हैदराबाद का इतिहास

[[chitr:Golkunda-Fort-Hyderabad-7.jpg|300px|thumb|golakuanda qila, haidarabad]] haidarabad andhr pradesh, dakshin bharat ki bhootapoorv riyasat tatha usaka mukhy nagar. aitihasik drishti se adhik prachin n hote hue bhi pichhale do sau varshoan se dakshin ki rajaniti mean is nagar ka pramukh bhag raha hai. kakatiy naresh ganapati ne vartaman golakuanda ki paha di par ek kachcha qila banavaya tha. 14vian shati mean is pradesh mean musalamanoan ka adhikar ho jane ke pashchath bahamani rajy sthapit hua. 1482 ee. mean bahamani rajy ke ek soobedar sultan qulikutubulamulk ne is kachche qile ko pakka banavakar golakuanda mean apani rajadhani banavayi.

namakaran

qutubashahi vansh ke paanchave sultan muhammad quli qutubashah ne 1591 ee. mean golakuanda se apani rajadhani hatakar nee rajadhani moosi nadi ke dakshini tat par banaee, jahaan haidarabad sthit hai. rajadhani golakuanda se hatane ka karan tha, vahaan ki kharab jalavayu tatha jal ki kami. yah naya hara bhara tatha khula sthan sultan ne yooan hi ek din yahaan akhet karate hue pasand kar liya tha. usane is naye nagar ka nam apani premika 'bhagamati' ke nam par 'bhaganagar' rakha. moooosi nadi ke pas ek gaanv chichelam, jahaan bhagamati rahati thi, ne nagar ke bhavi vikas ka kendr bana. sundari bhagamati ko qutubashah ne bad mean 'haidaramal' ki upadhi pradan ki aur tatpashchath bhaganagar bhi haidarabad kahalane laga. yah bhi kaha jata hai ki vartaman haidarabad ke sthan par prachin samay me 'patashila' namak nagar basa hua tha. qutubashah farasi bhasha ka achchha kavi tha. 'chichelam' gram ke sthan par 'charaminar' namak bhavan banavaya gaya, jisake oopar ek hindoo mandir sthit tha. giradhari prasad dvara rachit 'haidarabad ke itihas' dvara soochit hota hai ki charaminar ke oopar ek kalapoorn phavvara bhi tha. haidarabad ke anek bhavanoan mean 'khudadad' namak mahal qutubashah ko bahut priy tha. isake vishay mean usane apani kavita mean likha hai ki- "yah mahal svarg ke saman hi sundar tatha sukhadaee tha. yahaan usaki barah begamean tatha premikaane rahati thian."

tॅvaraniyar ka ullekh

haidarabad ka naksha trikon tha. isamean golakuanda ki sari abadi ko lakar basaya gaya tha. nagar shighr hi unnati karata chala gaya. fraansisi yatri jin baiptist tॅvaraniyar ne, jo yahaan nagar ke nirman ke tho de hi samay ke pashchath aya tha, likha hai ki- "nagar ko bahut hi kalapoorn dhang se banaya tatha niyojit kiya gaya tha aur usaki s dakean bhi bahut chaian di thian. nagar mean char bazaroan ka nirman kiya gaya tha, jinake pravesh dvaroan par char kaman namak toran banavae gaye the. inake dakshin ki or charaminar sthit hai." isaka prayojan abhi tak nishchit nahian kiya ja saka hai.

mugal adhipaty

1397-98 mean vishal 'jama masjid' banakar taiyar huee. isi samay ke as-pas moosi nadi ka pul, rajaprasad, 'gulajar hauj', 'khudadad mahal' aur 'nandi mahal' ityadi banean. haidarabad shighr hi apane sauandary aur vaibhav ke karan jag prasiddh nagar ho gaya. faras ke shah ke rajadoot tatha tahamasp shah ka putr, yahaan kee varshoan tak rahate rahe. 1617 ee. mean mugal badashah jahaangir ke do rajadoot 'miramakki' tatha 'muanshi jadavaray' yahaan niyukt the. haidarabad par mugal badashah aurangazeb ki bahut dinoan se kudrishti thi. usane 1697 ee. mean golakuanda par chadhaee karake qile ko hastagat kar liya aur haidarabad ka nagar bhi usake hath mean a gaya. mugal samrajy ki avanati hone par mohammad rangile ke shasanakal mean dakkan ka soobedar nizamulamulk asaf khaan svatantr ho gaya aur 1724 ee. mean usane haidarabad ki svatantr riyasat kayam kar li. un dinoan marathoan ki badhati huee shakti ke karan nizam ki dasha achchhi n thi, kintu 18vian shati ke ant mean aangrezoan se 'sahayak sandhi' karane ke uparant nizam aangrezoan ke niyantran mean a gaya aur usaki riyasat ki raksha svatantrata bech kar huee.

svatantr rajy ki sthapana

1724 ee. mean chinakilich khaan ne haidarabad mean svatantr rajy ki sthapana ki. use prayah 'nizamulamulk' ke nam se jana jata hai. sarvapratham zulfiqar khaan ne dakkan mean svatantr rajy sthapit karane ka sapana tab dekha, jab bahadurashah pratham ke samay 1708 ee. mean vah dakkan ka vayasaray bana tha. parantu 1713 ee. mean usaki mrityu ke bad yah yojana samapt ho gayi. nizamulamulk turani gut ka tha. usane saiyyad bandhuoan ke patan me mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhayi thi. 1722 ee. mean nizamulamulk ko dilli mean vazir ka pad diya gaya. vazir ke pad par kary karate hue chinakilich khaan dilli darabar ke dooshit mahaul ko dekhate hue 1723 ee. ke ant mean shikar khelane ke bahane dakkan chala gaya.

aitihasik imaratean tatha mandir

[[chitr:Mecca-Masjid-Hyderabad.jpg|280px|thumb|makka masjid, haidarabad]] haidarabad mean kee aitihasik mandir bhi sthit haian. isamean 'jhamasianh ka mandir' prasiddh hai, jise tritiy nizam sikandarashah ke samay mean usake ashvasenapati jhamasianh ne banavaya tha. yah mandir balaji ka hai. isake liye nizam ne jagir bhi nishchit ki thi. is mandir ke dvar par ashv pratimaane bani haian. haidarabad ki rejideansi 1803 se 1808 ee. tak bani thi. isako keptan echilij krikapetrik ne banavaya tha. krikapetrik ne apani musalaman begam khairoonnisa ke lie rejideansi ke aandar rangamahal banavaya tha. husain sagar jhil, jo dedh mil lambi hai, 1560 ee. ke lagabhag ibrahim quli qutubashah dvara banavaee gee thi. purane samay mean is jhil ke tat par do sarayean thian, jinamean paraspar gooanj dvara bat ki ja sakati thi. vishal 'makka masjid' ko golakuanda ke sultan muhammad qutubashah ne banavana prarambh kiya tha aur yah aurangazeb ke samay mean 1687 ee. mean poori huee. fraansisi saradar remand ka maqabara surooranagar ki paha di par hai. nizam ki or se yah saradar khurda (kurdala) ki l daee mean marathoan se l da tha. is maqabare ke pas veankateshvar ka ati prachin mandir hai. sikandarabad, haidarabad ke nikat fauji chhavani hai. 1806 ee. mean aangrezoan ki sahayak sena pratham bar yahaan akar rahane lagi thi. sikandarabad ko sikandarajah tritiy nizam ne basaya tha. yahaan 19vian shati mean sar roneld r aaus ne maleriya ke machchhar ki khoj ki thi.

riyasat

dakshin-madhy bharat ka poorv samanti rajy, nizam-ul-mulk (mir qamarooddin) dvara sthapit, jo 1713 se 1721 tak dakkan mean lagatar mugal badashahoan ke soobedar rahe. unhean 1724 yah pad phir se mila aur unhoanne asafajah ki upadhi grahan ki. vastutah is samay tak vah svatantr ho ge the. unhoanne haidarabad mean nizamashahi ki sthapana ki. 1748 mean unaki mrityu ke bad aangrezoan aur fraansisiyoan ne uttaradhikar ke lie hue yuddhoan mean bhag liya.

british adhipaty

asthayi roop se maisoor ke shasak haidar ali ke sath rahane ke bad 1767 mean nizam ali ne 'masulipatatam ki sandhi' (1768) dvara british adhipaty svikar kar liya. 1778 mean unake rajy mean ek british rezideant aur sahayak sena tainat ki gee. 1795 mean nizam ali khaan apane kuchh kshetr, jinamean barar ke kuchh hisse bhi shamil the, marathoan ke hath har ge. jab unhoanne sahayata ke lie fraansisiyoan ki or dekha, to aangrezoan ne unake rajy mean tainat apani sahayak sena ko badha diya. tipoo sultan ke viruddh 1792 aur 1799 mean aangrezoan ke sahayogi ke roop mean jit mean nizam ko mile kshetr is sena ka kharch chalane ke lie aangrezoan ko de die ge.

nizam ali ka samajhauta

[[chitr:Charminar-Hyderabad-3.jpg|thumb|charaminar, haidarabad
Charminar, Hyderabad]] tin or (uttar, dakshin aur poorv) se british adhipaty vale athava un par nirbhar kshetroan se ghire hone se nizam ali khaan 1798 mean british shasan ke sath ek samajhauta karane par majaboor ho ge. is samajhaute ke anusar unhoanne apana rajy aangrezoan ke sanrakshan mean de diya. is prakar vah aisa karane vale pahale shasak bane, lekin aandarooni mamaloan mean unaki svatantrata ki pushti ki gee. nizam ali khaan doosare aur tisare maratha yuddhoan (1803-1805, 1815-1819) mean aangrezoan ke sahayogi the aur nizam nasirooddaula v haidarabad ka sainik dasta bharatiy kraanti (1857-58) ke dauran british shasan ke vafadar rahe. 1918 mean nizam mir usman ali ko ‘hij ekz aaulted haines’ ki upadhi di gee, yadyapi bharat ki british sarakar ne kushasan ki sthiti mean unake rajy mean hastakshep karane ka adhikar surakshit rakha. haidarabad ek shaant, lekin kuchh pichh da hua samanti rajy bana raha, jabaki bharat mean svatantrata aandolan zor pak data gaya.

hindoo-muslim ekata

19vian shatabdi ke dauran asafajahiyoan ne purane shahar ke uttar mean moosa nadi ke par vistar kar punah shakti ekatrit karana aranbh kiya. uttar ki or sikandarabad ek british chhavani ke roop mean vikasit hua, jo husain sagar jhil par bane ek mil lanbe band (tatabandh) dvara haidarabad se ju da tha. yah band ek vihar sthal ka kary karata hai aur nagar ka gaurav tha. hindoo v muslim shailiyoan ka suandar ammishran pradarshit karane vali kee nee sanrachanaean bad mean banaee geean. nizamoan ke shasan mean hindoo aur musalaman bhaeechare se rahate the, yadyapi bharat ki azadi ke turant bad ek kattar muslim gut razakaroan ne rajy aur nagar mean tanav paida kar diya tha.

bharatiy upamahadvip ka vibhajan

1947 mean bharatiy upamahadvip ka vibhajan hone par nizam ne bharat mean shamil hone ki apeksha svatantr rahana chaha. 29 navanbar, 1947 mean unhoanne bharat ke sath ek sal ki avadhi ka yathasthiti qayam rakhane ka samajhauta kiya aur bharatiy senaean hata li geean. samasyaean bani rahian, lekin nizam ne apani svayatta manavane ke prayas jari rakhe. bharat ne zor diya ki haidarabad bharat mean shamil ho jae. nizam ne briten ke raja j aaurj VI ke samaksh guhar ki. 13 sitanbar, 1948 ko bharat ne haidarabad par akraman kar diya aur char din ke aandar is rajy ne svatantr bharat mean sammilit hona svikar kar liya. kuchh samay ke lie sainik v asthaee nagarik sarakaroan ke bad rajy mean march, 1952 mean ek lokapriy sarakar v vidhanasabha ka gathan kiya gaya.

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madhyamik

poornata

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