लेखन सामग्री
[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri.jpg|thumb|250px|tir-kaman aur any vastuoan ke sath manav-akritiyaan. shailashray chitr, iandira gaandhi rashtriy manav sangrahalay parisar, bhopal]]
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manav jati ke itihas mean lekhan-samagri ne b di mahattvapoorn bhoomika ada ki hai. lekhan-samagri ne n keval manav sanskriti v itihas ko surakshit rakhane mean yogadan diya hai, balki lipi, bhasha aur manushy ki chiantanadhara ko bhi kafi gaharaee se prabhavit kiya hai. atah prachin lekhan-samagri ko janane ka matalab hai, prachin sanskriti ko thik se samajhana.
aj lekhan ke lie pramukhatah kagaz aur qalam ka upayog hota hai. taiparayatar ka istemal pichhale qarib dedh sau saloan se ho raha hai. magar ab b di tezi se kampyootar mashin lekhan, prakashan aur prasaran ka pramukh sadhan banati ja rahi hai. vijnan aur teknal aauji ke itihas ki drishti se bhi lekhan-samagri sambandhi janakari ka b da mahattv hai.
lekhan ki prachinata
aj ke samay mean bhale hi kagaz ka khoob istemal hota ho, magar isaki khoj bharat mean nahian huee. ‘kagaz ’ shabd arabi ka hai. bharat mean kagaz ka prayog pichhale qarib ek hazar sal se ho raha hai. usake pahale hamare desh mean lekhan ke lie pramukhatah ta dapatr, bhoorjapatr aur tamrapatr ka prayog hota raha hai. inake alava, agarupatr, kap da, kaanch, kashth, cham da, pashan, svarn v rajatapatr, mitti ki eeantoan v muharoan tatha shankh v hathidaant jaisi vastuoan ka bhi lekhan ke lie upayog hua hai. aj ye chizean sangrahalayoan mean pahuanch gee haian, parantu is prachin lekhan-samagri ne dirghakal tak bharatiy sanskriti aur jnan-vijnan ki amooly seva ki hai.
shailachitr
bhimabetaka, panchamadhi, mirzapur, adamagadh, hoshangabad adi anek sthanoan se das-pandrah hazar sal purane shailachitr mile haian. pragaitihasik manav ki jivanacharya ko pradarshit karane vale ye shailachitr, jinhean ham adim chitralipi ke chihn bhi man sakate haian, adhikatar lal, hare aur safed rangoan se bane haian. ye rang sthaniy vanaspati aur khanijoan se taiyar kie ge haian.
- udaharan
bhimabetaka ki paha di par aj bhi ek aisa pe d paya jata hai, jisake danthaloan se goand jaisa safed ras nikalata hai. usi danthal ka koochi ki tarah upayog karake usake ras se safed chitr banae ge haian. us ras ka upayog kisi sthaniy vanaspati ya khanij ke hare athava lal rang ko pakka banane ke lie bhi kiya gaya hai. bhimabetaka tatha kuchh any sthanoan ke shailachitroan ke sath sankshipt brahmi lekh bhi mile haian. isilie spasht hai ki prachin bharat mean lekhan-samagri ke taur par shilakhandoan aur prakritik rangoan ka istemal kee hazar sal tak hota raha hai. [[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|siandhu sabhyata ki utkirn mudra]]
sindhu sabhyata ki utkirn mudra
sindhu sabhyata (2600-1800 ee.poo.) ke sankshipt lekh, jinaki sankhya lagabhag char hazar hai, selakh di ki muharoan, tamrapattiyoan, laghuprastaroan, kaanse ke auzaroan, hathidaant v haddiyoan ke dandoan, mitti ke bartanoan tatha unake thikaroan par aankit dekhane ko milate haian. yah jnat nahian hai ki apane dainik vyavahar mean sindhujan kis lekhan-samagri ka istemal karate the. unake samakalin mesopotamiya ke nivasi ek chhoti kil se gili mitti ke phalakoan par akshar ukerate the. ve kilakshar lekh padhe ja chuke haian, parantu sindhu lipi abhi bhi ajney bani huee hai.
vaidik kal
vaidik kal mean lekhan-kala jnat thi ya nahian, yah ek vivadaspad vishay raha hai. maiksamoolar jaise arambhik prachyavidya panditoan ka mat tha ki vedoan aur brahman granthoan mean lipi tatha lekhan samagri ka koee ullekh nahian hai. parantu idhar ke varshoan mean vaidik kal mean lekhan ke astitv ke bare mean kee praman mil chuke haian. yah sahi hai ki vedoan ko shruti (shravaniy rachana) kaha jata hai, parantu shatapath brahman ka vachan hai ki vamadev rrishi ne rricha 'dekhakar sampadan kiya'. usi tarah aitarey brahman ka ullekh hai ki rrishi ne 'rricha dekhakar padhi'. rrigved mean gay ke kan par pahachan ke lie, aank-sanket dagane ka ullekh hai. is tarah ke kee ullekh vaidik vanmay mean dekhane ko milate haian. saraansh yah hai ki us samay shravaniy rachanaean likhit roop mean bhi upalabdh rahi haian.
bauddh jatak
bauddh jatakoan mean lekhan ke kee ullekh milate haian. panini (lagabhag 500 ee. poo.) ki ashtadhyayi mean ‘granth’, ‘lipikar’ ‘yavanani lipi’ aur gayoan ke kanoan par, pahachan ke lie, aank dagane ki pratha ka ullekh hai. mahabharat mean ‘granth’ shabd ta dapatr athava bhurjapatr ki pothi ke arth mean hi prayukt hua hai. panini ne ashtadhyayi ke any sootroan ko dekhane[1] ka kee bar nirdesh diya hai. isilie vyakaran ke niyamoan ki is kriti ka lipibaddh hona sunishchit hai. par us samay ki lekhan samagri ke bare mean spasht janakari nahian milati hai.
lekhan samagri
[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-2.jpg|thumb|250px|ashok ka shilalekh, brahmagiri, karnatak]]
pashaniy shilalekh
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prarambhik kal ke bharatiy lekh, unhean chirasthayi banane ki drishti se, pashanoan par utkirn dekhane ko milate haian. pashaniy lekh chattanoan, shilaoan, stambhoan, moortiyoan tatha unake adhar-pithoan aur patthar ke kalash ya unaki dhakkan-jaisi vastuoan par pae jate haian. kabhi-kabhi pashan ko chikana kie bina hi lekh khod die jate the. parantu jab prashasti - jaise lekh utkirn karane hote to patthar ko kat-chhaant aur chhilakar chikana kiya jata tha.
eeant
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- prachin bharat mean mitti ki kachchi ya pakaee eeantoan par bahut-se abhilekh mile haian.
- prachin mesopotamiya ke kilakshar lekh mitti ke phalakoan par hi likhe ge the.
[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-5.jpg|thumb|left|siddharth ki janmakuandali taiyar karate hue ek shaky rajalekhak, jisake baean hath mean jangha par patroan ka sanchay aur daean hath mean mooth vali lauh shalaka hai]]
svarn
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- prachin bharat mean shankhoan par, hathidaant tatha kaanch ki mudraoan par, lak di ke shahatiroan v stambhoan par aur aur sphatik jaise qimati pattharoan par bhi lekh mile haian.
- prachin bharat mean sona aur chaandi ke pattaroan par bhi lekh utkirn kie jate the.
rajat
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- prachin bharat mean kee lekh rajapatr par likhe mile haian.
- rajapatr par bhattiprolu krishnaa zila, andhr pradesh aur takshashila, ravalapiandi zila, pakistan se lekh mile haian.
kashth
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- prachin kal se likhane ke lie lak di ki takhti ya kashthaphalak ka prayog hota a raha hai.
- bauddh jatak kathaoan mean prathamik shalaoan mean shishuoan ki shiksha ke prasang mean ‘phalak’ ka ullekh hai.
kap da
thumb|250px|sohagaur tamrapat (sanbhavatah eesa poorv chauthi sadi)
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prachin bharat mean likhane ke lie sooti kap de ke khand, sanskrit mean ‘pat’ ka bhi kafi istemal hua hai. sikandar ke nausenadhyaksh niyarkas (eesa poorv chauthi sadi) ka ullekh hai ki bharatiy log achchhi tarah koote ge kapas ke kap de par patr likhate the. kap de ke chhidroan ko band karane ke lie ata, chaval ya maand ya leee athava pighala hua mom lagakar parat sukha lete the aur phir akik, patthar ya shankh adi se ghotakar use chikana banate the.
dhatu
[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-10.jpg|thumb|left|lauhastanbh lekh, meharauli, dilli (lagabhag 450 ee.)]]
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prachin kal mean lohe par bhi lekh khode jate the. inamean sabase prasiddh hai dilli mean qutub minar ke pas kh de lauhastambh par guptakalin brahmi lipi (eesa ki chauthi-paanchavian sadi) mean utkirn kisi raja ‘chandr’ ka chhah panktiyoan ka sanskrit lekh. uttarakhand ke gopeshvar mandir ke praangan mean g de hue lohe ke qarib paanch mitar ooanche trishool par eesa ki satavian sadi ki lipi mean ek sanskrit lekh khuda hua hai.
ta dapatr
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prachin bharat mean ta dapatr lekhan ka ek pramukh sadhan raha hai. tal ya ta d vriksh do prakar ke hote haian- kharata d aur shrita d. kharata d ke vriksh rajasthan, gujarat aur panjab mean kahian-kahian mil jate haian. inake patte mote aur kam lambe hote haian.
bhoorjapatr
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bhoorj namak vriksh himalay mean qarib 4,000 mitar ki ooanchaee par bahutayat mean milata hai. isaki bhitari chhal, jise kalidas ne ‘bhoorjatvakh’ kaha hai, kagaz ki tarah hoti hai. yah chhal kee mitar lambi nikal ati hai. alberooni ne likha hai- "madhy aur uttari bharat ke log tooz (bhoorj) vriksh ki chhal par likhate haian. usako bhoorj kahate haian.
agarupatr
[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-12.jpg|thumb|chin ke han rajavansh (206 ee. poo.-220 ee.) mean kagaz banane ki prakriya
1. pe d ki chhal ya san ko pani mean bhigona
2. lugadi ko ubalana
3. ubali lugadi se kagaz banana
4. kagaz ko garm karake sukhana]]
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- agaru vriksh ki chhal bhi, jise asam mean ‘saanchipat’ kahate haian, granth likhane aur chitr banane ke lie prayog hoti thi.
- poorvottar bharat mean is chhal ka hastalipi-lekhan ke lie kafi upayog hua hai.
kagaz
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kagaz ki upalabdhi ne jnan-vijnan aur sanskriti ke vikas mean bahut yogadan diya hai. prachin jagat ki kisi bhi any upalabdhi ko kagaz ke avishkar aur usase janit mudran-kala ke samakaksh nahian rakha ja sakata. in donoan ki avishkaroan ne adhunik manav ke bauddhik jivan par dirghakalin prabhav dala hai. kalpana kijie ki kagaz ka utpadan ruk jata hai aur mudran kary band p d jata hai, tab hamare adhunik samaj ka kya hal hoga? halaanki sanchar ke any sadhan upalabdh haian, magar ve kagaz aur mudran ka sthan nahian le sakate haian. [[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-17.jpg|thumb|150px|left|hath-kagaz, davat aur qalam, 18vian sadi (keळkar sangrahalay, pune)]]
qalam
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narakul ya lak di se bani qalam aur reshoan se bani koochi ko 'lekhani' kahate the. ji. byoohlar apani pustak 'bharatiy lipishastr' mean likhate haian- "likhane ke lie prayukt hone vale upakaran ka samany nam 'lekhani' tha. 'lekhani' ka prayog shalaka, toolika, varnavartika aur varnika, sabhi ke lie hota tha. ‘lekhani’ shabd mahakavyoan mean upalabdh hai."
narakul ya narasal se bani lekhani ko amataur par qalam kahate the, magar is shabd ki vyupatti spasht nahian hai. qalam ke lie deshi sanskrit nam ‘ishika’ ya ‘eeshika’ tha, jisaka shabdarth hai, narakul. narakul, baans ya lak di ke tuk doan ko hamari aj ki (yani aj se qarib sau sal pahale ki) qalamoan ki tarah banakar unase likhane ki sare bharat mean pratha rahi hai. ta dapatr aur bhoorjapatr par likhi gee sari upalabdh hastalipiyaan isi tarah ki qalamoan se likhi gee haian.
syahi
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prachin bharat mean hastalipiyoan ke lie vibhinn prakar ki syahi ka upayog hota tha. magar sabase zyada upayog kali syahi ka hi hota tha, jise sanskrit mean ‘masi’ ya ‘mashi’ kaha jata tha. yah bahut purana shabd hai aur ek grihyasootr mean dekhane ko milata hai. kavi ban, (lagabhag 620 ee.) aur unake poorvavarti subandhu ki kriti vasavadatta mean bhi yah dekhane ko milata hai. ‘masi kajjalamh’ shabdoan se sahaj spasht hai ki, pramukhatah kajal se hi syahi taiyar ki jati thi.
vithika
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devi sarasvati, hath mean pustak, adhar-pith par kushan brahmi lekh, mathura (doosari sadi ee.)
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vishnukuandi vikrameandravarmanh-dvitiy ke chikkull danapatr- k di aur rajamudra sahit
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gilagit hastalipiyoan ka ek bhoorjapatr (lagabhag 600 ee.)
- chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-8.jpg
rajatapatr par kharoshthi lekh, dharmarajika stoop, takshashila (76 ee.)
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unnisavian sadi ke madhyakal ka ek kashmiri chitr, jisamean kagaz-nirman ke sabhi star dikhae ge haian
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chitrakar aur sulipikar apane-apane kam karate hue, akhalaq-i nasiri (lagabhag 1590-95 ee.) ka ek chitr, prians sadaruddin aga khan sangrah, jeneva
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sunahari syahi mean likhit aur chitrit 'kalpasootr' ka ek panna, 1439 ee. (rashtriy sangrahalay, nee dilli)
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svarn par quran ka ek prishth (12vian sadi)
- chitr:Cotton-Fabric-1.jpg
- chitr:Tamrapatra.jpg
- chitr:Old-Quill-Set.jpg
- chitr:Papers-2.jpg
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ anyobhyoapi drishyate
sanbandhit lekh