शून्य

shoony
shoony ka saanketik chitr|200px|center
vivaran	'shoony' shoony ek aisa aank hai, jo sankhyaoan ke niroopan ke liye prayukt aj ki sabhi sthaniy man paddhatiyoan ka avashyak pratik hai. isake atirikt yah ek sankhya bhi hai.
khoj	shoony ke avishkar ke bare mean nishchit roop se kuchh nahian kaha ja sakata, kiantu itana sab manate haian ki any aankoan ki bhaanti isaki khoj bhi bharat mean huee thi.
vishesh	'mahabharat' mean bhishm ne vishnu ke sahastr namoan ka upadesh dete hue unaka nam 'shoony' bhi bataya hai aur us nam ki vyakhya karate hue shankarachary ne kaha tha- "sarvavishesharahitatvath shoonyavat: shoony:" arthat "samast visheshanoan, gunoan tatha prakritiyoan se rahit hone ke karan shunyavath hai."
sanbandhit lekh	aryabhat, brahmagupt, shoonyavad
any janakari	bharat mean lagabhag 200 (500) eesa poorv chhand shastr ke praneta piangalachary hue, jinhean dviaankiy ganit ka bhi praneta mana jata hai. isi kal mean panini hue, jinako sanskrit ka vyakaran likhane ka shrey jata hai. adhikatar vidvan piangalachary ko shoony ka avishkarak manate haian.

shoony (aangrezi: Zero, pratik - '0') ki ganit mean atyant hi mahattvapoorn bhoomika hai. isaki mahatta ko kisi bhi prakar kam nahian mana ja sakata. shoony ek aisa aank hai, jo sankhyaoan ke niroopan ke liye prayukt aj ki sabhi sthaniy man paddhatiyoan ka avashyak pratik hai. isake atirikt yah ek sankhya bhi hai. donoan roopoan mean ganit mean isaki atyant hi mahattvapoorn bhoomika hai. poornaankoan tatha vastavik sankhyaoan ke liye yah yog ka tatsamak avayav hai. shoony ke avishkar ke bare mean nishchit roop se kuchh nahian kaha ja sakata, kiantu itana sab manate haian ki any aankoan ki bhaanti isaki khoj bhi bharat mean huee thi.

khoj

shoony se pahale duniyabhar mean kee tarah ki aank pranaliyaan vikasit thian. shoony ka avishkar ho gaya, tab bhi ye prachin pranaliyaan prachalit thian. koee aisa sthan tha, jahaan 5 mean hi kam kiya jata tha, to kahian par 12 aank prachalit the. kahian par 24 aank hua karate the to kahian par 2 se hi kam chala liya jata tha. 'maya sabhyata' mean aankoan ka adhar 20 tha to 'siandhu ghati ki sabhyata' mean 9 tha. jyadatar jagahoan par 1 se 9 tak ginati ko manyata milane lagi. tab aankoan ki taraf logoan ka dhyan jane laga. pahale log 9 ke bad 11 likh dete ya man lete the, lekin shodhakartaoan dvara uttar vaidik kal mean shoony ke avishkar ke bad ganit mean ek kraanti ho gee.

aankoan ke mamale mean vishv bharat ka rrini hai. bharat ne aankoan ke alava shoony ki khoj ki. shoony kahane ko to shoony hai, parantu shoony ka hi chamatkar hai ki yah ek se das, das se hajar, hajar se lakh, karo d kuchh bhi bana sakata hai. shoony ki visheshata hai ki ise kisi sankhya se guna karo athava bhag do, phal shoony hi rahega. shoony ki lanbaee, chau daee ya gaharaee nahian hoti.

praranbhik vaidik kal

2500 varsh prachin upalabdh sanskrit dastavejoan mean bharatiyoan dvara ganit ke kshetr mean ki gee khojoan ki samriddh paranpara ka vivaran milata hai. praranbhik vaidik kal (1200-600 eesa poorv) mean sankhyaoan ki dashamalav pranali aur aankaganit tatha rekhaganit ke niyam vikasit ho chuke the. inhean mantroan, stutiyoan, shrapoan, shlokoan, rrichaoan aur any dharmik anushthanoan ki ek jatil pranali mean lipibaddh kiya gaya tha. shodhakartaoan ke anusar mandir ke nirman aur yajn ki vediyoan ki rachana ke niyam banae ge the aur inhean sootroan ke roop mean baandha gaya tha. us samay ke ganitajn ya rrishiyoan dvara vayu, akash, din ke samay, akashiy piandoan adi ki stuti ko das ki ghat ki aisi sankhyaoan mean vyakt kiya jata tha, jo pray: das arab tak pahuanch jati thian. 'maithemetiks in iandiya' mean yah spasht kiya gaya hai ki kaise prachin bharatiy ganit ka vikas dharm, vishisht nap ke mandiroan ke nirman aur jyotishiy avashyakataoan ki poorti ke lie hua tha aur gupt kal mean kaise yah shuddh roop mean ganit mean badal gaya.

uttar vaidik kal

uttar vaidik kal (1000 se 500 eesvi poorv tak) mean ganit ka bharat mean adhik vikas hua. isi kal mean upanishad likhe ge aur vedoan par adharit kee tarah ke darshan gadhe ge. yah nishchit roop se jnat nahian hai ki bharat mean shoony ka avishkar kab aur kisane kiya, kiantu isaka prayog uttar vaidik kal se hi hota raha hai. vaidik ganit ke bare mean sabhi janate haian. vibhinn prakar ki vediyoan aur un par vibhinn akritiyoan ki sahi-sahi nap banane ki pratha ke karan is kal mean rekhaganit ke sootroan ka vikas hua, jo shulv sootroan ke roop mean upalabdh hai. 'shulv' ka matalab us rassi se hai, jo yajn ki vedi banane mean map ke kam ati hai. inamean tin sootrakaroan ko vishesh roop se yad kiya jata hai- 'bodhayan', 'apastanb' aur 'katyayan'. inake atirikt manav, maitrayan varah evan vadhul ka nam bhi yada-kada upalabdh hota hai, visheshat: shulv-sootroan mean. rekhaganit ke anek sootr shulv sootr mean maujood haian. bodhayan shulv sootr ko hi aj ham 'paithagoras pramey' ke nam se janate haian, jisaki khoj aj se 3000 varsh poorv ki ja chuki thi.

bauddh kal

ek kahani ke anusar buddh ne apani hone vali patni ko jitane ke lie aank doan ki b di-b di shrriankhalaean apani yadadasht ke adhar par suna di thian. bauddh kal mean duniya apane jnan ke charam par thi. takshashila, nalanda aur vikramashila namak mahanatam vishh‍vavidyalayoan mean vishvabhar ke log padhane ate the aur vahaan jyotish, ganit, khagol aur dharm ke sootroan ko samajhate the.

yoonani darshanik srishti ke 4 tattv manate the, jabaki bharatiy darshanik 5 tattv. yoonani darshanik akash ko tattv nahian manate the. unake anusar akash jaisa kuchh nahian hai; jabaki bharatiy darshanikoan ke anusar jo nahian hai jaisa dikhaee deta hai vahi shoony hai. paithagoras ne is bat ko svikar kiya tha. akash ko 'nathiang' (kuchh nahian) kahate the. nathiang ka arth shoony hota hai. aj se 2500 varsh poorv buddh ke samakalin bauddh bhikshu vimal kirti aur manjooshri ke bich jo sanvad hua tha, vah shoony ko lekar hi tha. bauddh kal ke kee mandiroan par shoony ka chihn aankit hai. bauddh kal mean hi arkimidi (287-212 eesa poorv) ke saman pratibhashali vidvan ne bhi n to shoony ki charcha ki aur n sthanaman paddhati ko apanaya. lanbe samay tak yoonaniyoan ne baibiloniyaee ki sthanaman paddhati ko hi apanae rakha, lekin maury samrajy ke dauran bharatiy ganit ki paddhati yoonan mean prachalit huee. halaanki vidvanoan ke anusar san 130 eesvi ke lagabhag jakar prasiddh baibiloniyaee khagolashastri t aaulmi ne shashtik ganana paddhati mean yoonani akshariy aankoan mean shoony ke lie ek chihn ka upayog kiya tha, jo ek laghu gole par ek shirorekha ke sath tha. vastav mean t aaulmi ne use mukhyat: vahi khali sthan bharane vala chihn hi samajha tha.

piangalachary ka yogadan

bharat mean lagabhag 200 (500) eesa poorv chhand shastr ke praneta piangalachary hue, jinhean dviaankiy ganit ka bhi praneta mana jata hai. isi kal mean panini hue, jinako sanskrit ka vyakaran likhane ka shrey jata hai. adhikatar vidvan piangalachary ko shoony ka avishkarak manate haian. piangalachary ke chhandoan ke niyamoan ko yadi ganitiy drishti se dekhean to ek tarah se ve dviaankiy (bainari) ganit ka kary karate haian aur doosari drishti se unamean do aankoan ke ghan samikaran tatha chaturghati samikaran ke hal dikhate haian. ganit ki itani ooanchi samajh ke pahale avashy hi kisi ne usaki prathamik avadharana ko bhi samajha hoga. at: bharat mean shoony ki khoj eesa se 200 varsh se bhi purani ho sakati hai.

bakhshali pandulipi

ganit ke ek bahumooly granth 'bakhshali pandulipi' ke kuchh (70) panne san 1881 mean khaibar kshetr mean bakhshali gaanv ke nikat bahut hi jirn avastha mean mile the. ye bhojapatr par likhe ge haian. inaki bhasha ke adhar par adhikaansh vidvan inhean 200 eesa poorv se 300 eesvi ka manate haian. yah granth isalie bhi mahatvapoorn hai ki yah shulv sootri (vaidik) ganit ke eesa poorv 800 se lekar eesa poorv 500 ke kal ke bad ke ganitiy roop ko darshata hai. is pandulipi mean shoony ka jikr hai.

bharatiy ganitiy granth

bharat mean upalabdh ganitiy granthoan mean 300 eesvi poorv ka 'bhagavati sootr' hai, jisamean sanyojan par kary hai tatha 200 eesvi poorv ka 'sthanang sootr' hai, jisamean aank siddhaant, rekhaganit, bhinn, saral samikaran, ghan samikaran, chaturghati samikaran tatha machay (parmuteshans) adi par kary haian. san 200 eesvi tak 'samuchchay siddhaant' ke upayog ka ullekh milata hai aur anant sankhya par bhi bahut kary milata hai.

gupt kal

gupt kal ki mukhh‍y khoj shoony nahian, mukhy khoj hai 'shoonyayukt dashamik sthanaman sankhya pranali.' gupt kal ko "bharat ka svarnakal" kaha jata hai. is yug mean jyotish, vastu, sthapaty aur ganit ke kee ne pratiman sthapit kie ge. is kal ki bhavy imaratoan par ganit ke any aankoan sahit shoony ko bhi aankit kiya gaya hai. shoony ke karan hi shalivahan naresh ke kal mean hue nagarjun ne 'shoonyavad' ki sthapana ki thi. 'shoonyavad' ya 'shoonyata' bauddhoan ki 'mahayan shakha' 'madhyamika' namak vibhag ka mat ya siddhaant hai, jisamean sansar ko shoony aur usake sab padarthoan ko sattahin mana jata hai. 401 eesavi mean kumarajiv ne nagarjun ki sanskrit bhasha mean rachit jivani ka chini bhasha mean anuvad kiya tha. nagargun ka kal lagabhag 166 eesvi se 199 eesvi ke bich ka mana jata hai. nee sankhya paddhati ke prachin lekhoan se prapt sabase prachin upalabdh praman milate haian 'lok vibhag' (458 ee.) namak jain hastalipi mean. doosara praman milata hai gujarat mean ek gurjar raja ke danapatr mean. isamean sanvat 346 aankit hai, jisaka arth hua 594 eesavi.

aryabhat (janm 476 ee.) ko shoony ka avishkarak nahian mana ja sakata. aryabhat ne ek nee aksharaank paddhati ko janm diya tha. unhoanne apane granth 'aryabhatiy' mean bhi usi paddhati mean kary kiya hai. aryabhat ko log shoony ka janak isalie manate haian, kyoanki unhoanne apane granth 'aryabhatiy' (498 ee.) ke ganitapad 2 mean ek se arab tak ki sankhyaean batakar likha hai- "sthanath sthanan dashagunan syat" arthat "pratyek agali sankhya pichhali sankhya se das guna hai." unake aise kahane se yah siddh hota hai ki nishchit roop se shoony ka avishkar aryabhat ke kal se prachin hai. gupt kal mean brahmagupt, aryabhat, shridharachary, mahavirachary adi shreshth ganitajn hue, jinake karan bharatiy ganit ka vishh‍vabhar mean ne sire se prachar-prasar hua. bharatiy ganitajn shri brahmagupt ne apane granth 'brahmasphut siddhaant' mean shoony ki vyakhya a-a=0 (shoony) ke roop mean ki hai. shridharachary apani pustak 'trishavika' mean likhate haian ki- "yadi kisi mean shoony se jo d de to us sankhya mean koee parivartan nahian hota hai aur yadi kisi sankhya mean shoony se guna karate haian to gunanaphal bhi shoony hi milata hai."

any deshoan mean shoony ka pahuanchana

7vian shatabdi, jo ki brahmagupt ka kal thi, shoony se sanbandhit vichar kambodiya tak pahuanch chuke the aur dastavejoan se jnat hota hai ki bad mean ye kambodiya se chin tatha arab jagat mean phail ge. madhy-poorv mean sthit arab deshoan ne bhi shoony ko bharatiy vidvanoan se prapt kiya. aantatah 12vian shatabdi mean bharat ka yah shoony pashchim mean yoorop tak pahuancha. bharat ka 'shoony' arab jagat mean 'siphar' (arth- khali) nam se prachalit hua, phir laitin, itailiyan, phreanch adi se hote hue ise aangrezi mean 'jiro' (zero) kahate haian. shoony mean kisi bhi sankhya se bhag dene par shoony hi phal milata hai. 500 varshoan se adhik ke bad bhaskarachary (1114-1185) ne is shoony dvara bhag dene ka sahi uttar diya ki- "usaka phal anant hai" aur unhoanne use samajhaya bhi tha- "anant sankhya mean se kuchh ghatane par ya kuchh jo dane par koee prabhav nahian p data hai."

yadyapi shoony ke avishkar ke bare mean nishchit roop se kuchh nahian kaha ja sakata, kiantu itana sab manate haian ki any aankoan ki bhaanti isaki khoj bhi bharat mean huee thi. brahmagupt ko shoony ki sankalpana ka bodh tha. arabavasiyoan ne bharat se shoony tatha any aankoan ko liya aur unaka tatha sthaitik man ke adhar par sankhya lekhan ka prachar 719 ee. se spen aur any yooropiy deshoan mean kiya. 12vian shatabdi ke mahanatam, bharatiy ganitajn aryabhat ne shoony ki kriyaoan ke 8 niyam die. aise bhinn ko, jisaka 'har' shoony aur 'aansh' koee any sankhya ho, aryabhat ne 'anant' ki sanjna di. shoony ko arabavasiyoan ne 'siphar' kaha aur usake laitin anuvad ke apabhransh se aangrezi roopaantar 'ziro' bana. jnanavikas ke itihas mean shoony aur aankoan ke sthaitik man ke avishkar ka pramukh sthan hai.

gun

• shoony ka sanket '0' hai. kisi sankhya mean shoony ko jo dane athava ghatane par sankhya ka man aparivartit rahata hai.

udaharan-

25 + 0 = 25 tatha 25 - 0 = 25

• shoony ko kisi sankhya se guna karane athava bhag dene par gunanaphal athava bhagaphal shoony ata hai, jaise- 0 X 25 = 0 tatha 0/25 = 0 . isake viparit jab kisi sankhya ko shoony se bhag diya jata hai to bhagaphal anant ata hai, jaise- 25/0 = anant (∞) athava 1/0 = anant (∞)
• shoony ka shoony se gunanaphal tatha bhagaphal aparibhashit hai. jaise 0 X 0 = aparibhashit tatha 0/0 = aparibhashit.
• shoony mean se kisi sankhya ko ghatane par sankhya ka man rrinatmak ho jata hai, jaise- 0-25 = -25 tatha 0-1 = -1
• shoony ka n to koee chihn hota hai aur n hi koee man. isaka man usake sthan par nirbhar karata hai.
• kisi sankhya ke baee or shoony lagane par sankhya ka man aparivartit rahata hai, kintu dahini or lagane par sankhya ka man das guna ho jata hai.

darshanik drishti mean 'shoony'

'shoony' shabd ka adhyayan atyant manoranjak hai. yah jitana hi prachalit hua, utane hi prakar ke isake arth kiye gaye. doosari tatha tisari shatabdi ke madhy mean achary nagarjun ke bad se hi shoony ki kalpana bauddh prabhav ke karan atyant vyapak ho gayi. yoan bahut pahale se shoony bauddh paramparaoan mean bhi param tattv ki sanjna ke roop mean parikalpit kar liya gaya tha. 'mahabharat' mean bhishm ne vishnu ke sahastr namoan ka upadesh dete hue unaka nam 'shoony' bhi bataya hai aur us nam ki vyakhya karate hue shankarachary ne kaha tha- "sarvavishesharahitatvath shoonyavat: shoony:" arthat "samast visheshanoan, gunoan tatha prakritiyoan se rahit hone ke karan shunyavath hai."

hindoo darshanik is shoony ka arth 'satta ka abhav' lete hai, jo bhramapoorn hai. nagarjun ne shoony ki vyakhya karate hue kaha hai ki- "ise shoony bhi nahian kah sakate, ashoony bhi nahian kah sakate aur donoan (shoony au ashoony) bhi nahian kah sakate." isi bhav ki prajnapti ke lie 'shoony' shabd ka vyavahar hota hai. nagarjun ne 'madhyamik' shastr mean utpatti, gati, du:kh, moksh adi ki tarkasahit pariksha kar yah siddh kiya ki sabhi mean virodhi dharmoan ki upasthiti hai, at: sabhi shoony haian. siddhoan ne shoony ko shoonyavad se bhi vistrit arth mean liya. bauddh siddhoan ne apani prajnopay pranani mean isi shoony ko nairatma balika prajna ya mahamudr roop mean grahan kiya aur sath hi mahashukhachakr mean is shoonyata ki sthiti mani. siddhoan ne shoony ko dvay ki kalpanaoan se mukt advay tattv mana tha aur abhav tatha bhav, donoan ka hi parityag kar madhyam tattv ke roop mean svikar kiya. 'lankavatarasootr' mean kaha gaya hai ki shoony to vastuoan ka karm svabhav hai, drishyaman jagat chahe shoony svabhav ho, kintu chitt ka to astitv hai hi, at: nirvan mean bhav ka vinash hone par bhi chitt matr ki vyavastha ka abhav nahian hota. is prakar siddhoan ka tattv darshan vijnanavad se prabhavit chitt parak hai- tathata ke siddhant se many. kintu ve bhav aur nirvan ka vivechan karate samay sabako shoony svabhav batate haian. age chalakar paravarti sampradayoan mean shoony bauddh shoony ki bhaanti pratityasamutpad ki tark pranali dvara pratipadit tattvajnan n rahakar param tattv ke any namoan ki bhaanti yah bhi ke namamatr tha, jisaki vyakhya aur vivechan pratyek sampraday ke chiantak apane-apane dhang se karate the. moolat: shoony ka ullekh tattv roop se bhi kiya gaya hai, jo agochar hai, agam hai. is shoony tattv ko bhadepa ne sarvashoony kaha hai, tilopa ise utpadavihin, adirahit evan antarhit advay kahate haian. shoony tattv varnahin hai, akritivihin hai, usaka apana koee akar nahian, vah shoonyata roop mean samast akritiyoan mean vyapt hai. n vah mahanh hai, n hrasv hai, n laghu hai, n dirgh hai, n vah lal hai, n hara hai, n majith, n pila aur kala hi hai. vah varnavihin hai, sabhi varnoan aur akaroan mean vyapt hai. yahi tattv chitt mean, jagat mean, tribhuvan mean vyapt hai. bhav us param tattv ka keval tarangapravah hai, jo usi mean vilin ho jata hai. isaka svaroop itana guhy hai ki kuchh spasht nahian kaha ja sakata.

vidhaean

is shoony ki tin vidhaean haian-

1. parinishpann jnan - jisake lakshan the bhav aur abhav mean samanata. nairatmyajnan, jo dvividh hai, dharm nairatmajnan arthat saansarik vastuoan ka nairatm ya shoonyata pudgalanairatmy arthat atma jaisi kisi shashvat satta ke abhav ka jnan.
2. samajnan - samast vastuoan ke utpad se sab kuchh adirahit hai, aantarahit hai, at: yahi advayajnan hai.
3. bhavabhav - chitt, achitt, bhav, nirman, shoonyashoony, in sabhi dvayitaoan ka nishedh kar chitt mean udit hone vale shoony jnan ki sadhana atyant shoony hai.

yahi jnan jab sadhak ka svabhav ho jata hai to vah shoony svabhav ho jata hai. aise sadhak ko 'shoonyajn' kahate haian, kyoanki vah bhav, abhav aur prakriti arthat svabhav ki shoonyata ko jan leta hai. vah amanatikar ho jata hai aur bhav ka bhanjan kar deta hai. siddhoan ne shoony svabhav ko paramakalyanakari kaha hai. maian hi jagat hooan, tinoan bhuvan mujhase hi utpann hue haian, sabhi drishyaman jagat mean maian hi vyapt hooan, aisa janane vala yogi shoony svabhav ho jata hai aur nishchay hi siddh ho jata hai.

shoonyata jnan ke atirikt ek tattv aur tha, jisako siddhoan ne vishesh mahattv diya. vah tattv tha 'karuna'. mahayan ke aantargat karuna ko atyant mahattv diya gaya tha. karuna ke abhav mean hi pratyekayan aur shravakayan ko bodhisattvayan se nimn star ka (hinayan) mana gaya tha. usi karuna ko vajr roop mean pratishthit kiya gaya, siddhoan ne use mani, kulish tatha upay roop mean svikar kiya, kiantu usaki shoonyata ke sath samarasata par, advay par vishesh bal diya. sahaj svaroop se siddhoan ka tatpary usi nairatmy se hai, jisamean shoonyata tatha karuna advay roop mean sthit haian. shoonyadarshan ke bina shoonyatajnan bhi nishphal hota hai. yahi shoony tatha karuna ka aiky samast brahmand ka mool dharm hai. sara vistar inhian donoan tattvoan ka hai; jo inhean samarasata roop mean grahan karata hai, vah bhav se mukt ho jata hai. bad ko isi karuna tattv ki kalpana bhakti mean badal gayi.

sadhana paddhati mean shoony ke svaroop

sadhana paddhati mean shoony ke char svaroopoan ko svikar kiya gaya tha. 'panchakram' mean chaturvidh shoony ka roop is prakar samajhaya gaya hai. shoony char haian-

1. shoony
2. atishoony
3. mahashoony
4. sarvashoony

inaka bhed kary karan shrriankhala par adharit hai. pahala shoony alokajnan prash hai. chitt isamean sankalpabhibhoot rahata hai aur yah svabhav se paratantr hai. is avastha mean yah chittagat 33 doshoan se achchhadit rahata hai. isaki samast mayaoan mean sarvashreshth maya stri hai, jo shoony prajna ki abhivyakti hai. isi ko 'bijakshar' bhi kahate haian. dvitiy 'atishoony' alok ka abhas hai, isaka svabhav parikalpit hai, vah upay, diksha, sooryamandal vajrapurush, aur man ki 24 pravrittiyoan se aveshtit hai. tritiy 'mahashoony' alok tatha alokabhas ke yuganaddh se udit hota hai, kiantu yah bhi avidya roop hai, isamean dosh bhi rahate haian. tinoan kramoan mean dosh ki sankhya 106 hai. un doshoan se yukt hone par prajnopay advait ka sarvashoony udit hota hai. yahi 'sarvashoony' paramatattv hai, jo adi anant se vihin, gun-dosharahit, bhav, abhav se rahit tatha bhavabhav se bhi rahit hai.

nath sampraday mean mahattv

'nath sampraday' mean shoony ko paramatattv ke roop mean svikrit kiya gaya, kiantu usaki vyakhya mean nath-parampara ne sanshodhan kar diya-

"basati n sunyamh sunyamh n basti agam agochar aisa.
gagan sikhat manh balak bole taka naanv dharahuge kaisa"

shoony ko 'gagan sikhar manh balak bole', is roop mean kisi poorvavarti sampraday ne svikrit nahian kiya. is sanshodhan ke pichhe 'hathayogi' parampara ki darshanik chiantana hai. yahaan shoony ka sambandh nadatattv se jo d diya gaya hai. isi abhivyakti ke lie nath siangi dharan karate the. nad srishti ka mool karan tatha paramatattv, paramajnan, paramasvabhav tha. at: shoony ka varnan bhi isi roop mean 'nath sampraday' mean kiya gaya hai. sankshep mean nath sahity mean shoony prayog tin roopoan mean hua hai-

1. paramatattv nad, paramajnan, paramasvabhav
2. brahmarandhr, dasham dvar athava madhy path sahastrar chakr, gaganamandal
3. shivalok

sant kavi shoonyajnan ke sambandh mean pratityasamutpad se parichit nahian the aur shoonyatajnan unhean advaitajnan ke roop mean prapt hua tha, kyoanki santoan tak ane ke poorv vah shaiv sampradayoan dvara svikrit kiya ja chuka tha. shaiv hathayog-parampara mean kaya mean hi mandal ke roop mean shoony ki sthiti man li gayi thi. is drishti se kee sthan shoony se visheshat: sambaddh mane gaye the, ek to bhroomadhy trikuti mean shoony ka sthan ka mana gaya tha. ila-piangala ke madhy shoonyasthan ko mahal, mandap, shikhar, nagar, hat adi roop mean bhi varnit kiya hai. siddhoan evan nathoan ke sammukh shoony-mandal ki sthiti spasht hai, kintu santoan ne is shoony-gupha, shoony-mandal aur trikuti, brahmarandhr tatha sahastradal kamal ki kalpanaoan ko itana ghula-mila diya hai ki aisa lagata hai ki ve isaki vastavik sthitiyoan ko bhool gaye haian aur keval parampara-nirvah ke lie shoony-mandal, shoony-gupha adi ka ullekh matr kar dete haian. mahal, gupha, sarovar, shikhar, kamal, dipak, jyoti, nir, megh adi upamanoan se shoony ko sambodhit kiya gaya hai. in sabhi ka apana vishesh arth hai. mahal, gupha, shikhar, sarovar ka roopak 'dohakosh' mean spasht milata hai. jyoti ke roop mean shoony ki jyoti tatha chandagni ki jyoti bhi siddhoan ke charyapadoan mean barabar varnit hai. isake atirikt paravarti sant sahity mean shoony ko baghambar, dhvaja, thal adi upasanoan se bhi chitrit kiya gaya hai, jahaan usaka arth bahut spasht nahian hai.

vajrayan sahity mean shoony

'vajrayani sahity' mean char shoony mane gaye. char shoonyoan ki kalpana 'hathayogapradipika' mean bhi grahan ki gayi thi, par use nad ki char avasthaoan mean jo d diya gaya tha. dadoo ne in charoan shoonyoan ko ek naye roop mean svikrit kiya. inhoanne 'kayashoony', 'atmashoony', 'paramashoony' tatha 'sahajashoony', in charoan shoonyoan ka varnan kiya hai, jinamean se pahale tin sagun tatha sakar haian aur aantim shoony nirgun tatha nirakar hai. bad mean kabir panth ke sampradayika sahity mean shoony ki sankhya mean kalpanatit vriddhi huee. 'kabirabani' mean pahale sat ki sankhya ko mahattv diya gaya-

"sat shoony ka sakal pasara, sar soony se koee n nyara".

kiantu in sat  shoonyoan ka koee lakshan nahian bataya gaya. is vriddhi ke pichhe koee sanket n hokar sankhya prem hi jnat hota hai, kyoanki vaikunth ke vistar mean 18 karo d shoonyoan ki shrriankhala ka varnan milata hai aur usake age bhi anahad jyoti vas bataya gaya. vahaan asankhy shoony parikalpit kiye gaye. inhian shoonyoan ki tulana mean veshoony bhi parikalpit kiye gaye, phir in sabako sat ki sankhya mean samahit karane ka prayas kiya gaya. usaki ganana is prakar batayi-

asankhy shoony char+ veshoony do+ shoony ek barabar sat shoony.

ye sat shoony soory ki kiranoan ke sat rangoan se samanvit kar diye gaye aur akhir mean srishti inhian rangoan ka vistar man li gayi. is prakar dhire-dhire shoony ke jnan ka param tattvik arth bhula diya gaya, vah keval ek nirrathak pauranik kalpana matr banakar rah gaya.

dhyan aur shoony

bharat mean hindoo, buddh aur jain dharm mean sankhyaoan aur nirvan ke apasi sanbandh ki alag-alag vyakhya ki gee hai. lekin kya vakee ganit ki sankhyaoan aur nirvan ka apas mean koee sanbandh hai? bharat ke pratishthit ganitajn aur aeeaeeti muanbee ke prophesar esaji dani ka ganit aur nirvan ke sanbandh mean vichar hai ki- amataur par batachit ke dauran bhi ham sankhyaoan ka prayog karate haian. 10 se 17 tak ki sankhyaoan ko 'parardh' kaha gaya hai aur isaka arth hota hai- 'svarg yani mukti ka adha marg tay hona'. prophesar dani ke anusar- "bauddh dharm mean to ek ke bad 53 shoony lagakar, jinhean 'lakshan' kaha gaya hai, chiantan, dhyan lagaya jata hai. yah ek bahut b di sankhya hai, jabaki isaki tulana mean jain dharm mean anant sankhyaoan ko adhyatm se jo da gaya hai. ham kah sakate haian ki ye ek prakar se santushti hasil karane ka ek tarika hai, isaka koee prayogik karan nahian hai."

mainachestar vishvavidyalay mean ganit ke itihasakar j aaurj gaivagij joseph ke anusar- "bharat dvara di gee ganit ki paddhati adbhut hai, jaise yadi ham 111 likhate haian to isamean pahala 'ek' ikaee ko darshata hai, jabaki doosare 'ek' ka matalab dahaee se aur tisare 'ek' ka matalab saik de se hai. arthath bharatiy ganit paddhati mean kisi ek sankhya ke sthan se hi usaki sthanik man ka nirdharan hota hai." bharatiy ganit paddhati se ham b di se b di sankhya ko bahut asani se aur kam se kam sankhya ke prayog se vyakt kar sakate haian, jabaki grik ya roman paddhati itani vikasit nahian hai.

shoony ka prayog

bharatiy ganit mean shoony ko darshane ke lie vritt ka prayog karane ke pichhe bhi darshanik karan ho sakate haian. madhy pradesh ke gvaliyar mean ek prachin mandir ki divar par '270' likha hai, yah ek hastalikhit abhilekh hai. mana jata hai ki isaka arth 'hastast' hai, jisaka matalab bhoomi map se hai. is abhilekh ka arth janane ke lie kee vidvanoan aur itihasakaroan ne pahale bhi kee shodh kie haian. aisa mana jata hai ki baki duniya ko jab shoony ka pata bhi nahian tha, tab bharat mean 75vian eesavi mean shoony ka chalan bahut hi am tha. lagabhag dedh hazar sal pahale ganitajn brahmagupt ne shoony ke prayog se ju di ek kitab likhi, jisamean unhoanne shoony ke prayog ke bare mean vistar se batate hue isake adharabhoot siddhaantoan ki janakari bhi di thi.

shoony ke avishkar par aeeaeeti muanbee mean sanskrit ke prophesar krishnamoorti subramanyam ke anusar- "yadi ap shoony ke bhav ko dekhean to ap dekheange ki shoony ka apana ek mahattv hai. bauddh dharm mean isake mahattv ka varnan kiya gaya hai, jo ki bahut prasiddh bhi hai. shoony ko hi bad mean 'jiro' kaha gaya." krishnamoorti ji ke anusar- "prachin bharatiy shastroan aur itihas ke shlokoan mean ganit ke tathy chhipe hue haian."

bauddh ganit mean sankhyaean

bauddh sahity bhi anishchayatmak aur asim sankhyaoan ke prati jagarookata pradarshit karata hai. bauddh ganit ka vargikaran ganana yane saral ganit ya saankhyan yane uchchatar ganit mean hua. sankhyayean tin prakar ki mani geean-

1. 'saankhey' yane ginane yogy
2. 'asaankhey' yane agany
3. 'anant' yane asim

darshanik vicharoan dvara madad

aank shoony ki parikalpana prastut karane mean, shoony ke sanbandh mean darshanik vicharoan ne madad ki hogi. aisa lagata hai ki sthaniy man vali saankhyik pranali mean 'siphar' yane bindu ka ek khali sthan mean likhane ka chalan bahut pahale se chal raha hoga, par shoony ki bijaganitiy paribhasha aur ganitiy kriya se isaka sanbandh 7vian sadi mean brahmagupt ke ganitiy granthoan mean hi dekhane ko milata hai. vidvanoan mean is masale par matabhed hai ki shoony ke lie sanket chinh bharat mean kab se prayukt hona shuroo hua. iphara ka dridh vishvas hai ki shoony ka prayog aryabhat ke samay mean bhi prachalit tha. parantu gupt kal ke aantim samay mean shoony ka upayog bahutayat se hone laga tha. 7vian aur 11vian sadi ke bich mean bharatiy aank apane adhunik roop mean vikasit ho chuke the aur vibhinn ganitiy kriyaoan ko darshane vale sanketoan, jaise- dhan, rrin, vargamool adi ke sath adhunik ganitiy sanket chinhoan ke nianv ke patthar ban ge.

bharatiy aank pranali

yadyapi chin mean bhi dashamalav adharit ganana paddhati prayog mean thi, kintu unaki sanket pranali bharatiy sanket chinh pranali jitani shuddh aur saral n thi aur yah bharatiy sanket pranali hi thi jo araboan ke dvara pashchimi duniya mean pahuanchi aur ab vah sarvabhaumik roop mean svikrit ho chuki hai. is ghatana mean kee karakoan ne apana yogadan diya, jisaka mahattv sanbhavatah sabase achchhe dhang se fraansisi ganitajn laples ne bataya hai- "har sanbhav sankhya ko das sanketoan ke samuchchay dvara prakat karane ki anokhi vidhi jisamean har sanket ka ek sthaniy man aur ek param man ho, bharat mean hi udbhoot huee. yah vidhi ajakal itani saral lagati hai ki isake ganbhir aur prabhavashali mahattv par dhyan hi nahian jata. isane apani saral vidhi dvara ganana ko atyadhik asan bana diya aur aankaganit ko upayogi avishkaroan ki shreni mean agragany bana diya." yah avishkar pratibhashali to tha, parantu yah koee achanak nahian hua tha. pashchimi jagat mean jatil roman aankiy pranali ek b di badha ke roop mean pragat huee aur chin ki chitralipi bhi ek rukavat thi. lekin bharat mean aise vikas ke lie sab kuchh anukool tha. dashamalav sankhyaoan ke prayog ka ek lamba aur sthapit itihas tha hi, darshanik aur aantarikshiy parikalpanaoan ne bhi, sankhya siddhaant ke prati ek rachanatmak vistrit drishtikon ko badhava diya. panini ke bhasha siddhaant aur vidhi sammat bhasha ke adhyayan aur sanketavad tatha kala aur vastushastr mean pratinidhitvatmak bhav ke sath-sath vivekavadi siddhaant aur nyay sootroan ki kathin jnan mimaansa aur syadavad tatha bauddh jnan ke navinatam bhav ne milakar is aank siddhaant ko age badhane mean madad ki.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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