प्रयोग:प्रिया3

भारत डिस्कवरी प्रस्तुति
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ganga nadi, uttar bharat ke maidanoan ki vishal nadi hai. himalay se nikalakar bangal ki kha di mean girane vali ganga bharat ke lagabhag ek-chauthaee bhookshetr ko apavahit karati hai tatha apane besin mean base virat janasamuday ke jivan ka adhar banati hai. jis ganga ke maidan se hokar yah pravahit hoti hai, vah is kshetr ka hriday sthal hai, jise hindustan kahate haian. yahaan tisari sadi mean ashok mahan ke samrajy se lekar 16vian sadi mean sthapit mugal samrajy tak sari sabhyataean vikasit hueean. ganga nadi apana adhikaansh safar bharatiy ilaqe mean hi tay karati hai, lekin usake vishal delta kshetr ka adhikaansh hissa baangladesh mean hai. ganga ke pravah ki samanyat: disha uttar-pashchimottar se dakshin-poorv ki taraph hai aur delta kshetr mean pravah amataur se dakshin mukhi hai.

bharatiy bhashaoan mean tatha adhikrit roop se ganga nadi ko aantarrashtriy star par isake aangrezikrit nam ‘d gaijiz’ se hi jana jata hai. ganga sahasrabdiyoan se hinduoan ki pavitr tatha poojaniy nadi rahi hai. apane adhikaansh marg mean ganga ek chau di v mand dhara hai aur vishv ke sabase zyada upajaoo aur ghani abadi vale ilaqoan se hokar bahati hai. itane mahatv ke bavazood isaki lambaee 2,510 kilomitar hai, jo eshiya ya vishv star ki tulana mean koee bahut zyada nahian hai.

patitapavani

bharat ki pavan nadi, jisaki jaladhara mean snan se papamukti aur jalapan se shuddhi hoti hai. yah prasiddh nadi, himachal pradesh mean gangotri se nikalakar madhyadesh se hoti huee pashchim bangal ke pare gangasagar mean milati hai. ganga ki ghati sansar ki urvaratam ghatiyoan mean se ek hai aur sarayoo, yamuna, son adi anek nadiyaan usase a milati haian. usaki ghati bharatiy sabhyata ke vikas mean anyatam rahi haian. ganga ko bharatiy sanskriti mean vishisht yogadan ke karan hi use asadharan mahima mili hai, jisase vah ‘patitapavani’ kahalati hai.

rrigved ke nadisookt mean ganga ki stuti huee hai aur puranoan ne usaki mahima ka anant bakhan kiya hai. ganga ki dhara, jo paha doan mean mandakini aur alakananda ki dharaoan ke sammilan se banati hai, himalay mean atyant kshin hai aur haridvar ke oopar kanakhal ke samip uttari maidan mean prashast hokar bahati hai aur barasat mean usake jal ka veg bhayavah ho uthata hai.

bhautik visheshataean

bhoo-akriti

ganga ka udgam dakshini himalay mean tibbat sima ke bharatiy hisse se hota hai. isaki paanch arambhik dharaoan bhagirathi, alakananda, mandakini, dhauliganga tatha piandar ka udgam uttarakhand kshetr, jo uttar pradesh ka ek sanbhag tha (vartaman uttaraanchal rajy) mean hota hai. do pramukh dharaoan mean b di alakananda ka udgam himalay ke nanda devi shikhar se 48 kilomitar door tatha doosari bhagirathi ka udgam himalay ki gangotri namak himanad ke roop mean 3, 050 mitar ki ooanchaee par barf ki gufa mean hota hai. gangotri hinduoan ka ek tirth sthan hai. vaise gangotri se 21 kilomitar dakshin-poorv sthit gomukh ko ganga ka vastavik udgam sthal mana jata hai.

dev prayag mean alakananda aur bhagirathi ka sangam hone ke bad yah ganga ke roop mean dakshin himalay se rrishikesh ke nikat bahar ati hai aur haridvar ke bad maidani ilakoan mean pravesh karati hai. haridvar bhi hinduoan ka tirth sthan hai. nadi ke pravah mean mausam ke anusar ane vale tho de bahut parivartan ke bavazood isake jal ki matra mean ullekhaniy vriddhi tab hoti hai, jab isamean any sahayak nadiyaan milati haian tatha yah adhik varsha vale ilaqe mean pravesh karati hai. ek taraph aprॅl se joon ke bich himalay mean pighalane vali barf se isaka poshan hota hai, vahian doosari or julaee se sitambar ke bich ka manasoon isamean ane vali badhoan ka karan banata hai. uttar pradesh rajy mean isake dahine tat ki sahayak nadiyaan, yamuna rajadhani dilli hote hue ilahabad mean ganga mean shamil hoti hai tatha tons nadi hai, jo madhy pradesh ke viandhyachal se nikalakar uttar ki taraf pravahit hoti hai aur shighr hi ganga mean shamil ho jati haian. uttar pradesh mean baeean taraf ki sahayak nadiyaan ramaganga, gomati tatha ghaghara haian.

isake bad ganga bihar rajy mean pravesh karati hai, jahaan isaki mukhy sahayak nadiyaan himalay kshetr ki taraf se gandak, boodhi gandak, kosi tatha ghughari haian. dakshin ki taraf se isaki mukhy sahayak nadi son hai. yahaan se yah nadi rajamahal paha diyoan ka chakkar lagati huee dakshin-poorv mean pharakka tak pahuanchati hai, jo is delta ka sarvochch bindu hai. yahaan se ganga bharat mean antim rajy pashchim bangal mean pravesh karati hai, jahaan uttar ki taraf se isamean mahananda milati hai (samooche pashchim bangal aur baangladesh mean sthaniy abadi ganga ko padma kahakar pukarati hai). ganga ke delta ki sudoor pashchimi shakha hugali hai, jisake tat par mahanagar kolakata (bhootapoorv kalakatta) basa hua hai. svayan hugali mean pashchim se akar usaki do sahayak nadiyaan damodar v roopanarayan shamil hoti haian. baangladesh mean gvalando ghat ke nikat ganga mean vishal brahmaputr shamil hoti hai (in donoan ke sangam ke 241 kilomitar pahale tak ise phir yamuna ke nam se bulaya jata hai). ganga aur brahmaputr ki sanyukt dhara hi padma kahalane lagati hai aur chaandapur ke nikat vah meghana mean shamil ho jati hai. isake bad yah virat jalarashi anek pravahoan mean vibhajit hokar bangal ki kha di mean sama jati hai. baangladesh ki rajadhani dhaka dhaleshvadi nadi ki sahayak nadi boodhi ganga ke tat par sthit hai. jin nadi shakhaoan se ganga ka delta banata hai, usaki hugali aur meghana ke alava any shakhaean pashchim bangal mean jalaangi aur baangladesh mean mataganga, bhairab, kabadak, garaee-madhumati tatha ariyal khan haian.

  • delta kshetr mean sthit ganga ki sabhi sahayak nadiyaan aur shakhaean mausam mean parivartanoan ke karan aksar apana rasta badal leti haian. ye parivartan idhar, visheshakar 1750 ee. ke bad se zyada hone lage haian. brahmaputr 1785 ee. tak maimanasianh shahar ke pas se bahati thi, ab yah vahaan se 64 kilomitar pashchim mean ganga mean milati hai.
  • ganga tatha brahmaputr ki nadi ghatiyoan se bahakar aee huee gad se bane delta ka kshetraphal 60,000 varg kilomitar hai tatha usaka nirman mitti, ret tatha kh diya ki kramik paratoan se hua hai. yahaan par s di-gali vanaspati (pit) lignait (bhoore koyale) ki paratean bhi un ilaqoan mean milati haian, jahaan pahale ghane van hua karate the. delta mean naharoan ke asapas bad mean prakritik roop se bahut-sa khadar bhi jama hua hai.
  • ganga delta ki dakshini satah ka nirman tez gati se tatha tulanatmak roop se hal mean bahakar aee gad ki bhari matra se hua hai. poorab mean samudr ki taraf isi gad ke karan b di tezi se ne-ne bhookshetr (nadi dvip) banate ja rahe haian, jinhean ‘char’ kahate haian. vaise delta ka pashchimi samudri tat 18vian sadi ke bad se lagabhag aparivartit hai.
  • pashchim bangal ki nadiyoan ka pravah bahut dhima hai aur unase kafi kam pani samudr mean pravahit hota hai. baangladeshi delta kshetr mean nadiyaan chau di tatha gatiman haian aur unamean pani vipul matra mean bahata hai. ye nadiyaan anek sankari paha diyoan se paraspar ju di huee haian.
  • varsha rritu (joon se aktoobar) mean is ilaqe mean kritrim roop se nirmit uchchabhoomi par basae ge gaanv kee fit pani mean doob jate haian. is mausam mean in bastiyoan ke bich avagaman ka ekamatr sadhan naukaean hi hoti haian.
  • samooche delta kshetr ka samudratatiy ilaqa daladali hai. yah poora kshetr sundaravan kahalata hai aur bharat v baangladesh, donoan ne ise sanrakshit kshetr ghoshit kar rakha hai.
  • is delta ke kuchh hissoan mean jangali vanaspatiyoan tatha dhan se nirmit pit ki paratean haian. anek prakritik khaiyoan (biloan) mean us pit ke banane ki kriya jari hai. jisaka upayog sthaniy kisan khad, sukhakar ghareloo tatha audyogik eedhan ke roop mean karate haian.

jalavayu

ganga ke besin mean is upamahadvip ki vishalatam nadi pranali sthit hai. yahaan jal ki apoorti mukhyat: julaee se aktoobar ke bich dakshin-pashchimi manasoon tatha aprॅl se joon ke bich grishm rritu ke dauran pighalane vali himalay ki barf se hoti hai. nadi ke besin mean manasoon ke un katibandhiy toofanoan se bhi varsha hoti hai, jo joon se aktoobar ke bich bangal ki kha di mean paida hote haian. disambar aur janavari mean bahut kam matra mean varsha hoti hai. ausat varshik varsha besin ke pashchimi sire mean 760 milimitar se lekar poorvi sire par 2,286 milimitar ke bich hoti hai (uttar pradesh mean ganga ke oopari kachhar mean jahaan ausat varsha 762 se 1,016 milimitar hoti hai, vahian bihar ke madhyavarti maidan mean yah ausat 1,016 se 1,524 milimitar tatha delta kshetr mean 1,524 se 2,540 milimitar ke bich hai). delta kshetr mean manasoon ke prarambh (march se mee) tatha manasoon ke ant (sitambar se aktoobar) mean zoradar chakravati samudri toofan ate haian. inase kafi b di matra mean manav jivan, sampatti, fasaloan tatha pashuoan ka nuqasan hota hai. aisa hi ek bhishan vinashakari toofan navambar, 1970 mean aya tha, jisamean kam se kam do lakh aur adhik se adhik paanch lakh logoan ki maut huee thi.

chooanki ganga ke maidan mean utar-chadhav lagabhag n ke barabar hai, at: nadi pravah ki gati dhimi hai. dilli mean yamuna nadi se lekar bangal ki kha di ke 1,609 kilomitar ke sampoorn fasale mean bhootal ki ooanchaee mean matr 213 mitar ki kami ati hai. ganga-brahmaputr ke maidan ka kul vistar 7,77,000 varg kilomitar hai. is maidan mean mitti ki satah, jo kahian-kahian 1,829 mitar se bhi zyada hai, sambhavat: 10 hazar varsh se adhik purani nahian hai.

vanaspati

ganga-yamuna ke ilaqe mean kabhi ghane jangal hua karate the. aitihasik granthoan se pata chalata hai ki 16vian aur 17vian sadi tak yahaan jangali hathi, gaur, barahasianga, gaianda, bagh tatha sher ka shikar hota tha. ganga ke sampoorn besin se vahaan ki mool prakritik vanaspatiyaan lupt ho gee haian aur vahaan ab lagatar badhati abadi ka pet bharane ke lie vyapak roop mean kheti ki jati hai. hiran, jangali sooar, jangali billiyaan tatha kuchh bhe die, bhaloo, siyar aur lom di ko chho dakar jangali janavar bahut kam haian. delta ke sundaravan ilaqe mean bangal taigar (sher), magaramachchh tatha daladali hiran ab bhi mil jate haian. nadiyoan mean, khasataur se delta kshetr mean machhaliyaan vipul matra mean paee jati haian aur sthaniy nivasiyoan ke bhojan ka mahattvapoorn hissa hai. yahaan par maina, tota, kaua, chil, titar aur murgabi jaise pakshiyoan ki bhi kee qismean paee jati haian. ja de ke mausam mean battakh aur chaha pakshi ooanche himalay ko par karake dakshin mean pani se ghire kshetroan ki taraf pravas karate haian. bangal ke ilaqe mean amataur se paee jane vali machhaliyoan mean fedar baik (notopteridi), v aaukiang kaitafish, gorami (enabaiantidi) tatha milkafish (chainidi), barb (siprainidi) adi pramukh haian.

janajivan

ganga ke besin ke nivasi nrijatiy roop se mishrit mool ke haian. pashchim aur madhy besin mean ve moolat: ary poorvajoan ki santan the. bad mean turk, mangol, afagani, farasi tatha arab log pashchim se ay aur aantamishrit ho ge. poorab aur dakshin, khasataur se bangal ke ilaqe mean tibbati, barmi tatha vividh nasl ke paha di log bhi milate haian. inase bhi bad mean ane vale yooropiy log yahaan n to base aur n hi sthaniy logoan ke sath vivah sambandh banaye.

aitihasik roop se ganga ke maidan se hi hindustan ka hriday sthal nirmit hai aur vahi bad mean ane vali vibhinn sabhyataoan ka palana bana. ashok ke ee. poo. ke samrajy ka kendr pataliputr (patana), bihar mean ganga ke tat par basa hua tha. mahan mugal samrajy ke kendr dilli aur agara bhi ganga ke besin ki pashchimi simaoan par sthit the. satavian sadi ke madhy mean kanapur ke uttar mean ganga tat par sthit kannauj, jisamean adhikaansh uttari bharat ata tha, harsh ke samantakalin samrajy ka kendr tha. muslim kal ke dauran, yani 12vian sadi se musalamanoan ka shasan n keval maidan, balki bangal tak phaila hua tha. delta kshetr ke dhaka aur murshidabad muslim satta ke kendr the. aangrezoan ne 17vian sadi ke uttararddh mean hugali ke tat par kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) ki sthapana karane ke bad dhire-dhire apane pair ganga ki ghati mean phailae aur 19vian sadi ke madhy mean dilli tak ja pahuanche.

ganga ke maidan mean anek nagar base, jinamean mukhy roop se roo daki, saharanapur, merath, agara (mashahoor maqabare tajamahal ka shahar), mathura (bhagavan shrikrishna ki janmasthali ke roop mean poojaniy), aligadh, kanapur, bareli, lakhanoo, ilahabad, varanasi (pavitr shahar banaras), patana, bhagalapur, rajashahi, murshidabad, bardavan (varddhaman), kalakatta, hav da, dhaka, khulana aur barisal ullekhaniy haian. delta kshetr mean kalakatta aur usake upanagar hugali ke donoan kinaroan par lagabhag 80 kilomitar kshetr mean phaile haian v bharat ke janasankhya, vyapar tatha udyog ko drishti se sabase ghane base hue ilaqoan mean gine jate haian.

arthavyavastha

sianchaee

sianchaee ke lie ganga ke pani ka upayog, chahe badh ka pani ho ya phir naharoan ka, puratan kal se hi prachalit hai. is tarah ki sianchaee ka ullekh dharmagranthoan tatha 2,000 se bhi zyada varsh pahale likhe puranoan mean milata hai. chauthi sadi mean yoonan se bharat ae rajadoot megasthaniz ne yahaan sianchaee ke upayog ka ullekh kiya hai. 12vian sadi se muslim kal mean sianchaee pranali bahut vikasit thi aur mugal badashahoan ne bad mean bahut si naharoan ka nirman kiya. bad mean british shasakoan ne sianchaee pranali ka aur bhi vistar kiya.

uttar pradesh aur bihar sthit ganga ghati ke krishi kshetroan ko sianchaee naharoan ki pranali se bahut labh hua hai. khasataur se is vikasit sianchaee pranali ke karan ganna, kapas aur tilahan jaisi naqadi fasaloan ki paidavar mean vriddhi sambhav huee. purani naharean mukhyat: ganga-yamuna ke dauab ilaqe mean haian. oopari ganga nahar haridvar se shuroo hoti hai aur apani sahayak naharoan sahit 9,524 kilomitar lambi hai. nichali ganga nahar ki lambaee apani sahayak naharoan sahit 8,238 kilomitar hai aur yah narora se prarambh hoti hai. sharada nahar se uttar pradesh mean ayodhya ki bhoomi sianchi jati hai. ganga ke uttar mean bhoomi ki ooanchaee adhik hone se naharoan ke dvara sianchaee karana kathin hone ke karan bhoomigat jal pamp dvara khianchakar satah par laya jata hai. uttar pradesh aur bihar ke kafi b de ilaqe mean hath se khode hue kuoan se nikali naharoan ke dvara sianchaee ki jati hai. baangladesh mean ganga-kabadak yojana mukhyat: sianchaee ke lie hi hai aur usamean khulana, jeshor aur kushtiya ziloan ke ve hisse ate haian, jo delta ke kamazor hisse haian, jahaan nadiyoan ka marg gad aur ghani jha diyoan ke karan avaruddh ho chuka hai. is ilaqe mean kul varshik varsha samanyat: 1,524 milimitar se kam hoti hai tatha shit rritu tulanatmak roop se shushk rahati hai. yahaan ki sianchaee pranali bhi naharoan tatha bhoomigat jal khianchane vale vidyutachalit upakaranoan par adharit hai.

naukayan

prachin kal mean ganga aur isaki kuchh sahayak nadiyaan, khasataur se poorab mean, naukayan ke upayukt thian. megasthaniz ke anusar, chauthi shatabdi ee. poo. mean ganga aur isaki pramukh sahayak nadiyoan mean naukayan hota tha. ganga ke besin mean aantardeshiy nadi naukayan 14vian shatabdi tak bhi phal-phool raha tha. 19vian sadi ke ate-ate sianchaee tatha naukayan ke lie upayukt naharoan ki jal parivahan pranali ke pramukh marg ban chuke the. paiandal stimaroan ke agaman se aantardeshiy parivahan mean bhi jo kranti aee, usase bangal aur bihar ke nil udyog ko bahut badhava mila. ganga mean kalakatta se ilahabad aur usase age yamuna mean agara tak tatha udhar brahmaputr tak niyamit stimar sevaean chalane lagian.

19vian sadi ke madhy mean relamargoan ke banane se b de paimane par jal parivahan mean giravat shuroo ho gee. sianchaee hetu pani bahut adhik matra mean khianch lie jane se bhi naukayan viparit roop se prabhavit hua. ab to naukayan keval ilahabad ke asapas ke madhy ganga besin tak hi simit hokar rah gaya hai, jisamean se adhikaansh desi naukaoan par adharit haian.

pashchim bangal tatha baangladesh ab bhi joot, ghas, chay, anaj tatha any krishi aur gramin utpadoan ke parivahan ke lie jalamargoan par nirbhar haian. baangladesh mean chalana, khulana, barisal, chaandapur, narayanaganj, gvalando ghat, sirasaganj, bhairav bazar tatha pheanchooganj aur bharat mean kolakata, golapa da, dhuburi aur dibroogadh pramukh nadi bandaragah haian. 1947 mean bharat ke vibhajan se b de dooragami parivartan hue. kalakatta se asam tak aantardeshiy jalamargoan ke dvara pahale b de paimane par hone vala vyapar lagabhag band hi ho gaya.

baangladesh mean aantardeshiy jal parivahan ki zimmedari aantardeshiy jal parivahan pradhikaran ki hai. bharat mean aantardeshiy jalamargoan ka niti nirdharan kendriy aantardeshiy jal parivahan mandal (seantral v aautar traansaport bord) karata hai. lekin rashtriy jalamargoan ki vyapak pranali ka vikas evan rakh-rakhav aantardeshiy jalamarg (inalaiand v aautaravez ath aauriti) pradhikaran karata hai. ganga ke besin mean ilahabad se lekar haldiya tak lagabhag 1,607 kilomitar lamba jalamarg is pranali mean shamil hai.

delta ke mukh par bharat ki sima ke thik bhitar farakka baandh ka nirman baangladesh aur bharat ke bich vivad ka karan ban gaya hai. bharat ka kahana hai ki gad ke jamane tatha khara pani ghus ane ki vajah se kolakata bandaragah ka patan ho gaya hai. kolakata ki sthiti mean sudhar ke lie khare pani ko nikalakar aur jalastar ko badhakar bharat ne farakka bairaj se ganga ko mo dakar taza pani hasil karane ki koshish ki hai. ab ek b di nahar dvara pani bhagirathi nadi mean laya jata hai, jo kolakata se pare hugali nadi mean samahit hota hai.

baangladesh ka kahana hai ki nadiyoan ke tatavarti deshoan ki paraspar samriddhi ke lie yah zaroori hai ki aantardeshiy nadiyoan ke pani par unaka sanyukt niyantran hona chahie. sianchaee, naukayan tatha khare pani ki rokatham ke lie ganga ka pani baangladesh mean bhi utana hi avashyak hai, jitana bharat ke lie. baangladesh ke anusar, farakka baandh ne use pani ke ek aise bahumooly srot se vanchit kar diya hai, jo ki usaki samriddhi ke lie avashyak hai. doosari taraf bharat gangajal ki samasya ke bare mean dvipakshiy ravaiya apanaye jane ke paksh mean hai. donoan deshoan ke bich kee aantarim samajhaute hue haian, lekin abhi tak is vivad ka koee sthayi hal nahian nikal paya hai. bharat ke asam mean brahmaputr ke pani ko baangladesh se hokar ek nahar dvara ganga mean mo dane ke prastav ke javab mean baangladesh ne sujhaya hai ki poorvi nepal, pashchim bangal hote hue ek nahar baangladesh tak banaee jae. kisi bhi prastav ko sakaratmak pratikriya nahian mili hai. 1987 tatha 1988 mean baangladesh mean aee pralayankari badhoan, jisamean 1988 ki badh us desh ke itihas ki sarvadhik vinashakari badh thi, isako dekhate hue vishv baiank ne is kshetr ke lie ab badh niyantran ki ek dooragami yojana banaee hai.

panabijali yojana

ganga ki lagabhag 130 lakh kilovat ki anumanit jalavidyut kshamata ka 2/5 hissa bharat mean tatha shesh nepal mean hai. is kshamata mean se kuchh ka dohan bharat ne chanbal aur rihand nadiyoan dvara kiya hai. ganga ka maidan duniya ki sabase ghani abadi vala tatha upajaoo ilaqoan mean se ek hai. chooanki is maidani kshetr mean avarodh n ke barabar hai, isilie ganga ki dhara adhikaansh ilaqe mean chau di v dhimi gati se pravahit hai. usake kul apavah besin ka 9,75,900 varg kilomitar kshetraphal, yani bharat ke kul kshetr ka lagabhag chauthaee hissa hai aur us par lagabhag 50 karo d ki abadi nirbhar karati hai. is besin ki bhoomi par gahan kheti hoti hai. ganga pranali ki jalapoorti aanshik roop se julaee se aktoobar ke bich hone vali manasoon ki varsha aur aprॅl se joon ke bich himalay par garmi se pighalane vali barf par nirbhar karati haian.

bharatiy upamahadvip ka yah vistrit uttar-madhy khand, jise uttar bharatiy maidan bhi kaha jata hai, pashchim mean brahmaputr nadi ghati aur ganga ke delta se lekar siandhu nadi ghati tak phaila hua hai. is ilaqe mean is upamahadvip ke sabase samriddh aur saghan janasankhya vale kshetr haian. is maidan ka adhikaansh hissa ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyoan ke dvara poorv mean siandh nadi dvara pashchim mean bahakar laee gee kachhari mitti se bana hua hai. maidan ke poorvi hissoan mean kam barish ya sardiyaan shushk hoti haian. kintu manasoon ki varsha itani adhik hoti hai ki b de-b de ilaqoan mean daladal ya uthali jhilean ban jati haian. jyoan-jyoan pashchim ki or badhate haian, yah maidan shushk hota chala jata hai aur ant mean thar ke registan mean badal jata hai.

dharmik mahatv

ganga nadi ka dharmik mahatv sambhavat: vishv ki kisi bhi any nadi se zyada hai. adikal se hi yah pooji jati rahi hai aur aj bhi hinduoan ke lie yah sabase pavitr nadi hai. ise devi svaroop mana jata hai. ek kianvadanti ke anusar, mahan tapasvi bhagirath ki prarthana par devi ganga ko svayan bhagavan vishnu ne is dharati par bheja. lekin ganga jis veg se dharati par avatarit hueean, usase unake marg mean ane vali har vastu ke jalaplavit hone ka khatara tha. isilie bhagavan shiv ne pahale hi unhean apani jataoan mean lapetakar unake veg ko niyantrit aur shant kiya. mukti chahane vale usake bad hi usamean snan kar pae. hinduoan ke tirthasthal vaise to samooche upamahadvip mean phail hue haian, tathapi ganga tat par base tirth hindoo dharmavalambiyoan ke lie vishesh mahatv rakhate haian. inamean pramukh haian, ilahabad mean ganga aur yamuna ka sangam, jahaan ek nishchit antaral par janavari-faravari mean kumbh mela ayojit hota hai. is anushthan ke samay lakhoan tirthayatri ganga mean snan karate haian. pavitr snan ki drishti se any tirth haian, varanasi, kashi aur haridvar. kalakatta mean hugali nadi bhi pavitr mani jati hai. tirthayatra ki drishti se ganga tat par gangotri aur alakananda aur bhagirathi ka sangam bhi mahattvapoorn hai. hindoo apane mritakoan ki bhasm evan asthiyaan yah manate hue yahaan visarjit karate haian ki aisa karane se mritak sidhe svarg mean jata hai. isilie ganga ke tat par kee sthanoan par shavadah hetu vishesh ghat bane hue haian.

ganga punitatam nadi hai aur isake tatoan par haridvar, kanakhal, prayag evan kashi jaise param prasiddh tirth avasthit haian. prasiddh nadisookt[1] mean sarvapratham ganga ka hi ahvan kiya gaya hai. rrigved[2] mean ‘gangay’ shabd aya hai jisaka sambhavat: arth hai ‘ganga par vriddhi karata hua.’[3] shatapath brahman[4] evan aitarey brahman [5]mean ganga evan yamuna ke kinare par bharat daushyanti ki vijayoan evan yajnoan ka ullekh hua hai. shatapath brahman[6] mean ek prachin gatha ka ullekh hai- ‘nadapith par apsara shakuntala ne bharat ko garbh mean dharan kiya, jisane sampoorn prithvi ko jitane ke uparant indr ke pas yajn ke lie ek sahasr se adhik ashv bheje.’ mahabharat[7] evan puranoan[8] mean ganga ki mahatta evan pavitrikaran ke vishay mean saik doan prashastijanak shlok haian. skand puran[9] mean ganga ke ek sahasr namoan ka ullekh hai. yahaan par uparyukt granthoan mean diye gaye varnanoan ka tho da aansh bhi dena sambhav nahian hai. adhikaansh bharatiyoan ke man mean ganga jaisi nadiyoan evan himalay jaise parvatoan ke do svaroop ghar kar baithe haian-

  1. bhautik
  2. adhyatmik

vishal nadiyoan ke sath daivi jivan ki pragadhata sanlagn ho hi jati hai. telar ne apane granth ‘primitiv kalchar’[10] mean likha hai-

‘jinhean ham nirjiv padarth kahate haian, yatha nadiyaan, patthar, vriksh, astr-shastr adi. ve jivit, buddhishali ho uthate haian, unase batean ki jati haian, unhean prasann kiya jata hai aur yadi ve hani pahuanchate haian to unhean dandit bhi kiya jata hai.’

ganga ke mahatmy evan usaki tirthayatra ke vishay mean prithak-prithak granth pranit hue haian. yatha ganeshvar (1350 ee.) ka gangapattalak, mithila ke raja padmasianh ki rani vishvasadevi ki gangavakyavali, ganapati ki gangabhakti-tarangini evan vardhaman ki gangakrityavivek. in granthoan ki tithiyaan is mahagranth ke ant mean di huee haian.

vanaparv

vanaparv[11] ne ganga ki prashasti mean kee shlok (88-97) diye haian, jinamean se kuchh ka anuvad yoan hai- "jahaan bhi kahian snan kiya jae, ganga kurukshetr ke barabar hai. kintu kanakhal ki apani visheshata hai aur prayag mean isaki param mahatta hai. yadi koee saik doan papakarm karake ganga jal ka avasianchan karata hai to ganga jal un dushkrityoan ko usi prakar jala deta hai, jis prakar se agni eedhan ko jala deti hai. krit yug mean sabhi sthal pavitr the, treta mean pushkar sabase adhik pavitr tha, dvapar mean kurukshetr evan kaliyug mean ganga. nam lene par ganga papi ko pavitr kar deti hai. ise dekhane se saubhagy prapt hota hai. jab isamean snan kiya jata hai ya isaka jal grahan kiya jata hai to sat pidhiyoan tak kul pavitr ho jata hai. jab tak kisi manushy ki asthi ganga jal ko sparsh karati rahati hai, tab tak vah svargalok mean prasann rahata hai. ganga ke saman koee tirth nahian hai aur keshan ke saman koee dev. vah desh jahaan ganga bahati hai aur vah tapovan jahaan par ganga paee jati hai, use siddhikshetr kahana chahie, kyoanki vah gangatir ko chhoota rahata hai."

anushasanaparv

anushasanaparv (36|26, 30-31) mean aya hai ki ve janapad evan desh, ve parvat evan ashram, jinase hokar ganga bahati hai, puny ka phal dene mean mahan haian. ve log, jo jivan ke pratham bhag mean papakarm karate haian, yadi ganga ki or jate haian to param pad prapt karate haian. jo log ganga mean snan karate haian unaka phal badhata jata hai. ve pavitratma ho jate haian aur aisa punyaphal pate haian jo saik doan vaidik yajnoan ke sampadan se bhi nahian prapt hota.

bhagavadagita mean bhagavan shrikrishna ne kaha hai ki dharaoan mean maian ganga hooan. [12] manu[13] ne sakshi ko satyochcharan ke lie jo kaha hai usase prakat hota hai ki manusmriti ke kal mean ganga evan kurukshetr sarvochch punit sthal the.[14]

pauranik mahattv

kuchh puranoan ne ganga ko mandakini ke roop mean svarg mean, ganga ke roop mean prithvi par aur bhogavati ke roop mean patal mean pravahit hote hue varnit kiya hai.[15] vishnu adi puranoan ne ganga ko vishnu ke bayean pair ke aangoothe ke nakh se pravahit mana hai.[16] kuchh puranoan mean aisa aya hai ki shiv ne apani jata se ganga ko sat dharaoan mean parivartit kar diya, jinamean tin (nalini, hladini evan pavani) poorv ki or, tin (sita, chakshus evan sindhu) pashchim ki or pravahit huee aur satavian dhara bhagirathi huee (matsy. 121|38-41; brahmand. 2|18|39-41 evan 1|3|65-66). koorm. (1|46|30-31) evan varah. (adhyay 82, gady mean) ka kathan hai ki ganga sarvapratham sita, alakananda, suchaksh evan bhadra namak char vibhinn dharaoan mean bahati hai. alakananda dakshin ki or bahati hai, bharatavarsh ki or ati hai aur saptamukhoan mean hokar samudr mean girati hai.[17] brahma. (73|68-69) mean ganga ko vishnu ke paanv se evan shiv ke jatajoot mean avasthit mana gaya hai.

puranoan ke anusar vivadganga, akashaganga athava svargaganga vishnu ke aangoothe se nikali hai, jisaka prithvi par avataran bhagirath ke stavan se kapil dvara bhasmikrit raja sagar ke 60,000 putroan ki asthiyoan ko pavitr karane ke lie hua. bhagirath ke sath isi sayog ke karan ganga ka doosara nam bhagirathi p da. pauranik parampara hai ki svarg se utarane ke karan ganga atyant kupit ho uthi thian aur usake kop ke karan prithvi par usaki dhara p date hi usake bahakar nasht ho jane ke bhay se shiv ne apani jata mean use samet liya, jisase unaki jataoan mean ulajh jane ke karan dhara prithvi par sidhi nahian p di aur ganga ki gati mand ho gee. isi sambandh mean shiv ka ek nam gangadhar bhi p da. ganga ka avataran tapasvi jahnu ke yajn ke lie ghatak hua, jisase kruddh hokar us tapas ne ganga ko pi dala aur prarthana ke bad usane kan se ganga ki dhara nikal di, jisase vah jahnavi kahalaee haian. ek doosare pauranik akhyan ke anusar ganga himalay aur maina ki putri tatha uma ki bhagini thian. mahabharat ki ek katha use kururaj shantanu ki patni aur bhishm ki mata batati hai. jisamean bhishm ka doosara nam gaangey bhi hai. ganga ka sambandh kartikey ke matritv se bhi hai. hinduoan ke jitane tirth is nadi ke tir par haian, utane kahian par nahian aur usaki pavitrata ka prabhav to bharatiyoan par itana gahara p da ki unhoanne anek doosari nadiyoan ke nam bhi ganga rakh diye. jahaan-jahaan bharatiy sanskriti ka vistar hua, vahaan-vahaan ganga ki pavitrata ka vividh roop se ullekh hua. ganga ki makar par aroodh chanvar athava kalash dharini moortiyaan bhi guptakal mean banane lagi thian.[18]

vishnupuran

vishnupuran[19] ne ganga ki prashasti yoan ki hai- jab isaka nam shravan kiya jata hai, jab koee isake darshan ki abhilasha karata hai, jab yah dekhi jati hai ya sparsh ki jati hai ya jab isaka jal grahan kiya jata hai ya jab koee usamean dubaki lagata hai ya jab isaka nam liya jata hai (ya isaki stuti ki jati hai) to ganga din-pratidin praniyoan ko pavitr karati hai. jab sahasroan yojan door rahane vale log ganga nam ka uchcharan karate haian, to tin janmoan ke pap nasht ho jate haian.[20]

bhavishyapuran

bhavishyapuran mean bhi aisa hi aya hai.[21] matsy, koorm, garu d evan padm puranoan ka kahana hai ki ganga mean pahuanchana sab sthanoan mean saral hai, keval gangadvar (haridvar), prayag evan vahaan jahaan yah samudr mean milati hai, pahuanchana kathin hai. jo log yahaan par snan karate haian, unhean svarg ki prapti hoti hai aur jo log yahaan par mar jate haian, ve pun: janm nahian pate haian.[22]

narad puran

narad puran ka kathan hai ki ganga sabhi sthanoan mean durlabh hai, kintu tin sthanoan par atyadhik durlabh hai. vah vyakti jo chahe ya anachahe ganga ke pas pahuanch jata hai aur mar jata hai, svarg jata hai aur narak nahian dekhata.[23]

koorm puran

koorm puran ka kathan hai ki ganga vayupuran dvara ghoshit svarg, antariksh evan prithvi mean sthit 35 karo de pavitr sthaloan ke barabar hai aur vah unaka pratinidhitv karati hai.[24]

padmapuran

padmapuran ne prashn kiya hai-‘bahut dhan ke vyay vale yajnoan evan kathin tapoan se kya labh, jab ki sulabh roop se prapt hone vali evan svarg moksh dene vali ganga upasthit hai!’ naradiy puranoan mean bhi aya hai-‘ath aangoan vale yog, tapoan evan yajnoan se kya labh? ganga ka nivas in sabhi se uttam hai.’[25]

matsy puran

matsy puran[26] ke do shlok yahaan varnan ke yogy haian- "pap karane vala vyakti bhi sahasroan yojan door rahata hua ganga smaran se param pad prapt kar leta hai. ganga ke nam-smaran evan usake darshan se vyakti kram se papamukt ho jata hai evan sukh pata hai. usamean snan karane evan jal ke pan se vah sat pidhiyoan tak apane kul ko pavitr kar deta hai." kashikhand (27|69) mean aisa aya hai ki ganga ke tat par sabhi kal shubh haian, sabhi desh shubh haian aur sabhi log dan grahan karane ke yogy haian.

varahapuran

varahapuran[27] mean ganga ki vyutpatti ‘gaan gata’ (jo prithvi ki or gee ho) hai. padmapuran[28] ne ganga ke vishay mean nimn moolamantr diya hai-

‘oan namo gangayai vishvaroopinyai narayanyai namo nam:.’

padmapuran

padmapuran [29] mean aya hai ki vishnu sabhi devoan ka pratinidhitv karate haian aur ganga vishnu ka. isamean ganga ki prashasti is prakar ki gee hai-‘pitaoan, patiyoan, mitroan evan sambandhiyoan ke vyabhichari, patit, dusht, chandal evan gurughati ho jane par ya sabhi prakar ke papoan evan drohoan se sanyukt hone par kram se putr, patniyaan, mitr evan sambandhi unaka tyag kar dete haian, kintu ganga unhean parityakt nahian karati (padmapuran, srishtikhand, 60|25-26).’

puranoan mean ganga ke punit sthal ka vistar

kuchh puranoan mean ganga ke punit sthal ke vistar ke vishay mean vyavastha di huee hai. narad puran[30] mean aya hai- ganga ke tir se ek gavyooti tak kshetr kahalata hai, isi kshetr sima ke bhitar rahana chahie, kintu tir par nahian, gangatir ka vas thik nahian hai. kshetr sima donoan tiroan se ek yojan ki hoti hai arthath pratyek tir se do kos tak kshetr ka vistar hota hai.[31] yam ne ek samany niyam yah diya hai ki vanoan, parvatoan, pavitr nadiyoan evan tirthoan ke svami nahian hote, in par kisi ka bhi prabhutv (svami roop se) nahian ho sakata.

brahmapuran ka kathan hai ki nadiyoan se char hath ki doori tak narayan ka svamitv hota hai aur marate samay bhi (kanthagat pran hone par bhi) kisi ko bhi us kshetr mean dan nahian lena chahie. gangakshetr ke garbh (antarvatt), tir evan kshetr mean antar prakat kiya gaya hai. garbh vahaan tak vistrit ho jata hai, jahaan tak bhadrapad ke krishnapaksh ki chaturdashi tak dhara pahuanch jati hai aur usake age tir hota hai, jo garbh se 150 hath tak phaila hua rahata hai tatha pratyek tir se do kos tak kshetr vistrit rahata hai.

ganga snan vidhi

ganga snan ke lie sankalp karane ke vishay mean nibandhoan ne kee vikalp diye haian. prayashchittatattv[32] mean vistrit sankalp diya hua hai. gangavakyavali[33] matsyapuran[34] mean jo snan vidhi di huee hai vah sabhi varnoan evan ved ke vibhinn shakhanuyayiyoan ke lie saman hai. matsyapuran[35] ke varnan ka nishkarsh yoan hai- bina snan aur sharir ki shuddhi evan shuddh vicharoan ka astitv nahian hota. isi se man ko shuddh karane ke lie sarvapratham snan ki vyakhya hoti hai. koee kisi koop ya dhara se patr mean jal lekar snan kar sakata hai ya bina is vidhi se bhi snan kar sakata hai. ‘namo narayanay’ mantr ke sath buddhiman logoan ko tirthasthal ka dhyan karana chahie. hath mean darbh (kush) lekar, pavitr evan shuddh hokar achaman karana chahie. char vargahast sthal ko chunana chahie aur nimn mantr ke sath ganga ka avahan karana chahie;

"tum vishnu ke charan se utpann huee ho, tum vishnu se bhakti rakhati ho, tum vishnu ki pooja karati ho, at: janm se maran tak kiye ge papoan se meri raksha karo. svarg, antariksh evan prithvi mean 35 karo d tirth haian; he jahnavi ganga, ye sabhi dev tumhare haian. devoan mean tumhara nam nandini (anand dene vali) aur nalini bhi hai tatha tumhare any nam bhi haian, yatha- daksha, prithvi, vihaga, vishvakaya, amrita, shiva, vidyadhari, suprashanta, shantipradayini."

[36] snan karate samay in namoan ka uchcharan karana chahie. tab tin lokoan mean bahane vali ganga pas mean chali ayegi (bhale hi vyakti ghar par hi snan kar raha ho).

vyakti ko us jal ko, jis par sat bar mantr padha gaya ho, tin ya char ya paanch ya sat bar sir par chhi dakana chahie. nadi ke niche ki mitti ka mantr path ke sath lep karana chahie. is prakar snan evan achaman karake vyakti ko bahar ana chahie aur do shvet evan pavitr vastr dharan karane chahie. isake uparant use tin lokoan ke santosh ke lie devoan, rrishiyoan evan pitaroan ka yathavidhi tarpan karana chahie.[37] isake pashchat soory ko namaskar evan tin bar pradakshina kar tatha kisi brahman, sona evan gay ka sparsh kar snanakarta ko vishnu mandir (ya apane ghar, pathaantar ke anusar) mean jana chahie.

yahaan yah jnatavy hai ki matsy. (102|2-31) ke shlok, jinaka nishkarsh oopar diya gaya hai, kuchh antaroan ke sath padm. (patalakhand 81|12-42 evan srishtikhand 20|145-176) mean bhi paye jate haian. prayashchittatattv (prishth 502) mean ganga snan ke samay ke mantr diye hue haian.[38]

ath vasuoan ki maan

ganga-yamuna ke madhy ka samast bhoobhag yayati ne puru ko diya tha. ganga ath vasuoan ki maan haian. vasuoan ne ganga se kaha tha ki shantanu se unake garbh dharan karane ke uparant unake janmate hi jal mean pravahit kar dena. ganga ne shantanu se utpann sat vasu jal mean pravahit kar die. athavean vasu (bhishm) ko shantanu ne bacha liya. [39]


tika tippani aur sandarbh

  1. ↑ (rri. 10, 75, 5-6)
  2. ↑ rrigved (6|45|31)
  3. ↑ adhi bribu: paninaan varshishthe moordhannasthath. uru:kaksho n ganagy:.. rri. (6|45|31). antim pad ka arth hai ‘ganga ke tatoan par ugi huee ghas ya jha di ke saman.’
  4. ↑ shatapath brahman (13|5|4|11 evan 13)
  5. ↑ aitarey brahman (39, 9)
  6. ↑ shatapath brahman (13, 5, 4,11 evan 13)
  7. ↑ mahabharat (anushasan. 26|26-103)
  8. ↑ puran (naradiy, uttarardh, adhyay 38-45 evan 51|1-48; padm. 5|60|1-127; agnitr adhyay 110; matsy., adhyay 180-185; padm., adikhand, adhyay 33-37)
  9. ↑ skand puran (kashikhand, adhyay 33-37)
  10. ↑ primitiv kalchar (dvitiy sanskaran, prishth 477)
  11. ↑ vanaparv (adhyay 85)
  12. ↑ (srotasamasmi jahnavi, 10|31)
  13. ↑ manu (8|92)
  14. ↑ yamo vaivasvato devo yastavaish hridi sthit:. ten chedavivadaste ma ganga ma kuroongam:.. manu (8|92).
  15. ↑ (padm puran 6|267|47)
  16. ↑ vamapadambujaangushthanakhasrotovinirgatamh. vishnorbabharti yaan bhaktya shirasahanianshan dhruv:.. vishnupuran (2|8|109); kalpataru (tirth, prishth 161) ne ‘shiv:’ pathantar diya hai. ‘nadi sa vaishnavi prokta vishnupadasamudabhava.’ padm. (5|25|188).
  17. ↑ tathaivalakananda ch dakshinadety bharatamh. prayati sagaran bhittva saptabheda dvijottam:.. koorm. (1|46|31).
  18. ↑ (m. bha., vanaparv, adhyay 12, 42, 47, 83-88, 90, 93, 95, 99, 107-109 adi.)
  19. ↑ vishnupuran (2|8|120-121)
  20. ↑ shrutabhilashita drishta sprishta pitavagahita. ya pavayati bhootani kirtita ch dine dine.. ganga gangeti yainami yojananaan shateshvapi. sthitairuchcharitan hanti papan janmatrayarjitamh.. vishnupu. (2|8|120-121); ganga vakyavali (prishth 110), tirthachi. (prishth 202), gangabhakti. (prishth 9). doosara shlok padm. (6|21|8 evan 23|12) evan brahma. (175|82) mean kee prakar se padha gaya hai, yatha-ganga........yo brooyadyojananaan shatairapi. muchyate sarvapapebhyo vishnulokan s gachchhati.. pady. (1|31|77) mean aya hai......shatairapi. naro n narakan yati kian taya sadrishan bhaveth..
  21. ↑ darshanartsshanatpanath tatha gangeti kirtanath. smaranadev gangaya: sady: papai: pramuchyate.. bhavishy. (tirthachi. prishth 198; gangava prishth 12 evan gangabhakti prishth 9). pratham pad anushasan. (26|64) evan agni. (110|6) mean aya hai. gachchhanstishthanh japandhyayanh bhunjanh jagrat svapanh vadanh. y: smareth satatan gangaan soapi muchyet bandhanath.. skand. (kashikhand, poorvardh 27|37) evan naradiy. (uttar, 39|16-17).
  22. ↑ sarvatr sulabha ganga trishu sthaneshu durlabha. gangadvare prayage ch gangasagarasangame.. tatr snatva divan yanti ye mritasteapunarbhava:.. matsy. (106|54); koorm. (1|37|34); garu d. (poorvardh, 81|1-2); padm. (5|60|120). naradiy. (40|26-27) mean aisa pathantar hai-‘sarvatr durlabha ganga trishu sthaneshu chadhika. gangadvare.......sangame.. eshu snata divan.......rbhava:..’
  23. ↑ (matsy. 107|4)
  24. ↑ tisr: kotyordhakoti ch tirthanaan vayurabravith. divi bhuvyantarikshe ch tatsarv jahnavi smrita.. koorm. (1|39|8); padm. (1|47|7 evan 5|60|59); matsy. (102|5, tani te santi jahnavi).
  25. ↑ kian yajnairbahuvittadhyai: kian tapobhi: sudushkarai:. svargmokshaprada ganga sukhasaubhagyapoojita.. padm. (5|60|39); kimashtaangen yogen kian tapobhi: kimadhvarai:. vas ev hi gangayaan sarvatopi vishishyate.. naradiy. (uttar, 38|38); tirthachi. (prishth 194, gangayaan brahmajnanasy karanamh); prayashchittatattv (prishth 494).
  26. ↑ matsy puran (104|14-15)
  27. ↑ varahapuran (adhyay 82)
  28. ↑ padmapuran(srishti khand, 60|64-65)
  29. ↑ padmapuran (srishti. 60|65)
  30. ↑ narad puran (uttar, 43|119-120)
  31. ↑ tiradh gavyootimatran tu parit: kshetramuchyate. tiran vasetkshetre tire vaso n cheshyate.. ekayojanavistirna kshetrasima tatadvayath. narad puran (uttar, 43|119-120). pratham ko tirthachi. (prishth 266) ne skandapuran se udadhrit kiya hai aur vyakhya ki hai-‘ubhayatate pratyekan koshadayan kshetramh.’ antim pad ko tirthachi. (prishth 267) evan gangava. (prishth 136) ne bhavishy. se udadhrit kiya hai. ‘gavyooti’ doori ya lambaee ki map hai jo samanyat: do krosh (kos) ke barabar hai. lambaee ke mapoan ke vishay mean kuchh antar hai. amarakosh ke anusar ‘gavyooti’ do krosh ke barabar hai, yatha-‘gavyooti: stri kroshayugamh.’ vayu. (8|105 evan 101|122-123) evan brahmand. (2|7|96-101) ke anusar 24 aangul=ek hast, 96 aangul=ek dhanu (arthath ‘dand’, ‘yug’ ya ‘nali’); 2000 dhanu (ya dand ya yug ya nalika)=gavyooti evan 8000 dhanu=yojan. markandey. (46|37-40) ke anusar 4 hast=dhanu ya dand ya yug ya nalika; 2000 dhanu=krosh, 4 krosh=gavyooti (jo yojan ke barabar hai). aur dekhie is granth ka khand 3, adhyay 5.
  32. ↑ prayashchittatattv (prishth 497-498)
  33. ↑ adyamuke masi amukapakshe amukatithau sady:papapranashapoorvakan sarvapunyapraptikamogangaya snanamahan karishye. gangava. (prishth 141). aur dekhie tirthachi. (prishth 206-207), jahaan gangasnan ke poorvak liank sankalpoan ke kee vikalp diye hue haian.
  34. ↑ matsyapuran (102)
  35. ↑ matsyapuran (adhyay 102)
  36. ↑ smritichandrika (1, prishth 182) ne matsy. (102) ke shlok (1-8) udadhrit kiye haian. smritichandrika ne vahian ganga ke 12 vibhinn nam die haian. padm. (4|81|17-19) mean matsy. ke nam paye jate haian. is adhyay ke arambh mean ganga ke sahasr namoan ki or sanket kiya ja chuka hai.
  37. ↑ tarpan ke do prakar haian-pradhan evan gaun. pratham vidyadhyayan samapt kiye hue dvijoan dvara devoan, rrishiyoan evan pitaroan ke lie pratidin kiya jata hai. doosara snan ke aang ke roop mean kiya jata hai. nityan naimittikan kamyan trividhan snanamuchyate. tarpanan tu bhavettasy aangattven prakirtitamh.. brahm. (gangabhakti., 162). tarpan snan evan brahmayajn donoan ka aang hai. is vishay mean dekhie is granth ka khand 2, adhyay 17. tarpan apani ved shakha ke anusar hota hai. doosara niyam yah hai ki tarpan tilayukt jal se kisi tirthasthl, gaya mean, pitripaksh (ashvin ke krishnapaksh) mean kiya jata hai. vidhava bhi kisi tirth mean apane pati ya sambandhi ke lie tarpan kar sakati hai. sannyasi aisa nahian karata. pita vala vyakti bhi tarpan nahian karata. kintu vishnupuran ke mat se vah tin aanjili devoan, tin rrishiyoan ko evan ek prajapati (‘devastupyantamh’ ke roop mean) ko deta hai. ek any niyam yah he ki ek hath (dahine) se shraddh mean ya agni mean ahuti di jati hai, kintu tarpan mean donoan hathoan se jal snan karane vali nadi mean dala jata hai ya phir bhoomi par chho da jata hai-‘shraddhe havanakale ch paninaiken diyate. tarpane toobhayan kuryadish ev vidhi:smrit.. naradiy. (uttar, 57|62-63)’ yadi koee vistrit vidhi se tarpan n kar sake to vah nimn mantroan ke sath (jo vayupuran, 110|21-22 mean diye hue haian) til evan kush se mishrit jal ki tin aanjaliyaan de sakata hai-‘abrahmastambaparyant devarshipitrimanava:. tripyantu pitar: sarve matrimatamahaday:.. atitakulakotinaan saptadvipanivasinamh. abrahmayubh-nallokadidamastu tilodakamh..’
  38. ↑ vishnupadabjasambhoote gange tripathagamini. dharmavrateti vikhyate papan mean har jahnavi.. shraddhaya bhaktisampanne shrimatardevi jahnavi. amritenambuna devi bhagirathi punih mamh.. smriti. (1|131); pra. tattv. (502); tvan dev saritaan nath tvan devi saritaan vare. ubhayo: sangame snatva munchami duritani vai.. vahi. aur dekhie padmatr (srishtikhand, 60|60)
  39. ↑ (m. bha., adiparv, adhyay 2, 3, 61, 63, 67, 70, 87, 95-10.)
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