वर्तनी (हिन्दी)
likhane ki riti ko vartani ya akshari kahate haian. ise 'hijje' bhi kaha jata hai.
uchcharan
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vartani ka sidha sanbandh uchcharan se hota hai. hindi mean jo bola jata hai vahi likha jata hai. yadi uchcharan ashuddh hoga to vartani bhi ashuddh hogi. prayah apani matribhasha ya boli ke karan tatha vyakaran sanbandhi jnan ki kami ke karan uchcharan mean ashuddhiyaan a jati haian jisake karan vartani mean bhi ashuddhiyaan a jati haian.
sanskrit bhasha ke mool shlokoan ko adadhrit karate samay sanyuktakshar purani shaili se bhi likhe ja sakeange. jaise:sanyukt, chihn, vidya, chachchal, vidvan, vriddh, dvitiy, buddhi adi. kiantu yadi inhean bhi uparyukt niyamoan ke anusar hi likha jae to koee apatti nahian hogi.
karak chihn
- hindi ke karak chihn sabhi prakar ke sanjna shabdoan mean pratipadik se prithakh likhe jaean. jaise: ram ko, ram se, stri se, seva mean adi. sarvanam shabdoan mean ye chihn pratipadik ke sath milakar likhe jaean. jaise- toone, apane, tumase, usane, usase adi.
- sarvanamoan ke sath yadi do karak chihn hoan to unamean se pahala milakar aur doosara prithakh likha jae. jaise- usake lie, isamean se.
- sanyukt kriya padoan mean sabhi aangibhoot kriyaean prithak-prithakh likhi jaean. jaise- padha karata hai, a sakata hai, jaya karata hai, khaya karata hai, ja sakata hai, kar sakata hai, khela karega, ghoomata rahega, adi.
haifan (yojak chihn)
- haifan ka vidhan spashtata ke lie kiya gaya hai.
- dvandv samas mean padoan ke bich haifan rakha jae. ram-lakshman, shiv-parvati sanvad, dekh-rekh chal-chalan hansi-majak, len-den, khelana-koodana adi.
- sa, jaisa adi se poorv haifan rakha jae. jaise: tum-sa, ram- jaisa, chakoo-se tikhe.
- tatpurush samas mean haifan ka prayog keval vahian kiya jae jahaan usake bina bhram hone ki sanbhavana ho, anyatha nahian. jaise-bhoo-tatv. samanyat: tatpurush samas mean haifan lagane ki avashyakata nahian hai. jaise ramarajy, rajakumar, gangajal, gramavasi, atmahatya adi.
isi tarah yadi 'a-nakh' (bina nakh ka) samast pad mean haifan n lagaya jae to use 'anakh' padhe jane se 'krodh' ka arth nikal sakata hai. a-nati (namrata ka abhav) anati (tho da), a-paras (jise kisi ne n chhua ho):aparas (ekacharmarog), bhoo-tattv (prithvi-tatv) bhootattv (bhoot hone ka bhav) adi samast padoan ki bhi yahi sthiti hai. ye sabhi yugm vartani aur arth donoan drishtiyoan se bhinn-bhinn shabd haian.
- kathin sandhiyoan se bachane ke lie bhi haifan ka prayog kiya ja sakata hai. jaise-davi-akshar (davyakshar), davi-arthak (davyarthak) adi.
avyay
- 'tak', 'sath', adi avyay sada prithakh likhe jaean. jaise: yahaan tak, apake sath.
- ah, oh, aha, ai, hi, to, so, bhi, n, jab, tab, kab, yahaan vahaan, kahaan, sada, kya, shri, ji, tak, bhar, matr, sath, ki, kiantu, magar, lekin, chahe ya athava, tatha, yatha, aur adi, anek prakar ke bhavoan ka bodh karane vale avyay haian.
kuchh avyayoan ke age karak chihn bhi ate haian. jaise-ab se, tab se, yahaan se, vahaan se, sada se, adi. niyam ke anusar avyay sada prithakh likhe jane chahie. jaise ap hi ke lie, mujh tak ko, apake sath, gaz bharakap da, deshabhar, ratabhar, dinabhar, vah itana bhar kar de, mujhe jane to do, kam bhi nahian bana, pachas rupe matr adi.
- sammanarthak 'shri' aur 'ji' avyay bhi prithakh likhe jaean. jaise:shriram, kanhaiyalal ji, mahatma ji adi. (yadi shri, ji adi vyaktivachak sanjna ke hi bhag hoan to milakar likhe jaean. jaise: shriram, ramaji lal, somayaji adi)
- samast padoan mean prati, matr, yatha adi avyay jo dakar likhe jaean (yani prithakh nahian likhe jaean) jaise pratidin, pratishat, manavamatr, nimittamatr, yathasamay, yathochit adi. yah sarvavidit niyam hai ki samas hone par samast pad ek mana jata hai. at: use vibhakt roop mean n likhakar ek sath likhana hi sangat hai. 'das rupe matr' 'matr do vyakti' mean padabandh ki rachana hai. yahaan matr alag se likha jae (yani milakar nahian likhean)
anusvar (an), chandrabindu (an)
anusvar vyanjan hai aur anunasikata svar ka nasiky vikar. hindi mean ye donoan arthabhedak bhi haian. at: hindi mean anusar (.) aur anunasikata chihn () donoan hi prachalit raheange.
anusvar
- sanskrit shabdoan ka anusvar any vargiy varnoan se pahale yathavath rahega. jaise sanyog, sanrakshan, sanlagn, sanvad, aansh, kans, adi.
- sanyukt vyanjan ke roop mean jahaan pancham varn ke bad savargiy shesh char varnoan mean se koee varn ho to ekarupata aur mudran/lekhan ki suvidha ke lie anusvar ka hi prayog karana chahie. jaise pankaj, ganga, chanchal, kanjoos, kanth, thanda,sant, sandhya, mandir, sanpadak adi (kanth, thanda, sant, mandir, sandhya, sampadak, sambandh, vale roop nahian) koshthak mean rakhe hue roop sanskrit ke udadharanoan mean hi many hoange. hindi mean biandi (anusvar) ka prayog karana hi uchit hoga.
- yadi panchamakshar ke bad kisi any varg ka koee varn ae to panchamakshar anusvar ke roop mean parivartit nahian hoga. jaise va damay,any, chinmay, unmukh, adi (vaanmay, aany, chianmay, uanmukh adi roop grahay nahian hoange)
- pancham varn yadi davittv roop mean (dubara) ay to pancham varn anusvar mean parivartit nahian hoga. jaise- ann, sammelan, sammati adi (aant, sanmelan, sanmati roop grahay nahian hoange).
- aangrezi, urdoo se grihit shabdoan mean adhe varn ya anusvar ke bhram ko door karane ke lie nasiky vyanjan ko poora likhana achchha rahega. jaise limaka, tanakhah, tinaka, tamaga, kamasin adi.
- sanskrit ke kuchh tatsam shabdoan ke aant mean anusvar ka prayog mh ka soochak hai. jaise- ahan (ahamh), evan (evamh), shivan (shivamh),
anunasikata (chandrabiandu)
- hindi ke shabdoan mean uchit dhang se chandrabiandu ka prayog anivary hoga.
- anunasikata vyanjan nahian hai, svaroan ka dhvanigun hai. anunasik svaroan ke uchcharan mean nak se bhi hava nikalati hai. jaise-aan, ooan, ean, maan, hooan, aean.
- chandrabiandu ke bina pray: arth mean bhram ki guanjaish rahati hai. jaise -hans:hans, aangana: aangana, svaang(sv+aang): svaang adi mean.
atev aise bhram ko door karane ke lie chandrabiandu ka prayog avashy kiya jana chahie. kiantu jahaan (visheshakar shirorekha ke oopar ju dane vali matra ke sath) chandrabiandu ke prayog se chhapaee adi mean bahut kathinaee ho aur chandrabiandu ke sthan par biandu ka (anusvar chihn ka) prayog kisi prakar ka bhram utpann n kare, vahaan chandrabiandu ke sthan par biandu ke prayog ki chhoot rahegi. jaise:nahian, mean maian, adi. kavita adi ke prasang mean chhand ki drishti se chandrabiandu ka yatha sthan avashy prayog kiya jae. isi prakar chhote bachchoan ki praveshikaoan mean jahaan chandrabiandu ka uchcharan abhisht ho, vahaan mote aksharoan mean usaka yathasthan sarvatr prayog kiya jae. jaise: kahaan, hansana, aangan, sanvarana, man, maian nahian adi.
visarg (:)
- sanskrit ke jin shabdoan mean visarg ka prayog hota hai, ve yadi tatsam roop mean prayukt hoan to visarg ka prayog avashy kiya jae jaise: 'du:khanubhooti' mean. yadi us shabd ke tadbhav roop mean visarg ka lop ho chuka ho to us roop mean visarg ke bina bhi kam chal jaega. jaise 'dukh-sukh ke sathi'.
- tatsam shabdoan ke aant mean prayukt visarg ka prayog anivary hai. yatha:-at:, pun:, svat:, pray:, poornat:, moolat:, aantat:, vastut:, kramash:, adi.
- 'h' ka aghosh uchcharit roop visarg hai, at: usake sthan par (s) ghosh 'h' ka lekhan kisi halat mean n kiya jae (at: pun: adi ke sthan par atah, punah adi likhana ashuddh vartani
ka udaharan mana jaega. )
- du:sahas/dussahas, ni:shabd/nishshabd ke ubhay roop many hoange. inamean davitv vale roop ko prathamikata di jae.
- ni: svarth many hai(nissavarth uchit nahian hoga)
- nistej, nirvachan, nishchal adi shabdoan visarg vala roop (ni:tej, ni:vachan, ni:chal) n likha jae.
- aant:karan, aant:pur, prat: kal adi shabd visarg ke sath hi likhe jaean.
- tadabhav/deshi shabdoan mean visarg ka prayog n kiya jae. is adhar par chh: likhana galat hoga. chhah likhana hi thik hoga.
- prayadavip, samaptapray adi shabdoan mean tatsam roop mean bhi visarg nahian hai.
- visarg ko varn ke sath milakar likha jae, jabaki kolan chihn (upaviram) shabd se kuchh doori par ho. jaise: at: yoan hai:-
halh chihn
- isako halh chihn kaha jae, n ki halant. vyanjan ke niche laga halh chihn us vyanjan ke svar rahit hone ki soochana deta hai, yani vah vyanjan vishuddh roop se vyanjan hai. is tarah se 'jagat' halant shabd kaha jaega, kyoanki yah shabd vyanjanaant hai, svaraant nahian.
- sanyuktakshar banane ke niyam ke anusar dh, chhh, th, thh, dh, dhh, hh mean halh chihn ka hi prayog hoga. jaise;-chihn, buddha, vidvan adi mean.
- tatsam shabdoan ka prayog vaanchhaniy ho, tab halant rupoan ka hi prayog kiya jae; vishesh roop se tab jab unase samast pad ya vyutpann shabd banate hoan. yatha:- prakh-(pragaitihas) , tejash -(tejasvi), vidyuth -(vidyullata) adi. tatsam sanbodhan mean he rajanh, he bhagavanh roop hi svikrit hoange. hindi shailimean he raja, he bhagavan likhe jaean. jin shabdoan mean halh chihn lupt ho chuka ho unamean use phir se lagane ka prayatn n kiya jae. jaise:- mahanh vidvan adi (kyoanki hindi mean ab 'mahan' se 'mahanata' aur 'vidvanoan' jaise roop prachalit ho chuke haian.
- vyakaran granthoan mean vyanjan sandhi samajhate hue keval utane hi shabd die jaean, jo shabd rachana ko samajhane ke lie avashyak hoan (uth+nayan=unnayan, uth+las=ullas) ya arth ki drishti se upayogi hoan (jagadish, jaganmata, jagajjanani).
- hindi mean hridayangam (hridayamh+gam), sanchit(samh+chith) adi shabdoan ka sandhi-vichchhed samajhane ki avashyakata pratit nahian hoti. isi tarah 'sakshatkar', 'jagadish', 'shatkon', jaise shabdoan ke arth ko samajhane ki avashyakata ho, tabhi unaki sandhi ka havala diya jae. hindi mean inhean svatantr shabdoan ke roop mean grahan karana hi achchha hoga.
svar parivartan
- sanskritamoolak tatsam shabdoan ki vartani ko jyoan-ka-tyoan grahan kiya jae. at: 'brahma' ko 'bramha' ko 'chihn' 'urrin' ko 'urin' mean badalana uchit nahian hoga. isi prakar grahit, drishtavy, pradarshini, atyadhik, anadhikar adi ashuddh prayog grahy nahian haian. inake sthan par kramash: grihit, drashtavy, pradarshani, atyadhik, anadhikar hi likhana chahie.
- jin tatsam shabdoan mean tin vyanjanoan ke sanyog ki sthiti mean ek dvitvamoolak vyanjan lupt ho gaya hai use n likhane ki chhoot hai.:- arddh-ardh, tattv-tattv adi.
'e','au',ka prayog
- hindi mean ai, au ka prayog do prakar ke uchcharan ko vyakt karane ke lie hota hai. pahale prakar ka uchcharan 'hai', aur 'aur', adi mean mool svaroan ki tarah hone laga hai; jabaki doosare prakar ka uchcharan 'gavaiya' , 'kaua' adi shabdoan mean sandhyaksharoan ke roop mean aj bhi surakshit hai. donoan hi prakar ke uchcharanoan ko vyakt karane ke lie inhian chihnoan(ai, au) ka prayog kiya jae. 'gavayya', kavva', adi sanshodhanoan ki avashyakata nahian hai. any udaharan haian:- bhaiya, saiyad, taiyar, hauva, adi.
- dakshin ke ayyar, nayyar, ramayya, adi vyakti namoan ko hindi uchcharan ke anusar aiyar, naiyar, ramaiya adi n likha jae, kyoanki mool bhasha mean isaka uchcharan bhinn hai.
- avval, qavval, qavvali jaise shabd prachalit haian. inhean lekhan mean yathavat rakha jae.
- sanskrit ke tatsam shabd 'shayya' ko 'shaiya' n likha jae.
poorvakalik kridant pratyay 'kar'
- poorvakalin kridant pratyay 'kar' kriya se milakar likha jae. jaise :- milakar, kha+pikar, ro+rokar adi.
- kar+kar se 'karake' aur kara+ kar se 'karake' banega.
vala
- kriya rupoan mean 'karane vala' 'ane vala' 'bolane vala' adi ko alag likha jae. jaise: - maian ghar jane vala hooan jane vale log.
- yojak pratyay ke roop mean 'gharavala' 'topivala' , 'dilavala', doodhavala adi ek shabd ke saman hi likhe jaeange.
- 'vala' jab pratyay ke roop mean aega tab to niyam 2 ke anusar milakar likha jaega, anyatha alag se. yah vala, yah vali, pahale vala, achchha vala, lal vala, kal vali, bat adi mean vala nirdeshak shabd hai. at: ise alag hi likha jae.
isi tarah lanbe baloan vali l daki dadhi vala adami adi shabdoan mean bhi vala alag likha jaega. isase ham rachana ke star par aantar kar sakate haian. jaise- gaanvavala, gaanv vala makan,
shrutimoolak 'y', 'v'
- jahaan shrutimoolak y, v ka prayog vikalp se hota hai vahaan n kiya jae, arthath kie: kiye, nee: nayi, hua: huva adi mean se pahale (svaratmak) rupoan ka prayog kiya jae. yah niyam kriya, visheshan, avyay adi sabhi rupoan aur sthitiyoan mean lagoo mana jae. jaise:- dikhae ge, ram ke lie, pustak liye hue, nee dilli adi.
- jahaan 'y' shrutimoolak vyakaranik parivartan n hokar shabd ka hi mool tattv ho vahaan vaikalpik shrutimoolak svaratmak parivartan karane ki avashyakata nahian hai.
jaise:- sthayi, avyayibhav, dayitv adi (arthath yahaan sthaee, avyeebhav, daitv nahian likha jaega).
videshi dhvaniyaan
urdoo shabd-
urdoo se ae arabi -farasi moolak ve shabd jo hindi ke aang ban chuke haian aur jinaki videshi dhvaniyoan ka hindi dhvaniyoan mean rupaantar ho chuka hai, hindi roop mean hi svikar kie ja sakate haian. jaise:- kalam qila dag adi (qalam, qila dag) nahian). par jahaan unaka shuddh videshi roop mean prayog abhisht ho athava uchcharanagat bhed batana avashyak ho, vahaan unake hindi mean prachalit rupoan mean yathasthan nukte lagae jaean. jaise:-khana: khana, raj: raz phan: fan adi.
aangrezi shabd
aangrezi ke jin shabdoan mean ardhavivrit 'o' dhvani ka prayog hota hai, unake shuddh roop ka hindi mean prayog abhisht hone par 'a' ki matra ke oopar ardhachandr ka prayog kiya jae (aau) jahaan tak aangrezi aur any videshi bhashaoan se ne shabd grahan karane aur unake devanagari lipyantaran ka sanbandh hai, agast-sitanbar, 1962 mean vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog dvara vaijnanik shabdavali par ayojit bhashavidoan ki sangoshthi mean aantararashtriy shabdavali ke devanagari lipyantaran ke sanbandh mean ki gee sifarish ullekhaniy hai. usamean kaha gaya hai ki aangrezi shabdoan ka lipyantaran itana klisht nahian hona chahie ki usake vartaman devanagari varnoan mean anek ne sanket-chihn lagane p dean. aangrezi shabdoan ka devanagari lipyantaran manak aangrezi uchcharan ke adhik-se adhik nikat hona chahie.
dvidha roop vartani
hindi mean kuchh prachalit shabd aise haian jinaki vartani ke do-do roop barabar chal rahe haian. vidvatsamaj mean donoan rupoan ki ek si manyata hai. kuchh udaharan haian:- garadan/gardan, garami/garmi, baraf/barf, bilakul/bilkul, vapas/vapis, bimari/bimari, dukan/dookan, akhirakar/akhirakar, chihan/chinh adi.
any niyam
- shirorekha ka prayog prachalit rahega.
- phulast aaup (poorn viram) ko chho dakar shesh viramamadi chihn vahi grahan kar liye ge haian aangrezi mean prachalit haian. yatha:- (haifan/yojak chihn), (daish/nirdeshak chihn), (kolan eand daish/vivaran chihn) (koma/alpaviram), (semikolan/ardhaviram),: (kolan/upaviram), ? (kvashchan mark/prashn chihn) ! (sain aauf ianterogeshan/vismayasoochak chihn), (apostrafi/oordhv alp viram), " " (dabal ianvarted komaz/uddharanachihn), () [] (tinoan koshthak),
(...lop chihn), (sankshepasoochak chihn) (hansapad).
- visarg ke chihn ko hi kolan ka chihn man liya gaya hai. par donoan mean yah aantar rakha gaya hai ki visarg varn se satakar aur kolan shabd se kuchh doori par rahe.
- poorn viram ke lie kh di paee (.) ka hi prayog kiya jae. vaky ke aant mean biandu (aangrezi phulast aaup) ka nahian.
manak vartani ke prayog ka udaharan
hindi ek vikasashil bhasha hai. sangh ki rajabhasha ghoshit ho jane ke bad yah shanai:-shanai: akhil bharatiy roop grahan kar rahi hai. any kshetriy bhashaoan ke sanpark mean akar, unase bahut kuchh grahan karake aur hinditar bhashiyoan dvara prayukt hote-hote usaka yathasamay ek sarvasammat akhil bharatiy roop vikasit hoga-aisi asha hai. yadyapi yah sahi hai ki ek vistrit bhoo-khand mean aur bahubhashi samaj ke bich vyavahrat kisi bhi vikasashil bhasha ke uchcharanagat gathan mean anekarupata milana svabhavik hai, use vyakaran ke kathor niyamoan mean jak da nahian ja sakata; usake prayogakartaoan ko kisi aise shabd ko, jisake do ya adhik samanaantar roop prachalit ho chuke hoan, ek vishesh roop mean prayukt karane ke lie badhy nahian kiya ja sakata; aise shabdarupoan ke bare mean kisi visheshajn samiti dvara nirnay de dene ke bad bhi unaki grahyata-agrahyata ke vishay mean matabhed bana hi rahata hai; phir bhi prathamat: kam-se-kam lekhan, tankan aur mudran ke kshetr mean to hindi bhasha mean ekaroopata aur manakikaran ki tatkal avashyakata hai. kya aisa karana aj ke yantradhin jivan ki anivaryata nahian hai? bhasha vishayak kathor niyam bana dene se unaki svikaryata to sandehaspad ho jati hai, sath hi bhasha ke svabhavik vikas mean bhi avarodh ane ka tho da sa dar rahata hai. phalat: bhasha gatishil, jivant aur samayanuroop nahian rah pati. hindi varnamala ke manakikaran mean aur hindi vartani ke ekarupata vishayak niyam nirdharit karate samay in sab tathyoan ko dhyan mean rakha gaya hai aur isilie, jahaan tak ban p da hai, kafi had tak udaratapoorn niti apanaee gee hai.
hindi ke sankhyavachak shabdoan ki ekaroopata
hindi pradeshoan mean sankhyavachak shabdoan ke uchcharan aur lekhan mean pray: ekarupata ka abhav dikhaee deta hai. isalie ek se sau tak sabhi sankhyavachak shabdoan par vichar karane ke bad inaka jo manak roop svikrit hua, vah is prakar hai:- ek, do, tin, char, paanch , chhah, sat, ath, nau, das, gyarah, barah, terah, chaudah, pandrah, solah, satrah, atharah, unnis, bis, ikkis, baees, teees, chaubis, pachchis, chhabbis, sattaees, atthaees, unatis, tis, ikatis, battis, taiantis, chauantis, paiantis, chhattis, saiantis, a datis, unatalis, chalis, ikatalis, bayalis, taiantalis, chauvalis, paiantalis, chhiyalis, saiantalis, a datalis, unachas, pachas, ikyavan, bavan, tirapan, chauvan, pachapan, chhappan, sattavan, atthavan, unasath, sath, ikasath, basath, tirasath, chauansath, paiansath, chhiyasath, s dasath, a dasath, unahattar, sattar, ikahattar, bahattar, tihattar, chauhattar, pachahattar, chhihattar, satahattar, athahattar, unyasi, assi, ikyasi, bayasi, tirasi, chaurasi, pachasi, chhiyasi, sattasi, atthasi, navasi, nabbe, ikyanabe, banabe, tiranabe, chauranabe, panchanabe, chhiyanabe, sattanabe, atthanabe, ninyanabe, sau.
kramasoochak sankhyaean
pahala, doosara, tisara, chautha, paanchavaan, chhatha, satavaan, athavaan, nauvaan, dasavaan (pratham dvitiy, tritiy, chaturth, pancham, shashth, saptam, ashtam, navam, dasham).
bhinnasoochak sankhyaean
ek chauthaee, adha, paun, sava(sava ek nahian), dedh (sadhe ek nahian), paune do, sava do, dhaee, (sadhe do nahian), paune tin, sava tin, sadhe tin, adi.
manak vartani
bharat sarakar ke kendriy hindi nideshalay ne sanh 1983 mean shiksha mantralay dvara poorv mean kie hindi bhasha ki lipi v vartani ke manakikaran sanbandhi prayasoan ka samanvit roop 'devanagari lipi tatha hindi vartani ka manakikaran' ke roop mean prastut kiya. inhoanne vartani ke sambandh mean kuchh sujhav prastut kiye hai jinaka vivaran is prakar hai:-
- kh di paee vale vyanjan
kh di paee vale vyanjanoan ke sanyukt roop paranparagat tarike se kh di paee ko hatakar hi banae jaean. yatha:-
| khyati, lagn, vighn | vyas |
| kachcha, chhajja | shlok |
| nagany | rashtriy |
| kutta, pathy, dhvani, nyas | svikrit |
| pyas, dibba, sabhy, ramy | yakshma |
| shayya | tryanbak |
- any vyanjan
- k aur ph / f ke sanyuktakshar pakka, daftar adi ki tarah banae jaean, n ki sanyukt, pakka datphar ki tarah.
- n, chh, t, th, d, dh, d aur h ke sanyuktakshar hal chihn lagakar hi banae jaean. yatha:-
| ashuddh | shuddh |
|---|---|
| vanamay | vanmay |
| vidaya | vidya |
| chihan | chihn |
- sanyukt 'r' ke prachalit tinoan roop yathavath raheange. yatha:- prkar, dhrm, rashtr
- shr ka prachalit roop hi many hoga. ise sh ke sath r mishrit karake nahian likha jaega. t + r ke sanyukt roop ke lie pahale tr ko manak mana gaya hai. isi tarah any sanyukt vyanjanoan par bhi yahi niyam lagoo hoange. jaise:- kr, pr, br, sr, hr adi
- halh chihn yukt varn se banane vale sanyuktakshar ke dvitiy vyanjan ke sath 'i' ki matra ka prayog sanbandhit vyanjan ke tatkal poorv hi kiya jaega, n ki poore yugm se poorv. yatha:-
| ashuddh | shuddh |
|---|---|
| kutatim | kuttim |
| chitathiyaan | chitthiyaan |
ashuddhiyaan
prayah log jin shabdoan ke uchcharan evan vartani mean ashuddhiyaan karate haian, un shabdoan ke ashuddh aur shuddh roop age talika mean diye ja rahe haian-
- svar sanbandhi ashuddhiyaan
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- vyanjan sanbandhi ashuddhiyaan
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