, kurir evan karnashobhan ka ullekh milata hai. abhooshan stri aur purush donoan dharan karate the. manoranjan ke sadhanoan mean mukhy sadhan sangit tha. isake bad rath dau d, ghu dadau d, dyootakri da evan akhet ko mahatv diya jata tha. sambhavatah jue ka bhi prachalan tha.

arthik jivan

rrigvaidik kalin mahatvapoorn shabd

shabd	vivaran
urvara	jute hue khet ko kaha jata tha.
khily	pashu charan yogy bhoomi ya charagah.
sir	hal
srini	pak kar taiyar phasal ko katane ka yantr hasiya
datr	hasiya
parsh	kati phasal ke gadhdhe ( bojh)
khal	khalihan
khanitrima	khodane se utpann yah sianchaee ke lie vyavahar mean laye jane vale jalashay ka dyotak hai.
kulya	b di nali ya nahar
sthiv	annadi ka ek sookha nap jo lagabhag ath gailen ke barabar hota tha.
laangal	shabd ka prayog hal ke lie hua hai.
brik	shabd ka prayog bail ke lie prayukt hua hai.
karish	shabd ka prayog gobar ki khad ke lie hota tha.
avat	shabd ka prayog koopoan ke lie hota tha.
sita	shabd ka prayog hal se bani naliyoan ke lie hota tha.
oosdar	shabd ka prayog anaj napane vale patr ke lie hota tha.
kinaansh	shabd ka halavale ke lie prayog kiya jata hai
parjany	shabd badal ke lie prayog kiya gaya hai.

rrigved mean aryo ke mukhy vyavasay ke roop mean pashupalan evan krishi ka vivaran milata hai jabaki poorvavaidik aryo ne pashupalan ko hi apana mukhy vyavasay banaya tha. rrigvaidik sabhyata gramin sabhyata thi. is ved mean ‘gavy evan gavyati shabd charagah ke lie prayukt hai. is kal mean gay ka prayog mudra ke roop me bhi hota tha. avi (bhe d),aja (bakari) ka rrigved mean anek bar jikr hua hai. hathi, bagh, batakh,giddh se ary log aparichit the. dhani vyakti ko gopat kaha gaya tha. raja ko gopati kaha jata tha yuddh ke lie gavisht, gesoo, gavy or gamy shabd prachalit the. samay ki map ke lie godhul shabd ka prayog kiya jata tha. doori ka man ke lie gavayatu.

rrigved mean krishi ka ullekh matr 24 bar hi hua hai, jisamean anek sthanoan par yav evan dhany shabd ka ullekh milata hai. 'go' shabd ka prayog rrigved mean 174 bar aya hai. gay ko pavitr mana jata tha aur use adhany kaha jata tha. gay vinimay ka mukhy sadhan thi, isalie isaka dharmik evan samajik ki apeksha arthik mahatv adhik tha. rrigved mean sampati ka mukhy roop godhan tha. yuddh ka pramukh karan gayoan ki gaveshana arthath 'gavishti' tha. purohitoan ko gayean aur dasiyaan dakshina ke roop mean di jati thian. dan ke roop mean bhoomi n dekar das-dasiyaan hi di jati thi.

krishi

rrigvaidik kal mean raja bhoomi ka svami nahian hota tha. vah vishesh roop se yuddhakalin svami hota tha. rrigved mean do prakar ke sianchaee ka ullekh hai-

1. khanitrima (khodakar prapt kiya gaya jal)
2. svayanja (prakritik jal)

rrigved ke pratham mandal mean kathan hai ki ashvin devataoan ne manu ko hal chalana sikhaya. rrigved mean ek sthan par apala ne apane pita atri se khetoan ki samriddhi ke lie prarthana ki hai. isake atirikt rrigved mean haansiya (datr, srini), kothar (sthiti), gathtar (varsh), chalani (tiut), soop (shoorp), anaj ka osane vala (dhanyakrit) adi shabdoan ka ullekh milata hai. rrigved ke chaturth mandal mean kheti ki prakriya ka varnan milata hai. yajurved mean 5 prakar ke chaval ka ullekh hai. mahabrahi, krishnavrihi, shuklavrihi, ashudhany aur hayan. atharvaved mean yah ullekh milata hai ki sarvapratham prithuveny ne hi krishi kary kiya tha. shatapath brahman me krishi vishay poori prakriya ki janakari milati hai. isi ke khet jotane ke lie karshan, bone ke lie (vapan), katane ke lie (kartan) tatha ma dane ke lie mardan ka ullekh milata hai. atharvaved mean 6,8 aur 12 bailoan ko hal mean jote jane ka varnan hai tatha shatapath brahman mean 6 se 24 bailoan ko hal dvara chalane ki bat hai. atharvaved mean krishi dasiyoan ka ullekh milata hai, isi mean sianchaee ke lie nahar khodane tatha tiddiyoan dvara phasal nasht hone ki janakari milati hai. shramik varg ke antargat bhoosi saph karane vale ko upaprakshani kaha jata tha. khily bhoomi ki map eekaee thi. bhoomikar vyaktigat svamitv shuroo ho gaya tha jisake lie -urvarasa, urvarapatti, kshetrasa aur kshetrapati shabd vaidik sanhitaoan mean milate haian. pashuoan ke kanoan par svamitv ke chinh laga diye jate the. gay ko avat karni kaha jata tha. vaidik kal mean raj koee sthayi sena nahian rakhata tha. yuddh mean vijay ki kamana se raja praja ke sath ek hi thali mean bhojan karata tha.

udyog

rrigvaidik kal mean vastr dhulane vale, vastr banane vale (vay), lak di evan dhatu ka kam karane vale evan bartan banane vale shilpoan ke vikas ke barean me vivaran milata hai. charmakar evan kumhar ka bhi ullekh milata hai. sambhavatah 'ayas' shabd ka upayog rrigved mean karagha ke lie, 'ot' evan tantu shabd ka prayog tane-bane ke lie evan 'shudhyav' shabd ka prayog oon ke lie kiya jata tha. rrigved mean kapas ka ullekh nahian milata hai. rrigved mean hirany evan suvarn shabd ka prayog sone ke lie kiya gaya hai. 'nishk' sone ki mudra thi. takshan v tasht shabd ka prayog badhee ke arth mean kiya gaya hai. aryo ke samajik jivan mean rathoan ka adhik mahatv hone ke karan 'taksha' samajik pratishtha adhikar badhi huee thi. 'anas' sadharan ga di ko kaha jata tha. 'nad' (narakat) ka prayog rrigved kal mean striyaan chataee bunane ke lie karati thian. 'charmagn' cham da sijhane valoan ka kaha jata tha.

vyapar

rrigvaidik kal mean vyapar mean kray-vikray hetu vinimay pranali ka shubharambh ho chuka tha. is pranali mean vastu vinimay ke sath-sath gay, gho de evan svarn se bhi kray-vikray kiya jata tha. vinimay ke madhyam ke roop mean `nishk ka ullekh hua hai, kintu isaka samikaran vivadagrast hai. sanbhavatah yah praranbh mean har jaisa koee svarnabhooshan tha, kalantar mean sikke ke roop mean prayukt hone laga. rrigvaidik kal mean vyapar karane vale vyapariyoan evan vyapar hetu sadooravarti pradeshoan mean bhraman karane vale vyakti ko 'pani' kaha jata tha. rrigved mean ek sthan par devataoan tatha paniyoan ke bich sangharsh tatha devataoan dvara unake sanhar ka varnan milata hai. vyapar sthal evan jal donoan rastoan se hota tha, antarik vyapar bahudha ga diyoan, rathoan evan pashuoan dvara hota tha. aryo ko samudr ke vishay mean janakari thi ya nahian yah bat abhi tak aspasht hai. phir bhi rrigved mean sau patavaroan vali nauka se yatra karane ka vivaran prapt hota hai. ek sthan par tugr ke putr bhujy ki samudr yatra varnan hai jisane marg mean jalayan ko nasht ho jane par atmaraksha ke lie ashvinikumaroan se prarthana ki thi. ashvini kumaroan ne unaki raksha ke lie 100 patavar vala jahaj bheja tha. is kal mean rrin dekar vyaj lene vale varg ko 'bekanat' (soodakhor) kaha jata tha.

dharm

vaidik dharm poornatah pratimargi haian vaidik devataoan mean purush bhav ki pradhanata hai. adhikaansh devataoan ki aradhana manav ke roop mean ki jati thi kintu kuchh devataoan ki aradhana pashu ke rup mean ki jati thi. aj ekapad aur ahitarbudhny donoan devataoan parikalpana pashu ke roop mean ki gee hai. marutoan ki mata ki parikalpana chitakabari gay ke roop mean ki gee hai. indr ki gay khojane vala sarama (kuttiya) svan ke roop mean hai. isake atirikt indr k kalpana vrishabh (bail) ke roop mean evan soory ko ashv ke roop mean ki gee hai. rrigved mean pashuoan ke pooja prachalan nahian tha. rrigvaidik devataoan mean kisi prakar ka uanch-nich ka bhedabhav nahian tha. vaidik rrishiyoan ne sabhi devataoan ki mahima gaee hai. rrigvaidik logoan ne prakritik shaktiyoan ka manavikaran kiya hai. is samay 'bahudevavad' ka prachalan tha. rrigvaidik aryo ki devamandali tin bhagoan mean vibhajit thi.

1. akash ke devata - soory, dyaus, varun, mitr, pooshanh, vishnu, usha, apaannapat, savita, trip, vianvasvath, adiantyagag, ashvinadvay adi.
2. antariksh ke devata- indr, marut, rudr, vayu, parjany, matarishvanh, triprapty, aj ekapad, ap, ahirbughny.
3. prithvi ke devata- agni, som, prithvi, brihaspati, tatha nadiyaan.

is dev samooh mean sarvapradhan devata kaun tha, yah nirdharit karana kathin hai rrigvaidik rrishiyoan ne jis samay jis devata ki stuti ki use hi sarvochch manakar usamean sampoorn gunoan ka aropan kar diya. maiks moolar ne is pravriti ki 'hinathijm' kaha hai. sooktoan ki sankhya ki drishti yah manana nyayasangat hoga ki inaka sarvapradhan devata indr tha.

rrigved mean antariksh sthaniy 'indr' ka varnan sarvadhik pratapi devata ke roop mean kiya gaya hai, rrigved ke karib 250 sooktoan mean inaka varnan hai. inhe varsha ka devata mana jata tha. unhone vriksh rakshas ko mara tha isilie unhe vritrahan kaha jata hai. anek kiloan ko nasht kar diya tha, is roop mean ve purandar kahe jate haian. indr ne vritr ki hatya karake jal ka mukt karate haian isalie unhe purmid kaha gaya. indr ke lie ek visheshan ansujit (pani ko jitane vala) bhi ata hai. indr ke pita dyoans haian agni usaka yamaj bhaee hai aur marut usaka sahayogi hai. vishnu ke vritr ke vadh mean indr ki sahayata ki thi. rrigved mean indr ko samast sansar ka svami bataya gaya hai. usaka priy ayuddh bajr hai isalie unhe brajabahoo bhi kaha gaya hai. indr kushal rath-yoddha (ratheshth), mahan vijeta (vijendr) aur som ka palan karane vala (somapa) hai. indr toophan aur medh ke bhi devata hai . ek shaktishali devata hone ke karan indr ka shatakratu (ek sau shakti dharan karane vala) kaha gaya hai vritr ka vadh karane ka karan vritrahan aur madhavan (danashil) ke roop mean jana jata hai. unaki patni indrani athava shachi (oorja) haian prachin bharatiy granthoan mean indr ke sath krishna ke virodh ka ullekh milata hai.

rrigved mean doosara mahatvapoorn devata 'agni' tha, jisaka kam tha manushy aur devata ke madhy madhyasth ki bhoomika nibhana. agni ke dvara hi devataoan ahutiyaan di jati thian. rrigved mean karib 200 sooktoan mean agni ka jikr kiya gaya hai. ve purohitoan ke bhi devata the. unaka mool nivas svarg hai. kintu matarishvan (devata) n use prithvi par laya. prithvi par yajn vedi mean agni ki sthapana bhriguoan evan aangirasoan ne ki. is kary ke karan unhe atharvan kaha gaya hai. vah pratyek ghar mean prajvalit hoti thi is karan use pratyek ghar ka atithi mana gaya hai. isaki any upadhiyaan jatadevash (char-achar ka jnat hone ke karan), bhuvanachakshu (sarvadrashta hone ke karan), hiranyadant (surahare daanv vala) atharvaved mean ise pratah kal uchit hone vala mitr aur saanyakal ko varun kaha gaya hai. tisara sthan varun ka mana jata hai, jise samudr ka devata, vishv ke niyamak aur shasak saty ka pratik, rritu parivartan evan din-rat ka karta-dharta, akash, prithvi evan soory ka nirmata ke roop mean jana jata hai. eeran mean inhe 'ahuramajd' tatha yoonan mean 'yoorenas' ke nam se jana jata hai. ye rritu ke sanrakshak the isalie inhe rritasyagop bhi kaha jata tha. varun ke sath mitr ka bhi ullekh hai in donoan ko milakar mitr varoon kahate haian. rrigved ke mitr aur varun ke sath ap ka bhi ullekh kiya gaya hai. ap ka arth jal hota hai. rrigved ke mitr aur varun ka sahasr stambhoan vale bhavan mean nivas karane ka ullekh milata hai. mitr ke atirikt varun ke sath ap ka bhi ullekh milata hai. rrigved me varun ko vayu ka saans kaha gaya hai. varun dev lok mean sabhi sitaroan ka marg nirdharit karate haian. inhe asur bhi kaha jata haian. inaki stuti lagabhag 30 sooktiyoan mean ki gayi hai. devataoan ke tin vargo (prithvi sthan, vayu sthan aur akash sthan) mean varun ka sarvochch sthan hai. ve devataoan ke devata hai. rrigved ka 7 vaan mandal varun devata ko samarpit hai. dand ke roop mean logoan ko 'jalodar rog' se pi dit karate the.

'dyau' (akash)

isako rrigvaidikakalin devoan mean sabase prachin mana jata hai. tatpashchath prithvi bhi donoan dyava-prithvi ke nam se jane jate the. akash ko sarvashreshth devata ke roop mean tatha som ko vanaspati devata ke roop mean mana jata tha.

somadevata

rrigved ke navean mandal ke sabhi 144 sookt som devata ka samarpit hai. ye chandrama se sambandhit devata the. inaki tulana eeran mean hom devata tatha yoonan mean dianasis se ki gayi hai. 'oosha' ko pragati evan utthan ke devata ke roop mean, 'ashvin' vipattiyoan ko harane vale devata ke roop me ullekh kiya gaya hai.

ashvin

yah ek kalyanakari devata the. isaka svaroop yugal roop mean tha. yah pooshan ke pita aur oosha ke bhaee the. inhe nasaanty bhi kaha jata hai. ye chikitsa ke devata the. apang vyakti ko kritrim pair pradan karate the. durghatanagrastr nav ke yatriyoan ki raksha karate the. yuvatiyoan ke lie var ki talash karate the. 'pooshan' ko pashuoan ke devata ke roop me sanbodhit kiya gaya hai.

pooshan

yah bhi soory ke sambaddh devata the. pooshan ke rath ko bakare khichatean the.

vishnu

ye tin kadam ke devata the. inhe vishv ke sanrakshak aur palanakarta ke roop mean mana jata tha.

roodr

yah ugr devata tha. ugr roop mean roodr tatha mangalakari roop mean shiv tha. atharvaved mean ise 'bhoopati' nilodar, lohit prishth tatha nilakanth kaha gaya hai. use kritavas (khal dharan karane vala) bhi kaha gaya hai. aitarey brahman mean kaha gaya hai ki rudr ki utpatti sabhi devataoan ke ugr aansho se huee hai. yajurved ke shatarudriy prakaran mean ise pashupati, shambhoo, shankar, shiv kaha gaya hai. ye anaitik acharanoan se sambaddh mane jate the. ye chikitsa se sanrakshan the.

mitr

ye varun devata se sambandhit hai. yah shapath evan pratijna ke devata haian.

tvashdra

dhatuoan ke devata, ary-sandhi aur vivah ke devata, vivastan- rrigved mean ise devataoan ke janak kaha jata gaya. rrigved mean oosha, aditi, soorya jaise deviyoan ka ullekh hai. prithvi- yah devi thi. ise tin vargoan mean rakha gaya tha. ap- apsaraoan ke rup mean devi thi. aditi prithvi ke vishal svaroop ka daivikaran thi. aranyani- yah van devi thi. isaka pratham ullekh rrikh sanhitaoan mean milata hai.

isake atirikt any rrigvaidik deviyoan mean vakh, ila, sarasvati, mahi, purandhi, dhishana, nisha, indrani, kuhoo, prashni adi thi. rrigved mean kuchh any devata bhi the. jaise - vishvadev, aryaman, tatha 'rrit' ki sankalpana mean vishvas hai. rrith ek prakar ki naitik vyavastha thi jisase vishv mean suvyavastha tatha pratishtha sthapit hoti hai. 'varun' ko 'rrith' ka sanrakshak bataya gaya hai. rrith ka palan puny tha, usake palan n n karane par varun devata dvara dandit kiye jane ka ullekh milata hai.

is samay devoan ka pooja ki pradhan vidhi thi- stuti path karana evan yajn mean bali chadhana. bali ya yajnahuti mean jau evan shak ka prayog kiya jata tha. rrigved mean bahudevavad, ekatmavad ev ekeshvaravad ka ullekh milata hai. devataoan ki bahulata evan karmakaandoan ki jatilata se thakakar kuchh samay bad rrigvaidik logoan ne devataoan ki sankhya kam karane ke lie unaka sanyuktikaran karane lage. jaise dyava-prithvi, oosha-ratri, mitra-varun adi. yahi bhavana ekeshvaravad ki or agrasar huee. is samay mandir ya moorti pooja ka koee praman nahian mila hai. rrigved ke naradiy sookt mean nirmanu brahm ka varnan prapt hota hai. rrigvaidik ary punarjanm ko manate the, is kal mean dev pooja ke sath pitripooja ka bhi ullekh milata hai. rrigved mean kahi bhi yajn kary sampann karane ke lie ke manushy ki bali ka jikr nahian hai. rrigved ke naradiy sookt mean nirgun brahm ka varnan prapt hota hai svarg ki manoram kalpana milati hai. narak ki kalpana dushkirmiyoan ke lie dandasthan ke roop mean ki gayi hai. rrigvaidik rrishiyoan ka jivan ke prati drishtikon poornataya ashavadi tha. devataoan ki stuti ka uddeshy bhautik sukhoan ki prapti tha n ki moksh ki prapti. rrigved mean sthaee basti, likhane-padhane ki kala evan sthapaty ke bare mean koee spasht janakari nahian milati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh