सिक्ख

thumb|250px|sikkh dharm ka pratik sikkh logoan ko guru nanak (1469-1538 ee.) ke anuyayiyoan ke roop mean jana jata hai. mukhy roop se panjab hi unaka nivas sthan hai. prarambh ve shantipriy the aur unamean paraspar jati-paanti ka koee bhedabhav nahian tha, halaanki unamean se adhikaansh hindoo se sikkh bane the. ye sabhi dharmoan mean nihit adharabhoot saty mean vishvas karate haian aur unaka drishtikon dharmik athava sampradayik pakshapat se rahit aur udar hai. 1538 ee. mean guru nanak ki mrityu ke uparant sikkhoan ka mukhiya guru kahalane laga.

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das guru

sikkhoan ke kramash: das guru hue haian-

1. guru nanakadev (1469-1539)
2. guru aangad (1539-1552 ee.)
3. guru amaradas (1552-1574 ee.)
4. guru ramadas (1574-1581 ee.)
5. guru arjun (1581-1606 ee.)
6. guru haragovind (1606-1645 ee.)
7. guru hararay (1645-1661 ee.)
8. guru harakishan (1661-1664 ee.)
9. guru teg bahadur sianh (1664-1675 ee.) aur
10. guru govind sianh (1675-1708 ee.).

guru arjun ka vadh

chauthe guru ramadas atyant sadhu prakriti ke vyakti the, isalie badashah akabar bhi unaka adar karata tha. usane amritasar mean ek jalashay se yukt bhoo-bhag unhean dan diya, jis par age chalakar sikkh svarnamandir ka nirman hua. paanchavean guru arjun ne sikkhoan ke adi granth namak dharm granth ka sankalan kiya, jisamean unake poorv ke charoan guruoan tatha kuchh hindoo aur musalaman santoan ki vani sankalit hai. unhoanne khalasa panth ki arthik sthiti ko dridhata pradan karane ke lie pratyek sikkh se dharmik chanda vasool karane ki pratha chalaee. badashah jahaangir ke adesh par guru arjun ka is karan vadh kar diya gaya ki unhoanne daya ke vashibhoot hokar badashah ke vidrohi putr shahazada khusaro ko sharan di thi.

aurangazeb ka krodh

mukhy lekh : aurangazeb

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guru arjun ke putr guru haragoviand sianh ne sikkhoan ka sainik sangathan kiya, ek chhoti-si sikkhoan ki sena ekatr ki. unhoanne shahajahaan ke viruddh vidroh karake ek yuddh mean shahi sena ko parast bhi kar diya. kintu ant mean unhoanne bhagakar kashmir ke parvatiy pradesh mean sharan li. vahian par unaki mrityu ho gee. agale donoan guru, guru hararay aur guru harakishan ke kal mean koee ghatana nahian ghati. unhoanne guru arjun dvara prachalit dharmik chande ki pratha evan unake putr haragovind ki sainik-sangathan ki niti ka anusaran karake khalasa panth ko aur bhi shaktishali banaya. navean guru teg bahadur sianh ko aurangazeb ka kop-bhajan banana p da. usane guru ko bandi banakar usake sammukh prastav rakha ki ya to islam dharm svikar karo athava pran dene ke lie taiyar ho jao. bad mean unaka sir utar liya gaya. unaki shahadat ka samast sikkh sampraday, unake putr tatha agale guru govind sianh par gambhir prabhav p da.

sikkhoan ka sangathan

guru govind sianh ne bhali-bhaanti vichar karake shantipriy sikkh sampraday ko sainik sangathan ka roop diya, jo dridhatapoorvak musalamanoan ke atikraman tatha atyacharoan ka samana kar sake. sath hi unhoanne sikkhoan mean aisi anushasan ki bhavana bhari ki ve l dakoo shakti ban ge. unhoanne apane panth ka nam khalasa (pavitr) rakha. sath hi samast sikkh samuday ko ekata ke sootr mean abaddh karane ke vichar se sikkhoan ko kesh, kachchh, k da, kripan aur kangha– ye paanch vastuean avashyak roop se dharan karane ka adesh diya. unhoanne sthaniy mugal hakimoan se kee yuddh kie, jinamean unake do balak putr mare ge, kintu ve hatotsahit n hue. mrityu paryant ve sikkhoan ka sangathan karate rahe. 1708 ee. mean ek afagan ne unaki hatya kar di.

vir banda

mukhy lekh : banda bahadur

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age chalakar guru govind sianh ki rachanaean bhi sankalit hueean aur yah sankalan guru granth sahab ka parishisht bana. samast sikkh samuday unaka itana adar karata tha ki unaki mrityu ke uparant guru pad hi samapt kar diya gaya. yadyapi unake uparant hi banda vir ne sikkhoan ka netritv bhar sambhal liya. vir banda ke netritv mean 1708 ee. se lekar 1716 ee. tak sikkh nirantar mugaloan se loha lete rahe, par 1716 ee. mean banda bandi banaya gaya aur badashah farrukhasiyar ki ajna se hathiyoan se rauandavakar usaki hatya karava di gee. saik doan sikkhoan ko ghor yatanaean di geean. phir bhi in atyacharoan se khalasa panth ki sainik shakti ko kisi bhi prakar se dabaya nahian ja saka. guru ke abhav mean, vyaktigat netritv ke sthan par, sangathan ka bhar kee vyaktiyoan ke ek samooh par a p da, jinhoanne apani kshamata aur yogyata ke anusar apane sahadharmiyoan ka sangathan kiya.

shakti vistar

fejullapur ke kapoor sianh ne khalasa dal athava sikkh rajy ki nianv dali. any sikkh saradaroan ne nadirashah ke akraman ke uparant panjab mean phaili huee avyavastha ka labh uthakar sikkhoan ka sangathan kiya aur ravi nadi ke tat par dalival mean ek durg ka nirman karaya tatha lahaur tak dhave marane shuroo kar die. ahamadashah abdali ke bar-bar ke akramanoan aur visheshakar 1768 ee. ke panipat ke tritiy yuddh ne panjab mean sikkhoan ki shakti badhane mean vishesh yog diya, kyoanki unake prayas se panjab mean mugal shasan samapt pray ho gaya tha tatha sikkhoan mean navin asha evan sahas ka sanchar ho raha tha. ve abdali ka pichha karate rahe aur chhapamar yuddh ki niti apanakar panjab mean usaki sthiti ko visham bana diya. aantat: 1767 ee. mean usake bharat se afaganistan laut jane par sikkhoan ne apani virata tatha adhyavasay se panjab ke samast maidani bhag ko apane niyantran mean le liya.

svatantr rajy ki sthapana

1773 ee. tak unaka adhikar kshetr poorv mean saharanapur se pashchim mean atak tak tatha uttar mean paha di bhag se lekar dakshin mean multan tak vistrit ho gaya. is prakar sikkh apane lie ek svatantr rajy ki sthapana karane mean saphal hue, kintu unamean ek shasakiy eekaee ka abhav tha. ve barah misaloan (tuk diyoan) mean vibhakt the, jinake nam kramash: is prakar the- 1-ahaloovaliya, 2-bhaangi, 3-dalavaliya, 4-phaijjulapuriya, 5-kanhaiya, 6-karo da sianhiya, 7-nakaee, 8-nihang, 9-nishalavala, 10-phulakiya, 11-ramagadhiya aur 12-sukarachakiya.

ahamadashah abdali aur aur mugaloan ki satta ke patan ke uparant sikkh kisi bhi bahy shakti ke bhay se rahit hokar paraspar sangharsharat ho ge. phalasvaroop uparyukt barah misaloan ke chhinn-bhinn hone ki sthiti utpann ho gee. kintu sukarachakiya misal ke nayak ranajit sianh ne apani yogyata aur buddhimatta se is ashanka ko door kar diya.

ranajit sianh ka netritv

mukhy lekh : ranajit sianh

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ranajit sianh ka janm 1780 ee. mean hua tha aur 1799 ee. mean unhoanne afaganistan ke shasak jamanashah se lahaur ke prantiy shasak ka pad prapt kar liya, jisase panjab ke musalamanoan ko unake age jhukana p da. agale chh: varshoan mean unhoanne sataluj nadi ko par karake sabhi misaloan par apana adhipaty sthapit kar liya. sataluj ke is par athava poorvi kshetr ki misaloan par adhikar jamane mean vah is karan asaphal rahe ki bharat mean sthit aangrez sarakar in misaloan ke saradaroan ko unaka virodh karane ke lie sahayata de rahi thi. phir bhi ranajit sianh ne 1839 ee. mean apani mrityu ke poorv sikkhoan ko sangathit shakti mean parivartit kar diya, jinake svatantr rajy ki simaean sataluj se peshavar tak aur kashmir se multan tak vistrit thian. isaki raksha ke lie yooropiy dhang se prashikshit tatha shaktishali topakhane se sajjit vipul sainyabal bhi tha. kintu durbhagyavash ranajit sianh ka koee suyogy tatha vayask putr nahian tha, jo sikkhoan ka netritv kar unake adhoore karyoan ko age badha sakata. phalasvaroop unake uttaradhikari ke roop mean kee nirbal aur kathaputali shasak hue aur kuchakri rajanitijnoan tatha mahatvakaankshi senapatiyoan ke shadyantr ke karan 1845 se 1849 ee. ke char varshoan ke alpakal mean hi sikkhoan ko (sikkh yuddh) pratham tatha dvitiy yuddhoan mean phansana p da, jisase us svatantr sikkh rajy ka nash ho gaya, jisaka nirman dirghakalin balidanoan ke adhar par hua tha.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

(pustak 'bharatiy itihas kosh') prishth sankhya-472