पंचांग

any sambandhit lekh divas mas varsh nakshatr sanvat manvantar kalp adhik mas adhivarsh paksh ayan

panchaang

panchaang kal, din ko namankit karane ki ek pranali hai. panchaang ke chakr ko khagoliy tatvoan se jo da jata hai. barah mas ka ek varsh aur 7 din ka ek saptah rakhane ka prachalan vikram sanvat se shuroo hua. mahine ka hisab soory v chandrama ki gati par rakha jata hai. ganana ke adhar par hiandoo panchaang ki tin dharaean haian- pahali chandr adharit, doosari nakshatr adharit aur tisari soory adharit kaileandar paddhati. bhinn-bhinn roop mean yah poore bharat mean mana jata hai. ek sal mean 12 mahine hote haian. pratyek mahine mean 15 din ke do paksh hote haian- shukl aur krishna. pratyek sal mean do ayan hote haian. in do ayanoan ki rashiyoan mean 27 nakshatr bhraman karate rahate haian.

arth

• lok-jivan mean dharmik utsavoan evan jyotishiy jnan ke hetu, pahale se hi dinoan, masoan evan varsh ke sambandh mean jo vidhipoorvak granth ya sangrah banata hai use "panchaang" ya panjika ya panji kahate haian.
• vratoan evan utsavoan ke sampadan ke samyak kaloan tatha yajn, upanayan, vivah adi dharmik krityoan ke lie uchit kaloan ke parijnan ke lie hamean panji ya panchaang ki avashyakata p dati hai.

panchaang ke prakar

• bharat mean eesaiyoan, parasiyoan, musalamanoan evan hinduoan ke dvara sambhavat: tis panchaang vyavahar mean lae jate haian.
• ajakal hinduoan dvara kee prakar ke panchag prayog mean laye jate hai. inamean se kuchh panchaang 'soory siddhant' par, kuchh 'ary siddhant' par aur kuchh apekshakrit pashchatkalin granthoan par adharit haian.
• kuchh panchag 'chaitr shukl pratipada' se, kuchh 'kartik shukl pratipada' se arambh kie jate haian. kuchh aise sthan haian, jaise-
• halar prant , jahaan par varsh ka arambh 'ashadh shukl pratipada' se hota hai. gujarat evan uttari bharat, bangal ko chho dakar, mean 'vikram sanvat', dakshin bharat mean 'shak sanvat' aur kashmir mean 'laukik sanvat' ka prayog hota hai.
• uttari bharat evan telangana mean mas 'poornimant' arthat poornima se samapt hote haian.
• bangal, maharashtr evan dakshin bharat mean 'amant' arthat amavasya se ant hone vale hote haian.

parinamat: kuchh upavas evan utsav, jo bharat mean sarvabhaum roop mean prachalit haian, jaise - ekadashi evan shivaratri ke upavas evan shri krishna janm sambandhi utsav vibhinn bhagoan mean vibhinn sampradayoan ke dvara do vibhinn dinoan mean hote haian aur kuchh utsavoan ke dinoan mean to ek mas tak ka antar p d jata hai. jaise - 'poornimant' manyata se koee utsav 'ashvin krishna paksh' mean ho to vahi utsav 'bhadrapad krishna paksh' mean 'amant' ganana ke anusar ho sakata hai aur vahi utsav ek mas ke uparant manaya ja sakata hai. ajakal to yah vibhramata bahut badh gayi hai. kuchh panchaang, jo navik panchaang par adharit haian, is prakar vyavasthit hai ki grahan jaisi ghatanaean usi prakar ghatean jaisa ki log apani aankhoan se dekh lete haian. dakshin bharat mean bahut-si panjikaean haian.

• tamilanadu mean do prakar ki panjikaean haian-

1. ek drikh-ganit par adharit aur
2. doosari vaky-vidhi par adharit.

• pudukottaee panchaang, jo vaky vidhi vale hai, usi nam vale rajaoan ke dvara prakashit hote haian.
• shrirangamh panchaang, jo vaky prakar vale haian, ramanujiy vaishnavoan dvara vyavahar mean laye jate haian, kintu madhvoan (vaishnavoan ke ek sampraday ke logoan) ke lie ek any prakar ka panchaang many hai.
• smartoan dvara kanjanoor panchaang vyavahrit hote hai, jo atyadhik prachalit hai aur vaky panchaang hai. smart shankarachary ki manyata se prakashit drik-panchaang ko vyavahar mean nahian late haian.
• telugu log ganesh daivajn ke 'grahalaghav', jo san 1520 mean nirmit hai, par adharit 'siddhant-chandr' panchaang ka prayog karate haian.
• malavar mean 'drikh-panchaang' ka prayog kiya jata haian kintu vah parahit nam vali malavar-paddhati par adharit hai, tamiloan dvara prayukt drikh-panchaang par nahian.
• telugu log 'chandr ganana' karate haian aur 'chaitr shukl' se 'yugadi' namak varsh ka arambh manate haian. isase alag tamil 'saur ganana' ko manate haian aur apane chaitr ka arambh 'mesh vishuv' se karate haian aur unake vrat evan dharmik kary, jo tithiyoan par adharit haian, chandrabhan ke anusar manaye jate haian.
• bangali 'saur mas' evan 'chandr dinoan' ka prayog karate haian, jo malamas ke milane se trivarshiy anukoolan ka dyotak hai.

panchaang ke siddhaant

panchaang ke mukhyat: tin siddhant prayog mean laye jate haian, -

1. soory siddhant - apani vishuddhata ke karan sare bharat mean prayog mean laya jata hai.
2. ary siddhant - travanakor, malavar, karnatak mean madhvoan dvara, madras ke tamil janapadoan mean prayog kiya jata hai, evan
3. brahmasiddhant - gujarat evan rajasthan mean prayog kiya jata hai.

vishesh
brahmasiddhant siddhant ab soory siddhant siddhant ke paksh mean samapt hota ja raha hai. siddhantoan mean mahayug se gananaean ki jati haian, jo itani klisht haian ki unake adhar par sidhe dhang se panchaang banana kathin hai. atah siddhantoan par adharit 'karan' namak granthoan ke adhar par panchaang nirmit kie jate haian, jaise - bangal mean makarand, ganesh ka grahalaghav. grahalaghav ki talikaean dakshin, madhy bharat tatha bharat ke kuchh bhagoan mean hi prayog mean layi jati haian.

• siddhantoan mean antar ke do mahatvapoorn tatv mahatvapoorn haian -

1. varsh vistar ke vishay mean. varshaman ka antar keval kuchh vipaloan ka hai, aur
2. kalp ya mahayug ya yug mean chandr evan grahoan ki chakr-gatiyoan ki sankhya ke vishay mean.

• yah keval bharat mean hi paya gaya hai. ajakal ka yooropiy panchaang bhi asantoshajanak hai.

panchaang ka itihas

• ee. poo. 46 mean juliyas sizar ne ek sanshodhit panchaang nirmit kiya tha jisamean prati chauthe varsh 'lip varsh ki vyavastha thi. parantu us panchaang ki gananaean sahi nahian rahian, kyoanki san 1582 mean 'vasantik vishuv' 21 march ko n hokar 10 march ko hua tha.
• pop gregori 13vean ne ghoshana ki thi ki 4 aktoobar ke bad 15 aktoobar hona chahie aur das dinoan ko samapt kar diya gaya. usane bataya ki jab tak 400 se bhag n lag jae tab tak shati varshoan mean 'lip' varsh nahian hona chahie. at: 1700, 1800, 1900 eesviyoan mean atirikt din nahian hoga, keval 2000 ee. mean hoga. kiantu usamean bhi truti rah hi gayi, 33 shatiyoan se adhik varshoan ke uparant hi ek din ghataya jaega.
• adhunik jyotishashastr ki ginati se gregori varsh '26 sekend' adhik hai. sudharavadi protestent ianglaiand ne san 1740 ee. tak pop gregori ke sudhar ko manyata nahian di, jabaki qanoon bhi bana ki 2 sitambar ko 3 sitambar n man kar 14 sitambar mana jae aur 11 din chho d die jaean. phir bhi yooropiy panchaang mean dosh rah gaya. yooropiy panchaang mean mas mean 28 se 31 din hote haian, ek varsh ke bad mean 90 se 92 din hote haian; varsh ke donoan ardhaanshoan, janavari se joon aur julaee se disambar mean kram se 181 (ya 182) evan 184 din hote haian; mas mean karm din 24 se 27 hote haian tatha varsh evan mas vibhinn saptah-dinoan se arambh hote hai.
• vratoan ka raja eestar san 1751 ke uparant 35 vibhinn saptah dinoan mean arthat 22 march se 25 aprail tak p da, kyoanki eestar 21 march par ya usake uparant p dane vali poornima ka pratham ravivar hai.

adhunik panchaang

adhunik panchaang mean sanvat, varsh, mas, mas-din tatha any dharmik evan samajik ruchipoorn batean smmilit haian. manushy ko yug, varsh, mas ke vistaroan ka jnan bahut bad mean hua. chandr mas 29½ din se kuchh adhik tatha ayanavrittiy varsh 365¼ dinoan se kuchh kam hota hai. ye visham avadhiyaan haian. sadharan jivan evan panchaangoan ke lie poorn, sam vibhakt dinoan ki avashyakata hoti hai aur varsh evan mas ka arambh bhali-bhaanti vyakhyayit hona chahie, aur unamean rrituoan evan kisi sanvat ka prayog atyant avashyak hai. ye hi panchaang ki avashyakataean haian.

any panchaang

• musalamanoan ne ayanavrittiy varsh ke vistar par dhyan nahian diya aur chandr ko kal ka mapak manakar is jatilata ka samadhan kar liya. unaka varsh vishuddh 'chandr varsh' hai. isaka parinam yah hua ki musalamani varsh keval 354 dinoan ka ho gaya aur lagabhag 33 varshoan mean unake sabhi utsav varsh ke sabhi masoan mean ghoom jate haian.
• prachin misr mean chandr ko kal ke mapak roop mean nahian mana aur unake varsh mean 365 din the, 30 dinoan ke 12 mas evan 5 atirikt din. unake purohit-gan 3000 varshoan tak yahi vidhi apanate rahe; unake yahaan atirikt varsh ya malamas nahian the.
• rrigved mean bhi atirikt mas ka ullekh hai, kintu yah kis prakar vyavasthit tha, vedaang jyotish ne paanch varshoan mean do mas jo d die haian. prachin kal mean masoan ki ganana chandr se evan varshoan ki soory se hoti thi. log pahale se sahi jan lena chahate the ki vrat evan utsavoan ke lie poornima ya pariva (pratipada) kab p degi, kab varsha hogi, sharad kab ayegi aur kab bij dalean jaean aur ann ke paudhe kate jaeange. yajnoan ka sampadan vasant rritu mean ya any rrituoan mean, pratham tithi ya poornima ko hota tha.
• chandr varsh ke 354 din saur varsh ke dinoan se 11 kam p date the. atah yadi keval chandr varsh ki ganana ho to rrituoan ko pichhe hatana p d jaega. isilie kee deshoan mean adhik mas ki yojana nishchit huee.
• yoonaniyoan mean 'aauktaeteris' ki yojana thi, jisamean 99 mas the, jinamean tisara, paanchavaan evan athavaan malamas the. isake uparant 19 varshoan ka metanik vritt bana, jisamean 7 adhik mas (19×12+7=235) nirdharit hue.
• olmastid ka kathan hai ki bebilon mean malamas-vritt ath varshoan ka tha, jise yoonaniyoan ne apanaya tha.
• phadirangham ka kahana hai ki bebiloni malamas – paddhati ee0 poo0 528 tak asanyamit thi tatha yoonan mean ee0 poo0 paanchavian evan chauthi shatiyoan mean avyavasthit thi.

bharat mean sanvat ka prayog

bharat mean janm-patrikaoan mean sanvato ka prayog lagabhag 2000 varshoan se adhik prachin nahian hai. sanvat ka prayog hindoo-sithiyanoan dvara, jinhoanne adhunik afaganistan evan uttar-pashchimi bharat mean lagabhag ee0 poo0 100 evan 100 ee0 ke bich shasan kiya, unake vrittantoan mean hua. yah bat keval bharat mean hi nahian payi gayi, pratyut misr, bebilon, yoonan evan rom mean sanvat ka lagatar prayog bahut bad mean jakar prarambh hua.

• jyotirvidabharan mean kaliyug ke 6 vyaktiyoan ke nam ae haian, jinhoanne sanvat chalaye the, yatha-

1. yudhishthar,
2. vikram,
3. shalivahan,
4. vijayabhinandan,
5. nagarjun evan
6. kalki,

• yah kram se 3044, 135, 18000, 10000, 400000 evan 821 varshoan tak chalate rahe. prachin deshoan mean sanvat ka lagatar prayog nahian tha, keval shasan-varsh hi prayukt hote the.

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1. ashok ke adesh lekhanoan mean keval shasan-varsh hi prayukt hai.
2. kautily ne malaguzari sangrah karane vale ki kary vyavastha karane ke lie kaloan ki or bhi, sanket kiya hai, jinase malaguzari ekatr karane vale sambandhit the, jaise - rajavarsh, mas, paksh, din adi.
3. phlit, shamashastri adi ne vachan ko kee dhang se anoodit kiya hai. vibhinn arthoan ka karan hai 'vyusht' shabd ka prayog. 'vyusht' ka shabdik arth hai 'pratahkal ya prakash' aur yahaan tatpary hai 'varsh ka pratham din, jo shubh mana jata hai.' lekhak is kathan ka anuvad is prakar karata hai, "rajavarsh, mas, paksh, din, shubh (varsh ka pratham din), tin rrituoan, yatha varsha, hemant, grishm ke tisare evan satavean paksh mean ek din (30 mean) kam hai, any paksh poorn haian (mas mean poorn 30 din haian), malamas (adhik mas) prithak (kalavadhi) hai. ye sabhi ve kal haian, jinhean malaguzari sangrah karane vala dhyan mean rakhega.
4. yahi ganana vyavahar roop se kushanoan evan satavahanoan ke kaloan tak chalati gayi aur shasan-varsh hi hprayog mean laye jate rahe. saik doan varshoan tak bharat mean vibhinn prakar ke sanvat prayog mean ate rahe, isase kal nirnay evan itihas mean b de-b de bhram upasthit ho ge haian.

sanvat ke prakar

• albarooni ne paanch sanvatoan ke nam die haian, yatha -

1. shriharsh,
2. vikramadity,
3. shak,
4. vallabh evan
5. gupt sanvat.

• prachin kal mean bhi kaliyug ke arambh ke vishay mean vibhinn mat rahe haian. adhunik mat hai ki kaliyug ee0 poo0 3102 mean arambh hua. is vishay mean char pramukh drishtikon haian-

1. yudhishthar ne jab rajy sianhasanarohan kiya;
2. yah 36 varsh uparant arambh hua jab ki yudhishthar ne arjun ke pautr parikshit ko raja banaya;
3. puranoan ke anusar krishna ke dehavasan ke uparant yah arambh hua.;
4. varahamihir ke mat se yudhishthar-sanvat ka arambh shak-sanvat ke 2426 varsh pahale hua, arthat doosare mat ke anusar, kaliyug ke 653 varshoan ke uparant prarambh hua.

• aihol shilalekh ne sambhavatah doosare mat ka anusaran kiya hai; kyoanki usamean shak-sanvat 556 se poorv 3735 kaliyug sanvat mana gaya hai.
• pashchatkalin jyotiahshastriy granthoan ke anusar kaliyug sanvat ke 3719 varshoan ke uparant shak sanvat ka arambh hua.
• kaliyug sanvat ke vishay mean sabase prachin sanket aryabhatt dvara diya gaya hai. unhoanne kaha hai ki jab ve 23 varsh ke the tab kaliyug ke 3600 varsh vyatit ho chuke the arthat ve 476 ee. mean utpann hue.
• ek chol vrittantalekhan kaliyug sanvat 4044 (943 ee0) ka hai. , jahaan bahut-se shilalekhoan mean ullikhit kaliyug sanvat ka vivechan kiya gaya hai.
• madhyakal ke bharatiy jyotishiyoan ne mana hai ki kaliyug evan kalp ke prarambh mean sabhi grah, soory evan chandr ko milakar chaitr shukl-pratipada ko ravivar ke sooryoday ke samay ek sath ekatr the.
• barges evan da0 saha jaise adhunik lekhak is kathan ko keval kalpanatmak manate haian. kintu prachin siddhant lekhakoan ke kathan ko keval kalpana man lena uchit nahian hai. yah sambhav hai ki siddhant lekhakoan ke samaksh koee ati prachin parampara rahi ho.
• pratyek dharmik krity ke sankalp mean krityakarta ko kal ke b de bhagoan evan vibhagoan ko shvetavarah kalp ke arambh se kahana p data hai, yatha vaivasvat manvantar, kaliyug ka pratham charan, bharat mean krity karane ki bhaugolik sthiti, soory, brihaspati evan any grahoan vali rashiyoan ke nam, varsh ka nam, mas, paksh, tithi, nakshatr, yog evan karan ke nam.
• deval ka kathan hai ki yadi krityakarta mas, paksh, tithi, (krity ke) avasar ka ullekh nahian karata to vah krity ka phal nahian prapt karega . yah hai bharatiyoan ke dharmik jivan mean sanvatoan, varshoan evan inake bhagoan evan vibhagoan ki mahatta. atah pratyek bharatiy (hindoo) ke lie panchaang anivary hai.

vikram sanvat

• vikram sanvat ke udbhav evan prayog ke vishay mean kuchh kahana mushkil hai. yahi bat shak-sanvat ke vishay mean bhi hai. kisi vikramadity raja ke vishay mean, jo ee0 poo0 57 mean tha, sandeh prakat kie ge haian. is sanvat ka arambh gujarat mean kartik shukl pratipada se (navambar, ee0 poo0 58) hai aur uttari bharat mean chaitr krishna pratipada (aprail, ee0 poo0 58) se. bita hua vikram varsh eesvi sanh+57 ke barabar hai. kuchh arambhik shilalekhoan mean ye varsh krit ke nam se aye haian .
• vidvanoan ne samanyatah 'krit sanvat' ko 'vikram sanvat' ka poorvavarti mana hai. kintu 'krit' shabd ke prayog ki vyakhya santoshajanak nahian ki ja saki hai. kuchh shilalekhoan mean maval-gan ka sanvat ullikhit hai, jaise - naravarma ka mandasaur shilalekh. 'krit' evan 'malav' sanvat ek hi kahe ge haian, kyoanki donoan poorvi rajasthan evan pashchimi malava mean prayog mean laye gaye haian. krit ke 282 evan 295 varsh to milate haian kintu malav sanvat ke itane prachin shilalekh nahian milate. yah bhi sambhav hai ki krit nam purana hai aur jab malavoan ne use apana liya to vah 'malav-ganamnat' ya 'malav-gan-sthiti' ke nam se pukara jane laga. kintu yah kaha ja sakata hai ki yadi krit evan malav donoan bad mean ane vale vikram sanvat ki or hi sanket karate haian, to donoan ek sath hi lagabhag ek sau varshoan tak prayog mean ate rahe, kyoanki hamean 480 krit varsh evan 461 malav varsh prapt hote haian. yah manana kathin hai ki krit sanvat ka prayog kritayug ke arambh se hua. yah sambhav hai ki 'krit' ka vahi arth hai jo 'siddh' ka hai jaise - 'kritant' ka arth hai 'siddhant' aur yah sanket karata hai ki yah kuchh logoan ki sahamati se pratishthapit hua hai. 8vian evan 9vian shati se vikram sanvat ka nam vishisht roop se milata hai. sanskrit ke jyoti:shastriy granthoan mean yah shak sanvat se bhinnata pradarshit karane ke lie yah samanyatah keval sanvat nam se prayog kiya gaya hai. 'chaluky vikramadity shashth' ke 'vedarave shilalekh' se pata chalata hai ki raja ne shak sanvat ke sthan par 'chaluky vikram sanvat' chalaya, jisaka pratham varsh tha - 1076-77 ee0.

shak sanvat

• 500 ee. ke uparant sanskrit mean likhit sabhi jyotiahshastriy granth shak sanvat ka prayog karane lage. is sanvat ka yah nam kyoan p da, is vishay mean vibhinn ek mat haian. ise kushan raja kanishk ne chalaya ya kisi any ne, is vishay mean antim roop se kuchh nahian kaha ja saka hai. yah ek katin samasya hai jo bharatiy itihas aur kal nirnay ki atyant kathin samasyaoan mean mani jati hai.
• varahamihir ne ise shak-kal tatha shak-bhoopakal kaha hai.
• utpal (lagabhag 966 ee0) ne brihatsanhita ki vyakhya mean kaha hai - jab vikramadity dvara shak raja mara gaya to yah sanvat chala. isake varsh chandr-saur-ganana ke lie chaitr se evan saur ganana ke lie mesh se arambh hote the. isake varsh samanyatah bite hue haian aur san 78 ee0 ke 'vasantik vishuv' se yah arambh kiya gaya hai. sabase prachin shilalekh, jisamean spasht roop se shak sanvat ka ullekh hai, 'chaluky vallabheshvar' ka hai, jisaki tithi 465 shak sanvat arthat 543 ee0 hai. kshatrap rajaoan ke shilalekhoan mean varshoan ki sankhya vyakt hai, kintu sanvat ka nam nahian hai, kintu ve sankhyaean shak kal ki dyotak haian, aisa samanyatah logoan ka mat hai. kuchh logoan ne kushan raja kanishk ko shak sanvat ka pratishthapak mana hai. *pashchatkalin, madhyavarti evan vartaman kaloan mean, jyotirvidabharan mean bhi yahi bat hai, shak sanvat ka nam 'shalivahan' hai. kintu sanvat ke roop mean shalivahan roop 13vian ya 14vian shati ke shilalekhoan mean aya hai. yah sambhav hai ki satavahan nam 'shalavahan' bana aur 'shalivahan' ke roop mean a gaya.
• kashmir mean prayukt saptarshi sanvat ek any sanvat hai, jo laukik sanvat ke nam se bhi prasiddh hai. rajatarangini ke anusar laukik varsh 24 gat shak sanvat 1070 ke barabar hai. is sanvat ke upayog mean samanyatah shatabdiyaan nahian di huee haian. yah chandr-saur sanvat hai aur chaitr shukl ki pratipada ko ee0 poo0 aprail 3076 mean arambh hua.
• brihatsanhita ne ek parampara ka ullekh kiya hai ki saptarshi ek nakshatr mean sau varshoan tak rahate haian aur jab yudhishthar rajy kar rahe the to ve mesh rashi mean the. sambhavatah yahi sau varshoan vale vrittoan ka udgam hai.
• bahut-se any sanvath bhi the, jaise - vardhaman, buddh-nirvan, gupt, chedi, harsh, lakshmanasen bangal mean, kollam ya parashuram malavar mean, jo kisi samay kam se kam laukik jivan mean bahut prachalit the.

kal ki avadhiyaan

sabhi deshoan mean kal ki maulik avadhiyaan saman hi haian, jaise - din, mas, varsh, jisamean rrituean bhi haian. varsh 'yug athava kal' ke aansh ya bhag hote haian jo kal-kramoan evan itihas ke lie b de hi mahatvapoorn haian. halaanki kal ki avadhiyaan saman haian phir bhi masoan evan varshoan ki vyavastha mean dinoan ke kram mean antar paya jata hai. dinoan ki avadhiyaan, din ke arambh-kal, rrituoan evan masoan mean varshoan ka vibhajan, pratyek mas evan varsh mean dinoan ki sankhya aur vibhinn prakar ke masoan mean antar paya jata hai. kal ke b de mapak haian soory evan chandr. saman dhuri par prithvi ke ghoomane se din ka nirman hota haian. mas pramukhatah chandr ganana par adharit hai aur varsh soory ki pratyaksh gati hai kintu vastut: yah soory ke chaturdik prithvi ka bhraman hai. 'ayanavrittiy varsh' soory ke 'vasantik vishuv' se agrim vishuv tak ka samay hai. ayanavrittiy (tropical) varsh, nakshatriy varsh (ek hi achal tare par soory ki lagatar ek ke uparant ek do bar pahuanch ke bich ka samay) arthat saidariyal varsh se apekshakrit chhota hota hai aur yah kami 20 minatoan ki hai, kyoanki vasantik vishuv ka bindu prati varsh 50 sekend pashchim ki or ghoom jata hai.

kal ya yug

• vaidik granthoan mean varsh ke kee nam the, jaise - sanvatasar, sama, varsh.
• naradasanhita mean kaha gaya hai ki kal ke nau prakar ke man the, -

1. brahm - brahma ka,
2. daiv - devoan ka,
3. manush - manav,
4. pitry -pitaroan ka,
5. saur,
6. savan,
7. chandr,
8. nakshatr evan
9. barhaspaty, kintu samany bhautik karyoan mean inamean keval paanch hi prayukt hote haian.

• vedaang-jyotish ne char prakar die haian, kyoanki usamean aya hai ki ek yug (paanch varshoan ke) mean 61 savan mas, 62 chandr mas, 67 nakshatr mas hote haian.
• hemadri ne keval tin varsh-man bataye haian, yatha chandr, saur evan savan.
• madhav ne do aur likhe haian, yatha nakshatr evan barhaspaty.
• vishnudharmottar ne char ka ullekh kiya hai. (barhaspaty chho d diya hai.)
• hemadri dvara varnit tin adhikatar dharmik evan laukik karyoan mean prayukt hote rahe haian.

chandr varsh

ek amavasya se doosari amavasya tak ki avadhi ko chandr mas kahate haian. aise 12 masoan se 354 dinoan vala ek chandr varsh banata hai. ise ek chandroday se doosare chandroday tak ki avadhi 'lyooneshan' bhi kahate haian. chandr mas ki avadhi 29.246 se 29.817 dinoan tak ki hoti hai, kyoanki chandrakaksha ke tho de jhukav (vipathagamita) evan any karanoan se kuchh-n-kuchh antar p d jata hai, kintu madhyam lambaee hai 29.53059 din.

saur varsh

saur mas us avadhi ka soochak hai jo soory dvara ek rashi ko par karane se banati hai. 12 masoan se saur varsh banata hai tatha saur varsh ka pratham din saur mas ka pratham din mesh hota hai. yadi soory ka rashi mean pravesh din mean hota hai to vah din mas ka pratham din hota hai. yadi pravesh ratri mean hota hai to doosara din mas ka pratham din hota hai. kisi rashi mean soory ke pravesh ka kal vibhinn panchaangoan mean vibhinn hota hai, kisi panchaang mean sooryast ke poorv aur kisi mean sooryast ke uparant hota hai. atah mas ke pratham din ke vishay mean ek din ka antar ho sakata hai. vibhinn ayanashoan evan varsh ki lambaee ke antar ke prayog se drikh, vaky evan siddhant panchaangoan mean antar p d sakata hai aur parv-utsavoan ke vishay mean varsh ke pratham din mean bhinnata paee ja sakati hai.

savan varsh

savan varsh 30 dinoan ke 12 masoan ka hota hai aur din ki ganana ek sooryoday se doosare sooryoday tak hoti hai.

nakshatr varsh

nakshatr mas vah hai jisamean 27 nakshatroan mean chandr ke gaman ki avadhi poori hoti hai.

barhaspaty varsh

barhaspaty varsh vah hai jo ek rashi mean brihaspati ke bhraman se banata hai (lagabhag 361 din ka varsh). ajakal ki ganana ke anusar brihaspati soory ke charoan or 11.86 varshoan mean chakkar laga leta hai. ye char ya paanch kal-vibhag prarambhik granthoan mean nahian varnit haian. yahaan tak ki pashchatkalin ganana mean char vibhagoan ka upayog nahian hua hai, yadyapi jyotiahshastriy granthoan mean unaka ullekh avashy hua hai.

• kautily ne vyakhya di hai ki shramikoan ka mas 30 ahoratr (din-ratr) ka hota hai, saur mas 1 din b da hota hai (ek mas mean 30½ din), chandr mas mean 1 din kam (29½ din), nakshatr mas mean 27 din, malamas mean 32 din (ya 32vean mas mean yah ghatit hota hai). jo log gho doan ko charate haian (ya rakhavali karate haian) unake mas mean (parishramik ke lie) 35 din tatha hastivahakoan (pilavanoan) ke mas mean (parishramik ke lie) 40 din hote haian.

saur ganana

• brahmasphatasiddhant mean aya hai ki saur ganana se yug, varsh, vishuv, ayan, rrituoan, din evan ratri ki vriddhi ka jnan hota hai.

chandr ganana

chandr ganana se tithiyoan, karanoan, malamas, mas ya kshayamas, ratri ke krityoan ka jnan hota hai.

savan ganana

savan ganana se yajnoan, savanoan (tin som yajnoan), grah-gatiyoan, upavasoan, janan-maran-ashauchoan, chikitsa, prayashchittoan tatha any dharmik krityoan ka jnan milata hai.

adhunik kal mean varsh ganana

• adhunik kal mean varsh ka arambh bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean kartik ya chaitr mas mean hota hai. prachin kaloan mean vibhinn deshoan mean vibhinn upayogoan ke lie vibhinn masoan mean varsh ka arambh hota tha. kuchh vaidik vachanoan se prakat hota hai ki ganana poornimant thi aur varsh phalgun poornima ke uparant arambh hota tha aur basant varsh ki pratham rritu tha
• kalanirnay mean madhav ne kaha hai ki ved poornimant mas par aroodh haian.
• smritichandrika ka kathan hai ki dakshinapath mean amant evan uttarapath (uttar bharat) mean poornimant ganana hoti hai.
• vedaangajyotish ke mat se yug (paanch varsh) ka pratham varsh magh shukl (makar sakraannti ya uttarayan) se arambh hota hai.
• albarooni ka ullekh hai ki chaitr, bhadrapad, kartik, margashirsh se bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean varsh ka arambh hota hai.
• kautily ne kaha hai ki prashasan ke ay-vyay-nirikshan-karyalay mean karm sanvatsar chandr tha jo ashadh ki poornima ko samapt hota tha.
• mahabharat, vanaparv mean varsh ke chaitrarambh ka ullekh hai. yah sambhav he ki varsh margashirsh se arambh hota tha, kyoanki anushasan, ne margashirsh se kartik tak ke ek bhakt vrat ke phaloan ka varnan kiya hai.
• krityaratnakar ne brahm puran ko uddhrit kar likha hai ki kritayug mean margashirsh ki pratipada se varsh arambh hota tha.

barhaspaty man

• vishnudharmottar (1|82|8) ka kathan hai ki shashtyabd ka prabhav namak pratham varsh magh shukl se arambh hua, jab soory evan chandr dhanishtha nakshatr mean the aur brihaspati se unaka yog tha.
• brihaspati sanhita mean shashtyabd ke vibhav se 60vean kshay tak ke phaloan ka ullekh hai. . shashtyabd ke pratyek varsh ke sath 'sanvatsar' shabd ju da hua hai. dakshin mean pratyek varsh ke arambh mean barhaspaty nam sada parivartit raha hai; kintu uttar bharat mean 'prabhav' ke sthan par 'vijay' shabd raha hai. barhaspaty varsh ka vistar 361॰ 9267 dinoan ka hai aur yah nakshatr varsh se 4.23 din kam haian. isaka parinam yah hai ki 85 nakshatr varshoan mean 86 barhaspaty varsh haian aur 85 varshoan ke uparant ek varsh ka kshay ho jata hai.

mas

masoan ka vishay atyant jatil hai. bharatiyoan ne adi kal se hi chandr saur panchaang ka prayog kiya hai aur yahi bat bebilon, chaldiya ke logoan, yahoodiyoan evan chiniyoan ke bich payi gayi hai. atah sabhi ne malamas ka sahara liya hai. kintu bharatiyoan mean kshay mas bahut viral tha, jisaka any deshoan mean abhav tha. yah antar soory evan chandr ki gatiyoan evan sthanoan ki ganana ke vibhinn dhangoan ke karan upasthit hua. adhik mas ki anivaryata par kuchh shabd yahaan par die jate haian. saur varsh chandr varsh se 11 dinoan se tho da adhik b da hota hai. yah adhikata lagabhag 32 masoan mean se ek chandr mas ki hoti hai. bebiloniyoan ke 19 varshoan ke ek vritt 7 malamas arthath sab milakar 235 chandr mas the. isi vritt ko yoonan mean 'atheniyanivasi metan' ke nam par 'metanik saikil' (vritt) kaha gaya. isi ke adhar par yahoodi evan eesaee panchaang bane, visheshatah eestar se sambandhit.

• vedaang-jyotish se prakat hai ki ek yug (paanch varshoan ke vritt) mean do malamas hote the, ek tha dhaee sau varshoan ke uparant, doosara ashadh aur doosara yug ke ant mean doosara paush. yahi bat kautily ne kahi hai.
• puranoan mean malamas ki vividh avadhiyoan ka ullekh hai.
• ek apekshakrit adhik nishchit niyam yah hai ki vah chandr mas, jisamean sankranti nahian hoti, adhik kahalata hai aur age ke mas ke nam se, jo shuddh ya nij ya prakrit kahalata hai, dyotit hota hai.
• yadi ek saur mas mean do amavasya p dati ho tab malamas hota hai.
• chandr mas mean jab do sankrantiyaan hoti haian to do mas ho jate haian, jinamean pratham svikrit hota hai aur doosara chho d diya jata hai. yah doosara kshayamas kahalata hai. isaka tatpary yah hai ki jab ek mas mean do sankrantiyaan hoti haian to kshayamas hota hai. vah chandr mas jisamean soory mesh rashi mean pravisht hota hai, chaitr tatha jisamean vah vrishabh rashi mean pravesh karata hai vah vaishakh kahalata hai.
• adhik evan kshay mas phalgun se ashvin tak ke sat mas keval adhik ho sakate haian, kshay nahian.
• kartik evan margashirsh adhik evan kshay donoan ho sakate haian, kintu aisa bahut kam hota hai. mas adhik ho sakata hai, kintu yah adhik ya kshay kabhi nahian hua hai. , kintu shuddhikaumudi mean aya hai ki shak sanvat 1397 mean 'magh mas ka kshay' hua tha.
• malamasatattv mean uddharan aya hai ki magh malamas ho sakata hai, kintu paush nahian.
• ketakar ke mat se paush ke adhik mas hone ki sambhavana nahian hai kintu vah margashirsh ki apeksha kshay mas hone ki adhik sambhavana rakhata hai. kshay mas samanyatah adhik mas ke poorv ya uparant (turant uparant nahian) hota hai, atah jab kuchh varshoan mean kshay mas hota hai to do adhik mas paye jate haian.
• mahabharat, shantiparv ne sanvatsaroan, masoan, pakshoan evan divasoan ke kshay ka ullekh kiya hai. jab kshayamas hota hai to isake poorv ka adhik mas any sadharan masoan ke saman pavitr rahata hai, arthat usamean dharmik krity karana mana nahian hai, tatha vah adhik mas jo kshayamas ke uparant ata hai, dharmik krityoan ke lie varjit ghoshit kiya gaya hai.

udaharan - yadi chaitr amavasya ko mesh sankranti hai, aur amavasya se age ki tithi se doosari amavasya (jo vaishakh hai) tak koee sankranti nahian hai, aur tab usake uparant pratham tithi mean vrishabh sankranti hai, to aisi sthiti mean vah mas jisamean sankranti nahian haian adhik vaishakh kaha jaega., aur vah mas jisamean vrishabh sankranti p dati hai, shuddh vaishakh hoga.

kshayamas ka udaharan lean - yadi bhadrapad amavasya ko kanya sankranti hai, usake uparant adhik ashvin ke bad shuddh ashvin ata hai, jisaki pratham tithi par tula sankranti hai, isake uparant kartik shukl pratipada ko vrishchik sankranti hai, aur margashirsh shukl pratipada ko dhanu sankranti hai aur usi mas ki amavasya ko makar sankranti p dati hai. aisi sthiti mean do sankrantiyoan (dhanu evan makar) vala mas kshayamas hoga aur tab paush (margashirsh evan paush se bane) ka ek mas hoga. jab magh amavasya ko kumbh sankranti hai to phalgun adhik mas hoga aur shuddh phalgun shukl pratipada ko min sankranti hogi. is prakar us varsh mean, jisamean kshayamas hota hai, ab bhi 13 mas hote haian aur usake din 390 se tho de kam hote haian.

• krityaratnakar mean aya hai , dharmashastr mean nakshatr mas ki avashyakata nahian p dati, yah keval jyotish shastr mean hi chalata hai. panchaang samanyatah pratyek varsh ke lie banate haian. unamean 12 (ya 13, jab malamas hota hai) ke do pakshoan ke prithak prishth hote haian.
• bharatiy panchaang ke paanch mahatvapoorn bhag haian -

1. tithi,
2. saptah,
3. din,
4. nakshatr,
5. yog evan
6. karan.

• muhoortadarshan ke mat se isamean rashiyoan ke samavesh se chhah tatha grahoan ki sthitiyoan ke ullekh se sat bhag hote haian. ek sooryoday se doosare sooryoday tak ek var (din) hota hai.
• barah mahinoan evan unake do-do gathit 6 rrituoan ka ullekh bahut prachin hai. .
• masoan ke vaidik nam haian-

1. madhu,
2. madhav
3. shukr,
4. shuchi,
5. nabhash,
6. nabhasy,
7. ish,
8. oorj,
9. sahash,
10. sahasy,
11. tapash evan
12. tapasy.

• brahmanoan mean nakshatroan se jnapit chandr masoan ka ullekh hai. isi se kuchh log saur evan chandr rrituoan ka bhi ullekh karate haian. saur mas min rashi ya mesh rashi se arambh hote haian tatha chaitr adi (ya shesh vale) kahalate haian.
• panini ne masoan ki vyutpatti ki hai, yatha chitrayukt paurnamasi se chaitr, aur spasht roop se agrahayani, phalguni, shravan, kartiki evan chaitri ke nam die haian. 'paurnamasi' poornamas se vyutpann hai . pushy nakshatr vali paurnamasi tithi 'paushi' kahi gee hai .
• is prakar vikas ke tin star hai -

1. 27 nakshatroan ke roop prakat hue aur unake nam vaidik sanhitaoan mean hi prachalit ho ge;
2. isake uparant paurnamasi chaitri paurnamasi kahi gee adi, kyoanki is tithi par chandr chitra nakshatr mean tha, adi;
3. isake uparant masoan ke nam yoan p de - chaitr, vaishakh adi, kyoanki unamean chaitri ya vaishakhi paurnamasi thi. yah sab panini ke bahut pahale prachalit hua. age chalakar saur mas madhu, madhav adi chaitr, vaishakh adi chandr masoan se dyotit hone lage aur samanarthi ho ge. yah kab hua, kahana kathin hai. kintu eesa ke bahut pahale aisa hua. paurnamasi ke din chandr bhale hi chitra ya shravan nakshatr mean ya usake pas n ho kintu mas tab bhi chaitr ya shravan kahalata hai.

• prachin brahman kaloan mean mas poornimant (poornima se ant hone vale) the. yahaan tak ki kanishk evan huvishk jaise uttar bharat ke videshi shasakoan ke vrittantoan mean poornimant masoan ka prayog paya jata hai, kintu kahian-kahian maisidoni nam bhi ae haian.
• eesa poorv ke shilalekhoan mean masoan ke nam bahut kam ae haian. prachalit dhang tha rritu, taduparant rritu mean namarahit mas tatha divas ka ullekh. kahian-kahian keval rritu, pakshoan ki sankhya evan din ke nam ae haian. kabhi-kabhi mas ka nam aya hai, kintu paksh ya dinoan ke nam lagatar (1 se 30 tak) nahian ae haian. yah sthiti, arthat pakshoan evan dinoan ki varnan rahitata, 9vian shati tak chali gee. ajakal log sudi, vadi ya vady ka prayog karate haian, unamean pratham (arthat sudi) shukl din (ya divas) ya shuddh din ka chhota roop hai tatha doosara (vadi) bahul din ya divas (v ya b parivartit hote rahate haian) ka chhota roop hai. vady ka arth spasht nahian ho pata. yah nahian samajh mean ata ki eesa ke poorv evan uparant ke bahut-se shilalekhoan mean 'paksh' shabd ka ullekh kyoan nahian hua hai, jabaki brahmanoan evan upanishadoan jaise prachin granthoan mean usaka ullekh hua hai.
• dakshin bharat mean masoan ke nam rashiyoan par adharit haian, yatha - min-mas, mesh-mas adi. yahi prayog panday desh mean bhi prachalit tha.

adhik mas

• adhik mas kee namoan se vikhyat hai - adhimas, malamas, malimluch, sansarp, aanhaspati ya aanhasaspati, purushottamamas. inaki vyakhya avashyak hai. yah drashtavy hai ki bahut prachin kal se adhik mas nindy thaharaye ge haian.
• aitarey brahman mean aya haiah 'devoan ne som ki lata 13vean mas mean kharidi, jo vyakti ise bechata hai vah patit hai, 13vaan mas phaladayak nahian hota.'
• taitariy sanhita mean 13vaan mas 'sansarp' evan 'aanhaspati' kaha gaya hai.
• rrigved mean 'aanhash' ka tatpary pap se hai. yah atirikt mas hai, atah adhimas ya adhik mas nam p d gaya hai. ise malamas isalie kaha jata hai ki manoan yah kal ka mal hai.
• atharvaved mean 'malimluch' aya hai, kintu isaka arth spasht nahian hai.
• kathasanhita mean bhi isaka ullekh hai.
• pashchatkalin sahity mean 'malimluch' ka arth hai 'chor'. .
• malamasatatv mean yah vyutpatti haiah 'mali sanh mlochati gachchhatiti malimluchah' arthath 'malin (ganda) hone par yah age badh jata hai'. 'sansarp' evan 'aanhasaspati' shabd vajasaneyi sanhita mean tatha 'aanhasaspatiy vajasaneyi sanhita mean ae haian. .
• 'aanhasaspati' ka shabdik arth hai 'pap ka svami'. pashchatkalin lekhakoan ne 'sansarp' evan 'aanhasaspati' mean antar vyakt kiya hai. jab ek varsh mean do adhimas hoan aur ek kshay mas ho to donoan adhimasoan mean pratham 'sansarp' kaha jata hai aur yah vivah ko chho dakar any dharmik krityoan ke lie nindy mana jata hai. aanhasaspati kshay mas tak simit hai. kuchh puranoan mean adhimas purushottam mas (vishnu ko purushottam kaha jata hai) kaha gaya hai aur sambhav hai, adhimas ki nindyata ko kam karane ke lie aisa nam diya gaya hai.
• dharmashastriy granthoan mean adhimas ke vishay par bahut kuchh likha hua hai-
• agni puran mean aya hai - vaidik agniyoan ko prajvalit karana, moorti-pratishtha, yajn, dan, vrat, sankalp ke sath ved-path, saan d chho dana (vrishotsarg), choo dakaran, upanayan, namakaran, abhishek adhimas mean nahian karana chahie.
• hemadri ne varjit evan many krityoan ki lambi-lambi soochiyaan di haian..
• samany niyam yah hai ki malamas mean nity karmoan evan naimittik karmoan (kuchh vishisht avasaroan par kie jane vale karmoan) ko karate rahana hi chahie, yatha sandhya, pooja, panchamahayajn (brahmayajn, vaishvadev adi), agni mean havi dalana (agnihotr ke roop mean), grahan-snan (yadyapi yah naimittik hai), antyeshti karm (naimittik). yadi shastr kahata hai ki yah krity (yatha som yajn) nahian karana chahie to use adhimas mean sthagit kar dena chahie. yah bhi samany niyam hai ki kamy (nity nahian, vah jise kisi phal ki prapti ke lie kiya jata hai) karm nahian karana chahie. kuchh apavad bhi haian, yatha kuchh karm, jo adhimas ke poorv hi arambh ho ge hoan (yatha 12 dinoan vala prajapaty prayashchit, ek mas vala chandrayan vrat), adhimas tak bhi chalae ja sakate haian. yadi dubhiksh ho, varsha n ho rahi ho to usake lie 'kariri ishti' adhimas mean bhi karana mana nahian hai, kyoanki aisa n karane se hani ho jane ki sambhavana rahati hai. ye batean kalanirnay-karikaoan (21-24) mean varnit haian.
• kuchh batean malamas ke lie hi vyavasthit haian, yatha pratidin ya kam se kam ek din brahmanoan ko 33 apoopoan (poooan) ka dan karana chahie.
• kuchh aise karm haian jo shuddh masoan mean hi karaniy haian, yatha vapi evan t dag (bavali evan talab) khudavana, koop banavana, yajn karm, mahadan evan vrat.
• kuchh aise karm haian jo adhimas evan shuddh mas, donoan mean kie ja sakate haian, yatha garbh ka krity (puansavan jaise sanskar), byaj lena, parishramik dena, mas-shraddh (amavasya par), ahnik dan, antyeshti kriya, nav-shraddh, magha nakshatr ki trayodashi par shraddh, solah shraddh, chandr evan saur grahanoan par snan, nity evan naimittik krity .
• jis prakar hamare yahaan 13vean mas (malamas) mean dharmik krity varjit haian, pashchim deshoan mean 13vian sankhya abhagyasoochak mani jati hai, visheshatah mej par 13 chijoan ki sankhya.

saptah din

bharatiy panchaangoan ke paanch aangoan mean ek saptah-din bhi hai. atah dinoan evan saptah-dinoan par sankshep mean likhana avashyak hai. -

saur din

donoan sooryodayoan ke bich ki kalavadhi atyant mahatvapoorn avadhi mani jati hai. yah saur din hai aur lok-din bhi. kintu tithi to kal ka chandr vibhag hai jisaka saur din ke vibhinn digh-vibhagoan mean ant hota hai. 'din' shabd ke do arth hai-

1. sooryoday se sooryast tak,
2. sooryoday se sooryoday tak.

• rrigved mean 'ahah' shabd ka din ke 'krishna' bhag (ratri) evan 'arjun' (chamakadar ya shvet) bhag ki or sanket hai . rrigved mean ratri shabd ka prayog utana nahian hua hai jitana ki 'ahanh' ka, kintu 'din' ka samasik prayog adhik hua hai, yatha - sudinatv', 'sudin', madhyandin.'
• 'ahoratr' (din-ratri) ek bar aya hai .
• poorvahn (din ka pratham bhag) rrigved mean aya hai. din ke tin bhagoan (pratah, sangav evan madhyandin) ka ullekh hai . din ke paanch bhagoan mean uparyukt tin ke atirikt any do haian aparahn evan astamy, astagaman ya sayahn. ye paanchoan bhag shatapathabrahman mean ullikhit haian. 'pratah' evan 'sayamh' rrigved mean ae haian.
• kautily , daksh evan katyayan ne din ratri ko ath bhagoan mean baanta hai.
• din ke arambh ke vishay mean kee mat haian. yahoodiyoan ne din ka arambh sayankal se mana hai .
• misravasiyoan ne sooryoday se sooryast tak ke din ko 12 bhagoan mean baanta; unake ghante rrituoan par nirbhar the.
• bebiloniyoan ne din ka arambh sooryoday se mana hai aur din tatha ratri ko 12 bhagoan mean baanta hai, jisamean pratyek bhag do vishuviy ghantoan ka hota hai.
• etheans evan yoonan mean aitihasik kaloan mean din, samanyatah panchaang ke lie sooryast se arambh hota tha.
• rom mean din ka arambh adhi rat se hota tha.
• bharatiy lekhakoan ne dinarambh sooryoday se mana hai , kintu ve din ke vibhinn arambhoan se anabhijn nahian the.
• panchasiddhantika mean aya hai ki aryabhatt ne ghoshit kiya hai ki lanka mean din ka arambh ardharatri se hota hai, kintu punah unhoanne kaha hai ki din ka arambh sooryoday se hota hai aur lanka ka vah sooryoday siddhapur se milata hai, yamakoti mean madhyahn ke tatha romak desh mean ardharatri se milata hai.
• adhunik kal mean lok-din ka arambh arddharatri se hota hai.

saptah

• saptah keval manav nirmit vyavastha hai. isake pichhe koee jyotiahshastriy ya prakritik yojana nahian hai.
• spen akraman ke poorv meksiko mean paanch dinoan ki yojana thi.
• sat dinoan ki yojana yahoodiyoan, bebiloniyoan evan dakshin amerika ke ianka logoan mean thi.
• lokatantrik yug mean romanoan mean ath dinoan ki vyavastha thi, misriyoan evan prachin atheniyanoan mean das dinoan ki yojana thi.
• old testament mean aya hai ki eeshvar ne chhah dinoan tak srishti ki aur satavean din vishram karake use ashish dekar pavitr banaya. - jenesira , eksodas evan deuteronami mean eeshvar ne yahoodiyoan ko chhah dinoan tak kam karane ka adesh diya hai aur ek din (satavean din) aram karane ko kaha hai aur use eeshvar ke saibbath (vishramavasar) ke roop mean pavitr manane ki ajna di hai.
• yahoodiyoan ne saibbath (jo ki saptah ka antim din hai) ko chho dakar kisi din ko nam nahian diya hai; use ve ravivar n kahakar shanivar manate haian.
• old testament mean saptah-dinoan ke nam (vyaktivachak) nahian milate. aisa pratit hota hai ki nyoo testament mean bhi saptah-din keval sankhya se hi dyotit haian . saptah mean koee n koee din katipay deshoan evan dharmik sampradayoan dvara saibbath (vishramadin) ya pavitr mana gaya hai, yatha - somavar yoonani saibbath din, mangal parasiyoan ka, budh asiriyoan ka, brihaspati misriyoan ka, shukr musalamanoan ka, shanivar yahoodiyoan ka evan ravivar eesaeeyoan ka pavitr vishramadin hai.
• sat dinoan ke vritt ke udbhav evan vikas ka varnan 'eph॰ ech॰ kolsan' ke granth 'di vik' mean ullikhit hai.
• dayon kaisias (tisari shati ke pratham charan mean) ne apani 37vian pustak mean likha hai ki 'pampeyi ee0 poo0 83 mean yeroosalem par adhikar kiya, us din yahoodiyoan ka vishram din tha. usamean aya hai ki grahiy saptah (jisamean dinoan ke nam grahoan ke nam par adharit haian) ka udbhav misr mean hua.
• diyo ne 'roman histri' mean yah spasht kiya hai ki saptah ka udgam yoonan mean n hokar misr mean hua aur vah bhi prachin nahian hai balki hal ka hai. isase prakat hai ki yoonan mean saptah ka jnan-pravesh eesa ki pahali shati mean hua. pampeyi ke nagar mean, jo san 79 ee0 mean lava (jvalamukhi) mean doob gaya tha, ek divar par saptah ke chhah dinoan ke nam alikhit haian. isase sanket milata hai ki san 79ee0 ke poorv hi itali mean saptah-dinoan ke nam jnat the.
• kolsan mahoday is bat se bhramit ho ge haian ki tyootan deshoan mean 'veansde' evan 'thastade' jaise nam kaise ae.
• sartan ne 'histri aauph saians' mean likha hai ki 'yahoodi, misri din-ghante evan chaldiya ke jyotish ne vartaman saptah ki srishti ki hai . sartan ka mat hai ki grahiy dinoan ka arambh misr evan bebilon mean hua, yoonan mean isaka poorvajnan nahian tha. adhunik yooropiy ghante bebilon ghantoan evan misri panchaang ki din-sankhya par adharit haian.
• ee0 poo0 doosari shati tak yoorop mean tatha madhy eshiya mean aj ke saptah-dinoan ke namoan ke adi ke vishay mean koee jnan nahian tha.
• t aaulmi ne apane 'tetrabillas' mean saptah ka jyotishiy-prayog nahian diya hai. aj ke dinoan ke nam grahoan par adharit haian, jaise-

1. soory,
2. chandr,
3. mangal,
4. budh,
5. brihaspati,
6. shukr evan
7. shani namak sat grahoan par adharit haian. kee karanoan se ravivar saptah ka pratham din hai; ek karan yah hai ki usi din srishti ka arambh hua. jis prakar dinoan ka kram hai, usamean grahoan ki doori, unake gurutv, prakash evan mahatta ka koee samavesh nahian hai.

• yajnavalky smriti ne grahoan ka kram is prakar diya hai-

1. soory,
2. chandr,
3. mangal,
4. budh,
5. brihaspati,
6. shukr,
7. shani,
8. rahu evan
9. ketu.

• yahi bat vishnupuran mean bhi hai.

aisa tark diya jata hai ki saptah - dinoan ka kram misriyoan ke 24 ghantoan vali vidhi par adharit hai, jahaan pratyek din - bhag kram se ek grah se shasit hai.

• ravivar ko pratham bhag par soory ka,
• 21vean bhag ke uparant 22vean bhag par punah soory ka,
• 23vean par shukr ka,
• 24vean par budh ka shasan mana jata hai tatha
• doosare din 25vean bhag (ya ghante) ko somavar kaha jata hai. yadi yah vyavastha 24 ghantoan evan ghanta-shasakoan par adharit hai to vahi kram lambe dhang se bhi ho sakata hai. 24 ghantoan ke sthan par 60 bhagoan (ghatikaoan) mean din ko baanta ja sakata hai. yadi ham chandr se arambh karean aur ek ghati (ya ghatika) ek grah se samanvit karean to 57vian ghati chandr ki hogi, 58vian budh ki, 59vian shukr ki, 60vian soory ki aur somavar ke uparant doosara din hoga mangalavar.
• aisa pratit hota hai ki prachin kal mean kisi desh mean (aur aj bhi aisa hai) saptah - dinoan mean ek ke uparant ek dinoan mean dharmik krity nahian hote the. saptah ke dinoan ke udbhav evan vikas ke vishay par mat-matantar hai. aisa kaha gaya hai ki bharatiy saptah - din bharat ke nahian haian, prachyut ve chaldiya ya yoonan ke haian. yahaan ham yah dekheange sahityik evan shilalekhiy praman hamean is vishay mean kitani door le jate haian. is vishay mean atyant prachin shilalekhiy praman hai-
• eran ka stambh-shilalekh, jo budhagupt (san 484 ee0) ka hai, jisamean ashadh shukl dvadashi evan brihaspati ka ullekh hai. man liya jae ki saptah ki dharana abharatiy hai, to isake poorv ki vah sarvasadharan ke jivan mean is prakar samahit ho jae ki gupt samrat apani ghoshanaoan mean usaka prayog karane lagean, to yah manana p dega ki aisa hone mean kee shatiyoan ki avashyakata p degi.
• ab ham sahityik praman lean. aryabhatt krit dashagitika, shlok 3 mean gurudivas (brihaspativad) ka ullekh hai.
• brihatsanhita mean mangal (kshititanay divas) ka ullekh hai.
• panchasiddhantika (1|8) mean som divas (somavar) aya hai.
• brihatsanhita ne ravivar se shanivar tak ke karmoan ka ullekh kiya hai.
• isi vishay mean utpal ne garg namak prachin jyotirvidh ke 18 anushtuph shlokoan ka uddharan diya hai. karn ne garg ko ee0 poo0 pahali shati ka mana hai. isase prakat hai ki bharat mean saptah-dinoan ka jnan ee0 poo0 pratham shati mean avashy tha.
• philastretas ne tayana ke apolloniyas (jo sanh 18 ee0 mean mara) ke jivan charit mean likha hai ki kis prakar bharat mean yatra karate samay apolloniyas ne brahmanoan ke neta irchus se 7 aangoothiyaan prapt kian, jin par 7 grahoan ke nam the aur jinhean use pratidin ek-ek karake pahanana tha. isase bhi yahi prakat hota hai ki grah - nam pratham shati ke bich mean bharat ke log grahiy dinoan se parichit the.
• vaikhanas-smart-sootr evan baudhayanadharmasootr mean soory, chandr, mangal, budh, brihaspati, shukr, shani, rahu evan ketu namak grahoan ke nam ae haian.
• pratham granth (2|12) mean budhavar ka bhi ullekh hai.
• atharvan-vedaang-jyotish (varaprakaran, shlok 1 se 8) mean ravivar se lekar shanivar tak ke karmoan ka ullekh hai.
• gatha-saptashati (hal krit prakrit kavy sangrah) mean mangal evan vishti ka ullekh hai (3|61).
• yajnavalky smriti mean aj ki bhaanti dinoan evan rahu-ketu ke sath navagrahoan ki charcha hai.
• yahi bat narad puran mean hai.
• puranoan mean saptah-dinoan ke vishay mean bahut-se varjit evan many karmoan ke ullekh haian. bahut-se puranoan ki tithiyoan ke vishay mean matabhed haian, kintu itana to pramanoan se siddh hai ki eesa ki pratham do shatiyoan mean grahoan ki pooja evan saptah ke dinoan ke vishay mean poorn jnan tha.
• mahabharat jaise vishal granth mean, jahaan par dharmashastriy ullekh adhik sankhya mean hue haian, saptah-dinoan ki charcha nahian hai. jaisa ki oopar kaha ja chuka hai, yah sapraman siddh ho chuka hai ki bharatiy log ee0 poo0 pratham shati evan ee0 uparant pratham shati ke bich grahoan ki pooja evan grahayukt dinoan ke jnan se bhali-bhaanti parichit the. ek any drashtavy bat yah hai ki dinoan ke nam poornataya bharatiy haian, un par yoonani ya abharatiy prabhav nahian hai. kintu rashiyoan ke nam ke vishay mean aisi bat nahian hai, vahaan 'kriy' evan 'ley' jaise shabd bahy roop se a ge haian. t aaulmi (san 150 ee0) ne 24 ghantoan evan 60 bhagoan ka ullekh kiya hai. bharatiyoan mean 60 ghatikaoan ka prayog prachin hai. bharatiyoan ne dopahar ya ratri se din ki ganana nahian ki, pratyut pratah se hi ki hai. ashvamedhik parv mean spasht kathan hai ki pahale din ata hai tab ratri ati hai.

bharat mean sat dinoan vale din-vritt ke vishay mean kee siddhantoan ka pratipadan karana sambhav hai. budh, shukr, mangal, brihaspati evan shani paanch grahoan ke sath prachin bebiloniyoan ne paanch devoan ki kalpana ki thi. ye dev age chalakar romak roopoan mean parivartit ho ge. prem ki devi eestar shukr ke roop mean ho gee, murduk namak b da dev brihaspati ho gaya.......adi. ye paanchoan grah soory evan chandr ke sath svargik roop vale ho ge. chaldiya ke mandiroan mean jo pooja hoti thi aur jo siriya tak pracharit thi, usamean vishisht din par pratyek dev ki prarthanaean hoti thian. jo dev jis din poojit hota tha vah usi din ke sath samanvit ho gaya. jo din soory evan chandr ke lie pavitr the ve ravivar evan somavar ho ge. ianglaind mean kuchh din-nam prayog mean a ge, yatha vednas de (vodeansade) evan tharsade (thors de). kintu saptah ke din yoorop mean bebilon devoan ke nam se hi bane. bharat evan bebilon mean ate prachin kal se vyaparik tatha any prakar ke sampark sthapit the. bharat mean soory-pooja prachin hai, yatha, kashmir mean martand, uttari gujarat mean modhera, u disa mean konark. aj bhi kahian-kahian rahu evan ketu ke mandir haian, yatha ahamadanagar zile mean rahuri sthan par. kautily ne kal ke bahut-se bhagoan ka (truti se yug tak) ullekh kiya hai aur kaha hai ki do na dikaean ek muhoort ke tatha ek ahoratr (din-rat) 30 muhoortoan ke barabar haian. isase prakat hai ki kautily ko keval 60 na dikaoan vala din jnat tha. ek na di barabar thi ek ghati (ya ghatika) ke.

• kal-ganana ki any vidhiyaan bhi prachalit thian, yatha-6 b de aksharoan ke uchcharan mean jo samay lagata hai use pran kaha jata hai; 6 pran milakar ek pal ke barabar hote haian, 60 pal ek dand, ghati ya na di ke barabar (sooryasiddhant 1|11; jyotistattv, pri0 562).
• panini (3|2|30) ne 'nadingham' ki vyutpatti 'na di' se ki hai. 'na di' ek ati prachin shabd hai.
• yah rrigved (10|135|7) mean aya hai jisaka arth hai murali. lagata hai, age chalakar yah kalavadhi ka dyotak ho gaya jo shankh ya murali ya turahi jaise baje ke bajane se prakat kiya jata tha aur jo 'na di' ke roop mean (ek din ke 60vean bhag mean) ghoshit ho gaya, kyoanki un dinoan gh diyaan nahian hoti thian. atah 60 na diyaan evan ghatiyaan (donoan shabd pantanjali dvara, jo ee0 poo0 150 mean vidyaman the, prayukt hue haian) ka din-vibhajan bahut prachin hai.
• sooryasiddhant mean 24 ghantoan ki charcha hai, kintu vah granth pashchatkalin hai aur us par bahy prabhav ho sakata hai, kintu uparyukt vivechan se spasht hai ki bharat mean din-vibhajan paripati (arthath din ko ghatiyoan evan na diyoan mean baantana) ati prachin hai aur us par bahy prabhav ki bat hi nahian uthati. svayan pantajali ne na di evan ghati ke prayog ko purana mana hai. atah ee0 poo0 doosari shati se bahut pahale na di evan ghati ka prachalan siddh hai. poorn roop se saptah-dinoan par bhi bahy prabhav siddh nahian kiya ja sakata. bebiloni evan siriyaee prachalan ke prabhav ki bat uthayi jati hai, kintu ise samanata matr se siddh nahian kiya ja sakata. keval pashchaty hathavadita praman nahian ho sakati. ) jahaan yooropiyan evan bharatiy saptah-vibhajan ki talikaean evan rekhachitr die he haian.
• albarooni ) ne likha hai ki bharatiy log grahoan evan saptah-dinoan ke vishay mean apani paripati rakhate haian aur doosare logoan ki paripati ko, bhale hi vah adhik thik ho, manane ko sannaddh nahian haian.

sandarbh pustakean

• jo log bharatiy jyotishashastr (aistranomi) ke vishay mean janakari prapt karana chahate haian ve nimn granthoan evan lekhoan ko padh sakate haian—

1. varen ka kal sankalit; sooryasiddhant (hvitani dvara anoodit);
2. varahamihir ki panjasiddhantika (thibo evan sudhakar dvivedi dvara anudit);
3. je0 bi0 javis krit 'indien metraloji';
4. shankar balkrishna dikshit ka indien kailendar (1896 ee.);
5. sevel krit 'indien konographi' (1912 ee0);
6. sevel krit 'siddhantaz end indien kailendar;
7. lokamany tilak krit 'vedik kronojoji end vedaangajyotish' (1925);
8. divan bahadur svamakinnoo pillee krit 'indien ephimeris' (sat jildoan mean);
9. vi0 bi0 ketakar krit 'jyatirganitamh, ketaki, vaijayanti, grahaganit, evan endien end pharen kronolozi;
10. jaikovi ke lekh (epigraifiya indika, jild 1, pri0 403-460; jild 2, pri0 487-498; jild 12, pri0 47, vahi, pri0 158);
11. sevel ke lekh (e0 i0, jild 14, pri0 1, 24; jild 15, pri0 159; jild 16, pri0 100-221; jild 17, pri0 17, 173, 205;
12. indien hist aaurikal kvartarali, jild 4, pri0 483-511, jild 10, pri0 332-336);
13. natikal elmainek (1935);
14. pro0 senagupt krit 'aianshyent indiyan kronol aauji' 1947, kalakatta vishvavidyalay;
15. d aau0 ke el0 daphtari krit 'karan-kalpalata', sanskrit mean;
16. 'bharatiy jyoshi-shastr nirikshan', marathi mean;
17. d aau0 meghanath saha ka lekh 'ripharm aauph di indiyan kailendar', saians end kalchar, kalakatta, 1952, pri0 57-68, 109-123);
18. riport aauph d kailendar riph aaurm kamiti, bharat sarakar dvara prakashit, 1955, yah bahut labhadayak granth hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh