मेवाड़ का इतिहास

meva d vishay soochi

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meva d ka itihas
rana ka mahal, meva d|200px|center
vivaran	meva d, rajasthan ke dakshin madhy mean sthit ek prasiddh riyasat thi. isamean adhunik bharat ke udayapur, bhilava da, rajasamand tatha chittau dagadh zile sammilit the.
rajy	rajasthan
zila	udayapur zila
sanbandhit lekh	banas nadi, kuanbhalagadh, chittau d, haldighati, rana saanga, maharana pratap, chetak, bhamashah
bhaugolik sthiti	uttari akshaansh 25° 58' se 49° 12' tak tatha poorvi deshaantar 45° 51' 30' se 73° 7' tak
any janakari	saik doan saloan tak meva d mean rajapootoan ka shasan raha. gahalaut tatha sisodiya vansh ke rajaoan ne 1200 sal tak meva d par raj kiya tha.

rajasthan ka meva d rajy parakrami gahalautoan ki bhoomi raha hai, jinaka apana ek itihas hai. inake riti-rivaj tatha itihas ka yah svarnim khazana apani matribhoomi, dharm tatha sanskriti v raksha ke lie kiye gaye gahalautoan ke parakram ki yad dilata hai. svabhavik roop se yah is dharati ki khas visheshataoan, logoan ki jivan paddhati tatha unake arthik tatha samajik dasha se pratyaksh v apratyaksh roop se prabhavit hota raha hai. shakti v samriddhi ke praranbhik dinoan mean meva d simaean uttar-poorv ke taraf bayana, dakshin mean revakanth tatha manikanth, pashchim mean palanapur tatha dakshin-pashchim mean malava ko chhooti thi.

rajapoot shasan

meva d mean kafi lambe samay rajapootoan ka shasan raha tha. bad ke samay mean muslim akramanakariyoan ne bhi yahaan lootapat ki. khilaji vansh ke alauddin khilaji ne 1303 ee. mean meva d ke gahalaut shasak ratan sianh ko parajit karake ise dilli saltanat mean mila liya tha. gahalaut vansh ki ek any shakha 'sisodiya vansh' ke hammiradev ne muhammad tugalak ke samay mean chittau d ko jit kar poore meva d ko svatantr kara liya. 1378 ee. mean hammiradev ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr kshetrasianh (1378-1405 ee.) meva d ki gaddi par baitha. kshetrasianh ke bad usaka putr lakkhasianh 1405 ee. mean sianhasan par baitha. lakkhasianh ki mrityu ke bad 1418 ee. mean isaka putr mokal raja hua. mokal ne kaviraj bani vilas aur yogeshvar namak vidvanoan ko ashray apane rajy mean ashray pradan kiya tha. usake shasan kal mean mana, phanna aur vishal namak prasiddh shilpakar ashray paye huye the. mokal ne anek mandiroan ka jirnoddhar karaya tatha ekaliang mandir ke charoan taraf parakote ka bhi nirman karaya. gujarat shasak ke viruddh kiye gaye ek abhiyan ke samay usaki hatya kar di gayi. 1431 ee. mean mokal ki mrityu ke bad rana kumbha meva d ke raj sianhasan par baitha. rana kumbha tatha rana saanga ke samay rajy ki shakti utkarsh par thi, lekin lagatar hote rahe bahari akramanoan ke karan rajy vistar mean kshetr ki sima badalati rahi. ambaji nam ke ek maratha saradar ne akele hi meva d se qarib do karo d rupaye vasoole the. [[chitr:Kumbhalgarh-Udaipur.jpg|thumb|left|kuanbhalagadh durg, udayapur]] 1473 ee. mean usaki hatya usake putr udayasianh ne kar di. rajapoot saradaroan ke virodh ke karan udayasianh adhik dinoan tak satta-sukh nahian bhog saka. usake bad usaka chhota bhaee rajamal (shasanakal 1473 se 1509 ee.) gaddi par baitha. 36 varsh ke saphal shasan kal ke bad 1509 ee. mean usaki mrityu ke bad usaka putr rana sangram sianh ya 'rana saanga' (shasanakal 1509 se 1528 ee.) meva d ki gaddi par baitha. usane apane shasan kal mean dilli, malava, gujarat ke viruddh abhiyan kiya. 1527 ee. mean khanava ke yuddh mean vah mugal badashah babar dvara parajit kar diya gaya. isake bad shaktishali shasan ke abhav mean jahaangir ne ise mugal samrajy ke adhin kar liya. meva d ki sthapana rathaur vanshi shasak chund ne ki thi. jodhapur ki sthapana chund ke putr jodha ne ki thi.

rana kumbha

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

rana kumbha ke meva d mean shasan kal ke dauran usaka ek rishtedar ranamal kafi shaktishali ho gaya tha. ranamal se eershya karane vale kuchh rajapoot saradaroan ne usaki hatya kar di. rana kumbha ne apane prabal pratidvandvi malava ke shasak husangashah ko parast kar 1448 ee. mean chittau d mean ek 'kirti stambh' ki sthapana ki. sthapaty kala ke kshetr mean usaki any upalabdhiyoan mean meva d mean nirmit 84 qiloan mean se 32 qile haian, jise rana kumbha ne banavaya tha. madhy yug ke shasakoan mean rana kumbha ek mahanh shasak tha. vah svayan vidvanh tatha ved, smriti, mimaansa, upanishad, vyakaran, rajaniti aur sahity ka jnata tha.

haldighati ka yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

akabar ne sanh 1624 mean meva d par akraman kar chittau d ko gher liya, par rana udayasianh ne usaki adhinata svikar nahian ki thi aur prachin adhatapur ke pas udayapur namak apani rajadhani basakar vahaan chala gaya tha. unake bad maharana pratap ne bhi yuddh jari rakha aur adhinata nahian mani thi. unaka haldighati ka yuddh itihas prasiddh hai. is yuddh ke bad pratap ki yuddh-niti chhapamar l daee ki rahi thi. akabar ne kumbhalamer durg se bhi pratap ko khade d diya tatha meva d par anek akraman karavaye the par pratap ne adhinata svikar nahian ki thi. aant mean sanh 1642 ke bad akabar ka dhyan doosare kamoan mean lage rahane ke karan pratap ne apane sthanoan par phir adhikar kar liya tha. sanh 1654 mean chavand mean unaki mrityu ho gee thi.

mugal adhipaty

maharana pratap ke bad usake putr rana amarasianh ne bhi usi prakar viratapoorvak mugaloan ka pratirodh kiya par aant mean usane shahajahaan khurram ke dvara samrat jahaangir se sandhi kar li. usane apane rajakumar ko mugal darabar mean bhej diya par svayan maharana ne, any rajaoan ki tarah darabar mean jana svikar nahian kiya tha. maharana s 1617 mean mrityu ko prapt hua tha. maharana karnasianh ne kabhi shahajada khurram ko pichhola jhil mean bane jagamandir namak mahal mean rakha tha. maharana ka bhaee bhim shahajade ki seva mean raha tha, jise usane badashah banane ke bad toda (todabhim) ki jagir di. khurram ko lakheri ke bad gopaladas gau d ne bhi madad pradan ki thi. badale mean maharana jagatasianh ne apane saradaroan ko badashahi darabar mean bheja aur dakshin ke abhiyan mean sainik sahayata bhi di thi. usaka l daka rajasianh pratham bhi ajamer mean badashah ke samaksh hazir hua tha.thumb|maharana pratap sianh dvitiy maharana ke b de samant bhi badashahi manasabadar ban ge the. chittau d ke qile ki marammat tatha kuchh bagiyoan ko prashray dene ka bahana kar mugaloan ne rajasianh par akraman kiya aur chittau d ke qile ki divaroan ko to d dala. is par ek samajhauta hua, jisake anusar maharana ka chhah varsh ka l daka badashah ke pas ajamer bheja gaya. yuddh ke samay rajasianh ne tikadau d ke bahane n keval meva d ke pur, maandal, badanaur adi ko loota apitu malapura, toda, chakasoo, sambhar, lalasot, toank, savar, khet di adi par hamala kiya aur lootapat ki. usane vahaan ke anek bhoomipatiyoan se b di-b di rakamean bhi kar ke roop mean li thian.

marathoan ka prabhav

maharana ne mugal shahazada dara shikoh ka paksh n lekar aurangajeb ka paksh liya aur uttaradhikar ke yuddh mean usaki vijay par badhaee di thi. kishanagadh ki rajakumari charoomati, jisaka vivah aurangajeb ke sath hona tha, ko bhagakar le jane se apasi ranjish bhi huee. aisa hi jasavantasianh ke navajat putr ajit sianh ko sharan dene ke karan bhi hua. rajasianh ne apane l dake jayasianh ko bhi mugal darabar mean bheja. aurangajeb dvara hinduoan par lagaye ge jaziya ka virodh bhi usane kiya. meva d mean vyapak roop se lootapat aur tabahi machane vali mugal faujoan se use sangharsh karana p da tha. 1727 vi. mean rajasianh ki mrityu ho gee. vah dharm, kala aur sahity ka sanrakshak tha. prasiddh rajasamand ka nirman kar vahaan rajaprashasti namak kavy ko shilaoan par aankit karavane ka shrey usi ko hai. usake putr jayasianh ne bahadurashah ke samay jodhapur tatha jayapur ke nareshoan ko meva di rajakumariyaan dekar rajy prapti mean unaki sahayata ki thi. maharana sangram sianh dvitiy ka kal upadravoan se grast raha tha. usake putr jagatasianh dvitiy ke samay hur da sammelan hua, par usake putr jagatasianh aise kamakaj ke lie saksham nahian tha. usane marathoan ko ghoos dekar sahayata prapt ki, jisase meva d par marathoan ka panja kasata gaya aur maharanaoan ko b di rakamean dekar unhean prasann karana p da tha.

prashasanik vibhag

meva d riyasat ke prashasan mean bahut-se vibhagoan ki sthapana ki gee thi. in vibhagoan ko 'karakhana' kaha jata tha aur karakhane ke pradhan ko us karakhane ka 'daroga' kaha jata tha. in karakhanoan ke nam nimnalikhit haian -

meva d ke vibhinn prashasanik vibhag

vibhag	vibhag ke mahattvapoorv kary aur dayitv
gahane ka bhandar	is vibhag par abhooshan tatha qimati chizoan ki zimmedari hoti thi.
kap de ka bhandar	yah kapade tatha sile hue vastroan ka mukhy bhandar kaksh tha.
hukum kharch	yah vibhag darabar se ju de kharch, jaise- puraskar, dan adi ka hisab rakhata tha.
panera, kamadar, aphasar vagaira	kary karane vale adhikariyoan ka vibhag
raso da khana	maharana ka rasoee vibhag
b da raso da, khalla	samany rasoee vibhag
kothar	yah apoorti vibhag tha. is vibhag ke antargat b de godam tatha ghar bane hote the, jisamean kam-se-kam 1000 man anaj, ghi tatha rashan ki any vastuean rakhi jati thian.
nij sainik sabha ya phauj ka mahakama	sainikoan ka pradhan mukhyalay. is vibhag ka daroga sainikoan ka netritv karata tha.
ardali	ajnakari prahariyoan ka vibhag. janani mahal ke najadik ek khas daravaza, jahaan ardali baithate the. ise 'ardali ki dyo di' kahate haian.
bandookoan ki ori	is vibhag mean raifal tatha any prakar ke bina barood vale hathiyaroan ko rakha jata tha.
ka datoosoan ki ori	visphotak padarth v goliyoan ke chharre rakhane vala barood vibhag.
sileh khana	chhote hathiyar, banduk, pistol, agneyastr ya topakhana shakha vala vibhag.
chhoori katar ki ori	is vibhag mean katar, chhure, talavar, bajuband tatha male rakhe jate the.
pharas khana	lok kalyan vibhag
sej ki ori	shayanakaksh se ju di huee vastuoan ka vibhag
lavajame ka karakhana	is vibhag ko vardi vale naukar chalate the, is par aantyeshti karm se ju di vastuean, rajy chihn, jhande ityadi ki zimmedari hoti thi.
takhat ka karakhana	palakhi, takhat, tamajam, mena, tabari ityadi ke lie zimmedar vibhag.
tabela ya payanga	yah vibhag rajakiy seva mean ane vale gho doan ke rahane ki vyavastha karata tha.
baggi khana	shahi logoan ki baggi adi ki sucharu dekhabhal se ju da hua vibhag.
hathiyoan ka halka	hathiyoan ke rahane ki vyavastha se sambaddh vibhag.
jail khana	qaidakhana vibhag, jahaan aparadhi, chor tatha shatruoan adi ko bandi banakar rakha jata tha.
chhoti jail	rajy ke chhote mukadamoan se ju di kachahari.
dharmasabha	dan, puny, karmakaand tatha any vidhi vidhan se ju da vibhag.
ooantoan ka karakhana	saman adi dhone vale ooantoan ka vibhag.
kabootarari ori	kabootar, tote, battakh ityadi u dane vale pakshiyoan ka vibhag.
naubatakhana	sangit ke upakaranoan vala vibhag. isamean pray: pratidin bajane vale tatha yuddh ke samay bajane vale donoan prakar ke vady upakaran rakhe jate the.
gh diyal ka mahakama	gh di tatha ghante vala vibhag.
raushani ka mahakama	sampoorn rajy mean raushani ki vyavastha karane vala vibhag.
alaladar	svachchhata sambandhi vibhag.
chataroan ka karakhana ya tasaviroan ka karakhana	kalakaroan ki karmashala. yah mahal mean hi hota tha, jahaan ve chhavi, vibhinn drishy tatha pothi rangane ka kam karate the.
mahakama khas	rajy ka grih vibhag, jo rajy mean rana ke vyaktigat karyoan ki dekhabhal karata tha.
mahakama hisab	rajy ka lekha vibhag, jo rajy mean naqad tatha paisoan ke vinimay sambandh ki dekharekh karata tha.
bakhshikhana	rik aaurd karyalay ya abhilekhagar vibhag, jahaan sabhi tarah ke purane dastavejoan ko surakshit rakha jata tha.

bhoomi ka vargikaran

meva d mean bhoomi ke vargikaran ke aantargat pratyek gaanv mean tin prakar ke bhoo-khand the-

1. avasiy bhoo-khand
2. krishit bhoo-khand
3. p dat va banjhar

avasiy bhoo-khand mean avasiy patte nirdharit kiye jate the. in pattoan ke anusar gaanv tatha unake avasoan ko do bhagoan mean vargikrit kiya jata tha- 'kachche patte' aur 'pakke patte'. kachche gaanv mean koee bhi vyakti kahian bhi rah sakata tha, kintu pakke gaanvoan mean us gaanv ki gram panchayat ki bagair svikriti tatha najarana diye bina nahian raha ja sakata tha. p dat bhoomi do prakar ki hoti thi-

1. gochar bhoomi
2. bedakhali bhoomi

• gochar bhoomi - is bhoomi ko 'charnota' bhi kaha jata tha. is bhoomi par gaanv athava kee gaanv ki panchayatoan ka samoohik adhikar hota tha. is prakar ki bhoomi pashuoan ke ahar-vihar hetu raj se yukt rahati thi. isaka kray-vikray karana pap mana jata tha.
• bedakhali bhoomi - is prakar ki bhoomi par koee bhi vyakti krishi karane ke lie svatantr tha, kintu isake lie gram panchayat ko lagat ya dastoor dena hota tha, jo bahut kam hota tha. dastoor dene ke bad yah dakhili bhoomi ki shreni mean a jati thi tatha ise krishit bhoo-khand man liya jata tha.

bhoo-vyavastha

meva d rajy ka arthik jivan pratyaksh v apratyaksh roop mean bhoomi-vyavasthaoan se bandha hua tha. sikke ka prachalan kam hone ke karan rajy evan samaj ki sevarth bhoomi vitaran ki parampara alochyakal ke poorv se hi chali a rahi thi. kisan to vaise bhi bhoomi utpadan par adharit apani jivika chalate the, kintu bhoomihin vyakti bhi yajamani sevaoan athava bhoomidhari vyaktiyoan ki bhoo sevaoan dvara jivan nirvah karate the. rajy ki sanprabhu shakti dharak rana rajyadhin sanpoorn bhoomi kshetr ka vaidhanik svami tha. vah apane kshetr vishesh mean kisi bhi vyakti ko kisi bhi shart par anudan adhigrahan tatha kararopan karane ka adhikar rakhata tha. rana dvara pratyaksh roop se niyantrit bhoomi 'khalasa bhoomi' ke roop mean jani jati thi. is arakshit bhoomi ke alava rana dvara pradatt bhoomi anudanoan ki do shreniyaan thian-

1. dharmarth bhoomi anudan
2. dharmettar bhoomi anudan

dharmath bhoomi anudan

dharmik karyoan se sanbandhit anudanoan ka samaj mean vishesh mahatv tha. ye anudan do tarah ke ho sakate the. pahala dharmik sthanoan, mandiroan, masjidoan, devaroan evan mathoan mean vyavastha banaye rakhane ke lie tha. is anudan ko "shatdarshan" kaha jata tha. 19vi. shatabdi mean inhean "devasthani" ke nam se jana jane laga tha. dvitiy shreni ke dharmik anudan brahman, charan, bhat, sannyasi, gusaanee aur vidvanh adi ko jivika nirvah ke lie pradan kiye jate the. dharmarth bhoo anudan ki bhoomi ka kray-vikray prayah nahian kiya jata tha. aisi bhoomioan par adhikar prapti hetu uttaradhikari dvara shasan se pushti karana avashyak hota tha. yadyapi aise pushtikaran matr paranpara nirvah hetu kiye jate the. isase shasan ko pratyek navinikaran par us bhoomi ki sthiti tatha usaki dyritiyoan ka pata prapt hota rahata tha. dvitiy shreni ki bhoomi ka kray-vikray athava bandhak rakhana rana ki svikriti par nirbhar karata tha.

dharmettar bhoomi anudan

is prakar ki bhoomi anudan ko alochyakalin prapt vivaranoan ke adhar par do mukhy bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

1. asainik sevarth
2. sainik sevarth

asainik sevarth anudan

yah anudan inam ke roop mean diye gaye anudan ya chakadana naukari ke nimitt diye gaye anudan ho sakate the. vishisht sevaoan ke lie vyakti athava vanshanugat diya jane vala bhoomi anudan 'inamiyamaphi' kahalata tha. isake bhoo raj ka phaisala anudan ki ichchha par nirbhar tha. rajy seva ke parishramik hetu diya gaya bhoo-anudan 'chakaranamaphi' kaha jata tha. yah bhoomi vyakti dvara rajy seva karate rahane tak pradan ki jati thi, atah is par koee raj nahian liya jata tha. sirph kuchh utsavoan v tyoharoan par raj ke anupat mean aanshik nazarane liye jate the. vyavaharikata mean chooanki meva d rajy ke adhikatar pad vanshanugat hote the, isalie aisi bhoomi ke punargrahan ke avasar bahut hi kam ate the. chooanki aisi bhoomi grahita dvara sevarth prapt ki jati thi. atah isaka vikray nahian kiya ja sakata tha.

sainik sevarth anudan

rajy ki sainik seva ke lie pradan ki gee bhoomi ki mukhyatah char prakar ki shreniyaan thian- 'bhoom', 'gras', 'ravali' aur 'patta'.

• bhoom - is prakar ki bhoomi adhikatar rajapoot jati ke logoan, jinhoanne sainik karyavahiyoan mean apana sarvasv balidan kar rana se prashansa arjit ki ho, ko di jati thi. aisi bhoomi par grahita ko vanshaparanparagat adhikar pradan kiye jate the. yah bhoomi rajy ke raj se mukt rahati thi. prayah rajy ke pratyek pramukh thikanedar ka thikana usaki 'bhoom' rahi thi. aisi bhoomi ke kray-vikray tatha bandhak rakhane par shasan ka koee niyantran nahian tha. doosari taraf bhoom-dharak bhoomiya ko rajy ki sainik seva ke lie sadaiv tatpar rahana p data tha. isake alava 'bhoom-bara d' namak varshik kiraya rajy ko jama karana p data tha. karttavyoan ka palan nahian karane par bhoomi adhigrahan ho sakata tha. is bhoomi anudan ke atirikt rajy ki sainikottar sevaoan ke lie bhil adivasiyoan ko bhi gaanv mean rajamukt bhoomi pradan ki jati thi. badale mean ve gaanv ki chaukidari tatha rajyadhikariyoan ki seva karate the.
• gras - aise anudan raja dvara nikatatam sanbandhiyoan ko roti-kharch chalane ke lie pradan kiya jata tha. gras grahitaoan se koee raj nahian liya jata tha, lekin sankatavastha mean rajy inase sainik sahayata prapt karata tha.
• ravali ya jageri - ravali bhoomi svayan rana, janani dyodhi tatha kuanvaroan ke niji kharch chalane hetu pradan ki jati thi. sanbhavatah poorv alochyakalin rana dvara svayan ka vetan bhi bhoomi dvara nishchit kiya jata raha tha. uttar alochyakal mean yah nij kharch naqad roop mean liya jane laga tha.
• ravali - is prakar ki bhoomi bhi raj se mukt hoti thi tatha isaka vikray ya bandhak rana ki poorv svikriti ke bina nahian kiya ja sakata tha.
• patta - yah bhoomi moolatah rajy ki sainik evan prashasanik vyavastha banaye rakhane ke lie di jati thi. aise anudanoan mean kee gaanv aur paragana sammilit rahate the. grahita ko kray-vikray ka adhikar to nahian rahata tha, kintu ve dharmik purn:anudan ke lie svatantr the. karttavyachyut hone par bhoomi ko rajy dvara adhigrahit kar liya jata tha.

jagiradari

thumb|maharana fateh sianh kisanoan se unaki raksharth tatha kshetr vyavastha hetu shasak ko krishi utpadan ka bhag lene ka adhikar prapt tha. yah aansh prayah 1/6 se 1/4 ke madhy parasparik samajhaute ke anusar nishchit kiya jata tha. vaise to rajy ki sabhi tarah ki arthik gatividhiyoan par rana ka niyantran hota tha, parantu vyavaharik roop se sthiti kuchh bhinn thi. rana ne rajy ke utkrisht sevarth jagiradaroan ko vanijy-vyapar, ayat-niryat tatha rajasv vasuli ke vyapak adhikar bhi de diye the. jagiroan mean jagir tatha unamean bhi punah khandit jagiroan ki anudan pravritti ne keandriy raj pranali ke alava vyaktigat adhikaroan ki pratishtha ko bhi prabhavit kar diya tha. rana ki bhoomi par kam karane vale 'khalasa krishak' kendradhin kshetr mean kahian bhi basane tatha kheti karane ke lie svatantr the, vahi jagir ke krishak bagair jagiradar ki svikriti se anyatr jane ke lie pratibandhit hote the.

mukata pratha

mugal prabhav se prabhavit 'ijaredari pranali' meva d mean 'mukata pratha' ke roop mean vidyaman rahi thi. bhoo-raj vasooli ke lie bhoomi ko theke par dene ka sarvadhik prachalan maratha atikraman kal (1751 ee. se 1818 ee.) tak vyapt raha. kee tarah ke kharch v rrinoan ki rashi shesh rahane par ya samayanusar adayagi nahian hone par meva d par rrin ka bhar badhata jata tha. rrinoan ki poorti hetu rana tatha jagiradar apani khalasa v jagir bhoomi maratha nayakoan ke pas giravi bandhak rakh dete the. is bhoomi ko giravi rakhane ka parinam yah hota tha ki ve mukate par rakhe gaye bhoomi se rajasv vasuli ka adhikar mil jata tha aur is prakar vah us vishesh bhoo-khand ka mukatedar ban jata tha. saiddhantik roop se to pradata dvara grahita se mukate ka anubandh kiya jata tha, kintu pradata ki or se hisab-kitab ka vyavasthit niyantran nahian tha. mukatedar ki pravritti sadaiv adhik se adhik labharjan ki hoti thi. apane rrin tatha byaj ka labhaansh prapt karane ke lie mukata bhoomi ki praja se manamana rajasv vasooli karane lag jata tha. 'bara d' namak sabhi shulk ya karadhan maratha rajasv vyavastha ke hi parinam the. marathaoan ke atikraman kal ke pashchath british sanrakshan kal mean bhi mukatadari pratha yathavat prachalit rahi thi. is pratha ka sidha parinam rajy ki arthavyavastha par p da. yah marathaoan ke sainik atikraman n hokar unaki arthik loot thi. isi pranali ne sahookar tatha satoriyoan ke ek madhyasth varg ko janm diya, jo pratyaksh roop se praja ka arthik dohan karate the.

hajaredari pratha

mukata pratha ke sath-sath raj pranali mean krishi bhoomi ko bhagidari mean jotane ke lie hi jare par pradan kiya jata tha. mukata mean jahaan ek bar rakam adayagi ka anubandh ho jata tha, vahaan hijare mean upaj ka hissa nishchit kiya jata tha, jo 1/2 se 1/4 tak hota tha. kisan ko hijara bhoomi karane ka tatpary tha, aisi bhoomi jo rajy ke arthik sanpann vyakti ko de di jati thi, par apratyaksh raj vasooli hota tha. is pranali mean fasal utpadan tatha unaka nishchit bhagoan mean vitaran rajy ke karmachariyoan ki dekharekh mean hota tha. atah hijaredaroan ko manamani ka mauka kam milata tha. is prakar madhyasth varg ki svechchhachari svachchhand pravritti par niyantran bana rahata tha. yah pratha data aur krishak donoan ke lie saman roop se hitakari thi.

khanda pratha

unnisavian shatabdi ke yuddhavihin shantikal mean rajapoot jati ki viratmak gatividhiyaan kuchh pradarshanoan v pratikoan dvara abhivyakt hoti thian. inamean se ek 'navaratri' ke utsav par 'khanda' karane ki pratha thi. 'navami' ko yadi koee rajapoot ek hi samay mean talavar se bhaianse ki gardan katane mean asaphal ho jata tha to use udayapur ke rajy darabar aur mahaloan mean pravesh se varjit kar diya jata tha. vah jati panchayat mean uth-baith nahian sakata tha, jab tak ki vah usi varsh pun: navaratri par apane bal ko pratishthit nahian kar deta tha. unake ye kriyakalap unake virasati gunoan ki jhalak mani ja sakati hai.

rajasv vyavastha

18vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean mukatedari ke roop mean marathoan ki nirantar bhoo-dohan niti praja ke lie du:khadayi bhar tha. marathe mukatedar loot-khasot mean apani vyastata ke karan ek sthan par nahian thaharate the. ve apani mukata bhoomi ko svami ya any jagiradaroan ko maukhik anubandh par de dete the. vanijy, avas tatha any vyavastha shulkoan ko vibhinn bara doan ke roop mean vasool kiya jata tha. vyaparik fasaloan par kar hasil liya jata tha. 1818 ee. aangrez mean eest iandiya kanpani aur meva d ke madhy ek sandhi ke pashchath arthavyavastha ko sudridh karane ke lie theka vyavastha ko protsahit kiya gaya. isamean hijara pranali ki pramukhata thi. hijare pradan ki gee bhoomi par raj ka nirdharan hissoan athava naqad kooant dvara kiya jata tha. kooante mean barabari ke tin bhag mean yadi bhoomi hijare par hoti to tin bhag tatha rana ke niyantran vali bhoomi par do bhag kiye jate the. hijara bhoomi par pratham bhag shasan ka, dvitiy bhag hijaredar ka tatha tritiy bhag kisan ka hota tha. rana niyantrit bhoomi par pratham bhag shasan ka tatha dvitiy bhag krishak ka rahata tha. krishak ke hisse ka 1/2 bhag rajy tatha samaj sevakoan ke hisse tatha yajamani neg ke roop mean diye jate the.

kooanta pranali

kooanta pranali mean raj kh di fasal par liya jata tha. fasal ki kshati ka raj par prabhav nahian p data tha. is prakar yah raj adhikariyoan ke lie labhaprad tha. baanta athava bhag pranali mean fasal ki labh-hani ka prabhav kisan ke sath-sath shasan ko bhi bhugatana p data tha. kuchh vishesh sthitiyoan mean fasal ka raj kooante dvara nahian dekar bhag dvara ada karane ko agrah kiya jata tha. kooanta nirdharakoan dvara fasal ke raj ko kam ya zyada kooantane ki guanjaish rahati thi. ve apana niji labhaansh prapt kar, kooante ke kisanoan ko kee prakar ki chhoot pradan karate the. sanbhavatah ranaoan ko bhi in sanbhav gatividhiyoan ka jnan rahata tha. ve rajy dvara bhrashtachar ki sthiti ko svikarate hue raj adhikariyoan v karmachariyoan se unaki ay par 'lag' lete the. 1862 ee. mean lata-kooanta ke raj nirdharan ko band kar diya gaya. rajy pradhan kothari kesharasianh ne 1852 ee. se 1862 ee. tak ki ausat upaj ke hisab se naqad raj lene ki yojana praranbh ki. raj prashasan mean prashasanik parivarttan karate hue vanshanugat adhikariyoan ki jagah patavari tatha chaparasi ki vaitanik niyuktiyaan ki geean. raj ke hisab-kitab tatha kisanoan ki suvidha ke lie do-tin gaanvoan ko milakar patavarakhane khole gaye. is prakar yah meva d mean daphtariy paddhati praranbh hone ka kal tha. is badalav ne jahaan bichauliyoan ke bhrashtachar par niyantran kiya, vahi doosari or yah kisanoan ke lie labhakari bhi tha.

rana sajjanasianh ke kal mean bhoo-rajasv vyavastha ke doshoan ko door karane ke lie british bharat sarakar ke ek adhikari shri vianget ki sahayata se rajy ki sanpoorn bhoomi kar pakka bandobast kiya gaya. san 1886 ee. mean fateh sianh ke kal se is bandobast ke anusar lagan liya jane laga tha. bhoomi ka usake upaj ke anusar vargikaran kiya gaya tha. gaanv ke parakotoan vali krishikari bhoomi 'adhan', gaanv ke pas vali bhoomi 'gorama', tatha gaanv se door vali ko 'rak d-kaank d' kaha jata tha. paha di ya patharili bhoomi 'magada' tatha varsha par nirbhar bhoomi 'mal' kahalati thi. in bhoomi ke alag-alag kooante nishchit kar usi ke anusar raj nirdharit kiya gaya tha. bandobasti ne jativadi bhoo-raj ko poornatah samapt kar, sabhi ko ek shreni mean lane ka prayas kiya, lekin bhoomi ke sath-sath fasal ka vargikaran nahian kiya jana, is pranali ka sabase b da dosh tha.

prachalit sikke

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

prachin kal se hi meva d rajy mean sone, chaandi aur taanbe ke sikkoan ka prachalan tha. chaandi ke sikke 'dramm' aur 'roopak' tatha taanbe ke sikke 'karshapan' kahalate the. yahaan se milane vale sabase purane sikke chaandi aur taanbe ke hi bane hue haian, jo praranbh mean chaukhooante hote the, lekin bad ke samay mean unake kinare par kuchh golaee ati gee. jab maharana amarasianh pratham ne badashah jahaangir ke sath sandhi kar li, tab meva d ke takasal band kara diye gaye. mugal badashahoan ke adhinasth rajyoan mean unhian ke dvara chalaya gaya sikka chalane ka prachalan tha. usi prakar jab badashah akabar ne chittau d par qabza kiya, tab yahaan apane nam se hi sikke chalavae v avashyakatanusar takasalean bhi kholian. is prakar jahaangir tatha usake bad ke shasakoan ke samay bahari takasaloan se bane hue unhian ke sikke yahaan chalate rahe.

panne ki pragati avastha

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madhyamik

poornata

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