हिमालय

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Himalayas

• himalay sanskrit ke him tatha alay se mil kar bana hai jisaka shabdarth 'barf ka ghar' hota hai. himalay bharat ki dharohar hai. himalay parvat ki ek choti ka nam bandarapuchchh hai. yah choti uttar pradesh ke tihari-gadhaval zile mean sthit hai. isaki ooanchaee 20,731 phut hai. ise sumeru bhi kahate haian.
• himalay ek parvat shrriankhala hai jo bharatiy upamahadvip aur tibbat ko alag karata hai.
• bharatavarsh ka sabase ooancha parvat jo uttar mean desh ki lagabhag 2500 kilomitar lanbi sima banata hai aur desh ko uttar eshiya se prithakh karata hai. kashmir se lekar asam tak isaka vistar hai.
• himalay parvatamala ki ganana vaijnanik vishv ki navin parvat malaoan se karate haian. isaka nirman sagar-tal ke uthane se aj se paanch-chhah karo d varsh pahale hua. himalay ko apani poori ooanchaee prapt karane mean 60 se 70 lakh varsh lage.
• himalay apani ooanchi chotiyoan ke liye prasiddh hai. vishv ka sarvochch shikhar mauant evarest himalay ki hi ek choti hai. vishv ke 100 sarvochch shikharoan mean kee himalay ki chotiyaan haian. any parvatoan ki apeksha yah kafi naya hai.
• himalay se sambaddh pahali parvat shrriankhala pir panjal parvatashreni hai.
• himalay ke ek bhag ka nam kaliand hai. yahian se yamuna nikalati hai. isi se yamuna ka nam kaliandaja aur kaliandi bhi hai. donoan ka matalab kaliand ki beti hota hai. yah jagah bahut sundar hai, par yahaan pahuanchana bahut kathin hai.
• apane udgam se age kee mil tak vishal himagaroan aur hianm mandit kandaraoan mean aprakat roop se bahati huee tatha paha di dhalanoan par se atyant tivrata poorvak utarati huee isaki dhara yamunottari parvat 20,731 phit ooanchaee se prakat hoti hai.
• himalay parvatashreni ke atirikt anaee shikhar bharat ki sabase ooanchi choti hai.

himalay ke pauranik sandarbh

• puranoan ke anusar himalay maina ka pati aur parvati ka pita hai. ganga isaki sabase b di putri hai. bhagavan shankar ka nivas kailash yahian hai.
• mahabharat ke anusar paandav svargarohan ke lie yahian ae the. yudhishthar devarath mean baithakar jab sasharir svarg jane lage to unaki indr se bheant yahian huee thi.

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Himalayas

gahan prabhav

hazaroan varshoan tak himalay ne dakshin eshiya ke logoan par vaiyaktik aur gahan prabhav dala hai, jo unake sahity, rajaniti, arthavyavastha aur pauranik kathaoan mean bhi pratibianbit hota hai. isaki vistrit barfili chotiyaan lanbe samay se prachin bharat ke parvatarohi tirthayatriyoan ko akarshit karati rahi haian, jinhoanne is vishal parvat shrriankhala ka sanskrit mean namakaran kiya. adhunik kal mean himalay vishv bhar ke parvatarohiyoan ke lie sabase b da akarshan aur mahanatam chunauti hai. bharatiy upamahadvip ki uttari sima ka nirdharan karane aur uttar ki bhoomi ke lie lagabhag agamy avarodh banane vali yah parvatashreni ek vishal parvat pattika ka hissa hai jo uttari afrika se dakshin-poorv eshiya ke prashaant tat tak lagabhag adhi duniya mean phaili huee hai. himalay parvatashreni lagabhag 2,500 kilomitar tak pashchim se poorv disha mean jammoo-kashmir kshetr ke nanga parvat (8,126 mitar) se tibbat mean namacha barava (7,756 mitar) tak nirbadh roop se phaili huee hai. poorv aur pashchim ke in do sudoor chhoroan ke bich do himalayi desh, nepal aur bhootan, sthit haian. himalay ke pashchimottar mean hiandukush aur karakoram parvatashreniyaan aur uttar mean tibbat ka ooancha pathar hai. dakshin se uttar tak himalay ki chau daee 201 se 402 kilomitar ke bich parivartit hoti rahati hai. isaka kul kshetraphal lagabhag 5,94,400 varg kilomitar hai.

bhaugolik visheshataean

himalay ki pramukh lakshanik vishishtata isaki buland ooanchaiyaan, kh de kinaroan vale nukile shikhar, ghatiyaan, parvatiy himanadiyaan, jo aksar vishal hoti haian, aparadan dvara gahari kati huee sthalakriti, athah pratit hoti nadi ghatiyaan, jatil bhaugarbhik sanrachana aur ooanchi pattiyoan (ya kshetroan) ki shrriankhala hai, jinamean vibhinn prakar ki vanaspatiyaan, jantujivan aur jalavayu haian. dakshin ki or se dekhane par himalay vishalakay arddh chandr pratit hota hai, jisaka mool aksh himarekha se oopar sthit hai, jahaan himakshetr, parvatiy himanadiyaan aur himaskhalan nichali ghatiyoan ki un himanadiyoan ka hissa banate haian, jo himalay se nikalane vali adhikaansh nadiyoan ke srot haian. lekin himalay ka b da hissa himarekha ke niche sthit hai. is shreni ka nirman karane vali parvat-nirman prakriya ab bhi kriyashil hai, jisamean dharaoan ke bhari aparadan aur vishal bhooskhalan jaisi gatividhiyaan bhi shamil haian. himalay parvatashreni ko char samanaantar, lanbavat, bhinn chau daee vali parvat-pattikaoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai, jinamean se pratyek ki apani bhaugolik vishishtata tatha apana alag bhoogarbhashastriy itihas hai. inhean dakshin se uttar ki or is prakar baanta gaya hai- bahari ya up-himalay; laghu ya nimn himalay; uchch ya vrihat himalay; aur tethis ya tibbati himalay, isase age uttar mean tibbat mean para-himalay hai, jo kuchh sudoor uttari himalayi shreniyoan ka poorv disha mean vistar hai. pashchim se poorv ki or himalay ko mote taur par tin parvatiy kshetroan mean baanta gaya hai-

• pashchimi
• madhyavarti
• poorvi

bhaugarbhik itihas

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Himalayas himalay parvatashreni alps se dakshin-poorv eshiya ke paha doan tak phaile yooreshiyaee parvatashreni ke vistar ka hissa hai, jisaka nirman pichhale 6.5 karo d varshoan mean sarvabhaumik plet-vivartanik shaktiyoan ke karan prithvi ki oopari satah par vishalakay ubharoan ke banane se hua hai.

lagabhag 18 karo d varsh pahale, jyooraisik kal mean, jab tethis sagar namak ek gahari bhoo- abhinati yooreshiya ke samooche dakshini kinare ko ghere hue thi, purane vishal mahadvip goandavana (goandavanalaiand) ke vikhandan ki prakriya shuroo huee. agale 13 karo d varshoan mean isaka ek khand, bharatiy upamahadvip ka nirman karane vali sthalamandaliy plet ke roop mean, uttar disha ki or yooreshiyaee plet se takarane ke marg ki or badha, is bharatiy-aaustreliyaee plet ne dhire-dhire apane aur yooreshiyaee plet ke bich sthit tethis khaee ko vishalakay chimate ki bhaanti jak d liya. jaise-jaise tethis khaee sankari hoti gee, badhate hue dabav ki shaktiyoan ne isake samudri talachhat mean kee vivartanik ubharoan, gadhdoan aur aantargrathit bhranshoan ko janm diya aur grenait tatha baisalt ke bhandar isake gaharaiyoan se kamazor ho chuke talachhat ki oopari satah par ubhar ae. tritiy mahakalp (lagabhag paanch karo d varsh pahale) ke aranbh mean bharat, aantatah yooreshiya se takara gaya. bharat, niche ki or tethis khaee ke niche lagatar badhane vali akshanati ke sath aparoopit ho gaya.

agale tin karo d varshoan mean tethis sagar mean bharatiy-aaustreliyaee plet ke doobane ke karan isaka samudr tal oopar ki or uth gaya tatha isake kam gahare hisse pani se oopar nikal ae. isase tibbat ke pathar ki rachana huee. pathar ke dakshini kinare par simaant parvat, aj ki parahimalay parvatashreni, is kshetr ka pahala b da jalavibhajak bana aur itani ooanchaee tak upar utha ki jalavayaviy avarodh ban sake. dakshini tikhi dhalanoan par bhari varsha hone ke sath uttar disha mean purani anuprasth khaiyoan mean badhati huee shakti ke sath pramukh dakshinavarti nadiyoan ka shirsh jal ki or aparadan badhata gaya aur ye pathar par bahane vali dharaoan mean shamil ho geean. is prakar, aj ki jal apavah pranali ki rooparekha taiyar huee. dakshin ki or arab sagar tatha bangal ki kha di ke purane muhane prachin siandhu, ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyoan dvara bahakar laee gee samagri se tezi se bhar ge. vistrit aparadan aur nikshepan ki prakriya aj bhi jari hai aur ye nadiyaan pratidin bhari matra mean samagri bahakar le jati haian.

'nape' ki rachana

aantatah lagabhag tin karo d varsh pahale madhyanootan yug (maiosin ep aauk) mean donoan pletoan ke bich tootate hue ju dane ki prakriya mean tezi se vriddhi huee aur isake phalasvaroop himalay parvat ki nirman prakriya ka vastavik aranbh hua. bharatiy upamahadvipiy plet ka tethis khaee mean doobana jari raha aur prachin goandavana roopaantarit chattanean dakshin mean lambi kshaitij doori tak chhilake ki tarah nikalakar apane hi dher par ekatr hoti rahian aur isa prakar 'nape' ki rachana huee. bharatiy bhoomi kshetr par dakshin disha mean 97 kilomitar ki doori tak nape ki tah bichhati gee. pratyek ne nape mean pahale ke nape ke muqabale zyada purani goandavana chattanean thian. kalakram mean ye nape valayakar ho ge aur isase bhootapoorv khaee, pahale ke muqabale lagabhag 402 kshaitij kilomitar (kuchh vidvan ise 805 kilomitar batate haian) tak siku d ge. is bich, niche ki or bahane vali nadiyaan bhi utthan ki dar siandhu, ganga aur brahmaputr nadiyoan mean ikathta ho raha tha. is avasad ke vazan se vahaan gadhde ban ge, jisase aur adhik avasad ekatr hota gaya. ganga ke maidan ke niche kuchh sthanoan par jalodhak 7,620 mitar se bhi adhik hai. thumb|250px|left|himalay
Himalayas pichhale matr 6 lakh varshoan ke dauran, atyant nootan yug (plaistosin ep aauk, 16 lakh se 10 hazar varsh pahale tak) mean hi himalay prithvi ki sabase ooanchi parvat shrriankhala bani. yadi madhy nootan yug aur atinootan yug ki visheshata shaktishali kshaitij bal thi, to atyant nootan yug ki khasiyat zabaradast utthan shakti thi. sudoor uttari nape ke madhyavarti hisse mean aur isake thik bad navin pattitashm tatha grenait yukt ravedar chattanean ubharian, jinase aj dikhaee dene vale ooanche shikharoan ka nirman hua. mauant evarest jaisi kuchh chotiyoan par ravedar chattanoan ne prachin jivashmoan se yukt uttar disha ke tethis avasad ko shikhar par jama kar diya.

jalavayaviy avarodh

ek bar vishal himalay jalavayaviy avarodh ban gaya, to uttar mean sthit simaant parvat varsha se vanchit ho ge tatha tibbat ke pathar ki tarah sookh ge. isake viparit nam dakshini kagaroan par nadiyaan itani aparadanakari shaktiyoan ke sath prakat hueean ki unhoanne shirsh rekha ko dhire-dhire uttar disha mean dhakel diya. sath hi himalay se phootane vali vishal anuprasth nadiyoan ne in vishal nadiyoan ke alava any sabhi ko unaki nichali dharaoan mean parivartan ke lie badhy kiya, kyoanki jaise-jaise uttari shikhar oopar uth raha tha, vaise hi vishal nape ka dakshini sira bhi uth raha tha. in shaktiyoan tatha valayoan se shivalik shreni ka nirman hua tatha nimn himalay kshetr mean sanvalit hokar madhyavarti kshetr ki utpatti huee. is dauran dakshin ki or bahav mean avarodh a jane se adhikaansh chhoti nadiyaan poorv ya pashchim mean madhyavarti kshetr ke sanrachanatmak taur par kamazor hissoan ke zariye ne dakshini avarodh ko to dane ya kisi b di dhara mean milane tak bahati rahian.

kashmir ghati aur nepal ki kathamaandoo ghati jaisi kuchh ghatiyoan mean asthaee roop se jhiloan ka nirman hua, jinamean atyant nootan yug (plaistosin) ka nikshep ekatr ho gaya. lagabhag 2 lakh sal pahale sookhane ke bad kathamaandoo ghati kam se kam 198 mitar tak oopar uthi hai, jo laghu himalay kshetr mean sthaniy utthan ka soochak hai.

bhoo-akriti vijnan

bahy himalay mean samatal bhoomi vali sanrachanatmak ghatiyaan aur himalay parvatashreni ki dakshini sima par sthit shivalik bharat par sthit shivalik paha diyaan haian. poorv ke kuchh chhote darroan ko chho dakar shivalik bharat ke himachal pradesh mean adhikatar 110 kilomitar ki chau daee ke sath himalay ki poori lanbaee tak phaila hua hai. amataur par 274 mitar ki samochch rekha isaki dakshini sima nirdharit karati hai. uttar bharat mean isaki ooanchaee 762 mitar tak hai. mukhy shivalik shreni ka dakshini hissa bharatiy maidanoan ki or tikhi dhalan vala hai aur uttar ki or samatal bhoomi vale besin, jinhean doon kaha jata hai ki dhal kam tikhi hai. inamean se sabase vikhyat uttaraanchal ka parvatiy kshetr deharadoon hai.

laghu himalay

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

• laghu himalay ko aantarik himalay, nimn himalay ya madhy himalay bhi kahalata hai.
• himalay parvat shrriankhala ka madhyavarti bhag, dakshin-poorvi disha mean uttari pakistan, uttar bharat, nepal, sikkim (bharat) aur bhootan tak vistrit hai.
• yah shrriankhala vrihad (uttar) aur shivalik ya bah (dakshin) himalay shrriankhalaoan ke bich sthit hai.
• isaki aurat ooanchaee 3,700 se 4,500 mitar tak hai. isamean panjab, kumaooan, nepal aur asam ke himalay kshetr shamil haian.

nag tibba

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Himalayas in tin shreniyoan mean sabase poorv mean nag tibba ka poorvi sira nepal mean lagabhag 8,169 mitar ooancha hai aur yah ganga v yamuna nadiyoan ke bich uttarakhand mean jalavibhajak kshetr ka nirman karata hai.

sanrachanatmak besin

pashchim mean kashmir ki khoobasoorat ghati hai, jo ek sanrachanatmak besin hai (ek valayakar besin, jisamean chattani parat keandriy biandu ki or jhuki huee hai) aur laghu himalay ke ek mahattvapoorn khand ka nirman karati hai. yah dakshin-poorv se poorvottar ki or lagabhag 160 kilomitar tak phaili huee hai aur isaki chau daee 80 kilomitar tak hai. isaki ausat ooanchaee 1,554 mitar hai. is besin se hokar tiryak roop se sarpakar jhelam nadi bahati hai jo jammoo-kashmir ki vishal mithe pani ki voolar jhil se hokar bahati hai.

uchch himalay shreni

samooche parvatiy kshetr ki ridh uchch himalay shreni hai, jo satat himarekha se oopar tak uthi huee haian. yah parvatashreni nepal mean apani adhikatam ooanchaee tak pahuanchati hai, jahaan vishv ki 14 sabase ooanchi chotiyoan mean se 9 sthit haian. inamean se pratyek ki ooanchaee 7,925 mitar se adhik hai. pashchim se poorv ki or inake nam haian. dhaulagiri-1, annapoorna-1, manasaloo-1, cho yoo, gyachuang kaang-1, mauant evarest, lhotse, makaloo-1 aur kanchanajanga-1. age poorv mean bharat ka hissa ban chuke prachir himalayi rajy sikkim mean pravesh karate samay yah shreni dakshin-poorvi disha se poorv disha apana leti hai. isake bad yah agale 418.34 kilomitar tak bhootan aur arunachal pradesh ke poorvi hisse mean kaangto shikhar (7,090 mitar) tak yah poorv disha mean badhati hai aur aantat: poorvottar mean mu dakar namacha barava mean samapt ho jati hai.

uchch himalay aur isake uttar ki shreniyoan, patharoan tatha besinoan ke bich koee spasht simarekha nahian hai aur inhean amataur par tethis himalay tatha sudoor uttar mean tibbat ke roop mean samoohabaddh kiya jata hai. kashmir aur himachal pradesh mean tethis sabase chau de haian, jinase spiti besin aur zaskar parvatoan ka nirman hota hai. isake sabase ooanche shikhar dakshin-poorv disha mean sataluj nadi ke uttar mean shipaki darre ke samane sthit liyo pargiyal 6,791 mitar aur shilla 7,026 mitar haian.

apavah

himalay ke apavah mean 19 pramukh nadiyaan haian. jinamean brahmaputr v siandhu sabase b di hai, donoan mean se pratyek ka parvatoan mean 2,59,000 varg kilomitar vistrit jalasangrahak besin hai. any nadiyoan mean se paanch, jhelam, chenab, ravi, vyas, aur sataluj siandhu tantr ki nadiyaan haian. jinaka kul jalagrahan kshetr lagabhag 1,32,090 varg kilomitar hai. nau nadiyaan, ganga, yamuna, ramaganga , kali, karanali, rapti, gandak, bagamati v kosi, ganga tantr ki haian, jinaka jalagrahan kshetr 2,17,560 varg kilomitar hai aur tin, tista, raidak v manas, bahmaputr tantr ki haian jo 1,83,890 varg kilomitar kshetr ko apavahit karati haian. thumb|250px|left|himalay
Himalayas pramukh himalayi nadiyaan parvatashreni ke uttar se nikalati haian aur gahare mahakhaddoan se hoti huee bahati haian, jo amataur par kuchh bhaugorbhik sanrachanatmak niyantran ko spasht karata hai. siandhu tantr ki nadiyoan ka bahav ek niyam ki tarah pashchimottar hai, jabaki ganga-brahmaputr nadi tantr ki nadiyaan parvatiy kshetr se bahate hue poorvi marg apanati haian.

bharat ke uttar mean karakoram shreni, jisake pashchim mean hiandukush v poorv mean laddakh shreni hai, ek vishal jalavibhag banati hai jo siandhu tantr ko madhy eshiya ki nadiyoan se alag karata hai. is vibhajan ke poorv mean kailash shreni aur poorv ki or age nianakiang tanggula parvat haian, jo brahmaputr, uchch himalay shreni ke mahakhadd ko par karane se pahale poorv ki or lagabhag 1,488 kilomitar bahati hai. isaki bahut si tibbati sahayak nadiyaan viparit disha mean bahati haian aur sanbhavatah kabhi brahmaputr ki bhi yahi disha rahi hogi.

jal-vibhajan

uchch himalay, jo samanyah apani samoochi lanbaee mean pramukh jal-vibhajan hai, kuchh simit kshetroan mean hi jal-vibhajan ka kam karata hai. isaka karan yah hai ki pramukh himalayi nadiyaan, jaise siandhu, brahmaputr sataluj aur ganga ki do pramukh dharaean, alakananda v bhagirathi un parvatoan se bhi purani haian, jinhean ve katati haian. aisa vishvas hai ki himalay itani dhimi gati se utha ki purani nadiyoan ko dharaoan mean bahate rahane mean koee pareshani nahian huee aur himalay ke uthane se unake bahav ne gati pak d li, jisase ve ghatiyoan ka katav tezi se kar paeean. is prakar himalay ka unnayan aur ghatiyoan ka gahara hona sath-sath jari raha, parinamasvaroop, parvatashreniyoan ke sath poornatah vikasit nadi tantr ka udbhav hua, jo gahare anuprasth mahakhandoan mean kata tha. inaki gaharaee 1,524 se 4,877 mitar v chau daee 10 se 48 kilomitar hai. apavah tantr ka aranbhik mool is anokhe tathy ko spasht karata hai ki pramukh nadiyaan n keval uchch himalay ki dakshini dhaloan ko, balki ek vishal sima tak isaki uttari dhaloan ko bhi apavahit karati haian, kyoanki jal-vibhajak kshetr shirsh rekha ke uttar mean sthit hai.

himanad

ek jal-vibhajak ke roop mean uchch himalay shreni ki bhoomika ko sataluj v siandhu ghati ke bich ke 579 kilomitar ke kshetr mean dekha ja sakata hai. uttari dhaloan mean uttar ki or bahane vali z aauskar v dras nadiyaan haian, jo siandhu nadi mean apavahit hoti haian. gleshiyar (himanad) bhi ooanche kshetroan ko apavahit karane v himalayi nadiyoan ke poshan (pani dene) mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhate haian. uttarakhand mean anek himanad haian, jinamean se sabase b da gangotri himanad 32 kilomitar lanba hai aur ganga ke srotoan mean se ek hai. khuanbu himanad nepal ke evarest kshetr ko apavahit karata hai aur is parvat ki chadhaee ka sabase lokapriy marg hai. himalay kshetr ke himanadoan ki gati ki dar ullekhaniy roop se bhinn hai. karakoram shreni mean baltoro himanad pratidin do mitar khisakata hai, jabaki khuanbu jaise any himanad pratidin keval lagabhag 30 seantimitar tak hi khisak pate haian. himalay ke adhikaansh himanad siku d rahe haian.

mitti

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

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Himalayas himalay ki mitti ke bare mean adhik janakari upalabdh nahian hai. uttaramukhi dhalanoan par mitti ki achchhi-khasi moti parat hai, jo kam ooanchaiyoan par ghane jangaloan tatha adhik ooanchaee par ghas ka poshan karati hai. jangal ki mitti gahare bhoore rang ki hai tatha isaki banavat chikani domat hai. yah phaloan ke vriksh ugane ke lie adarsh mitti hai. parvatiy ghas sthali ki mitti bhalibhaanti vikasit hai, lekin isaki motaee tatha rasayanik gun alag-alag haian.

jalavayu

hava aur jal sancharan ki vishal pranaliyoan ko prabhavit karane vale vishal jalavayaviy vibhajak ke roop mean himalay dakshin mean bharatiy upamahadvip aur uttar mean madhy eshiyaee uchchabhoomi ki mausami sthitiyoan ko prabhavit karane mean pramukh bhoomika nibhata hai. apani sthiti aur vishal ooanchaee ke karan himalay parvatashreni sardiyoan mean uttar ki or se ane vali thandi yooropiy vayu ko bharat mean pravesh karane se rokati hai aur dakshin-pashchim m aaunasooni havaoan ko parvatashreni ko par karake uttar mean jane se pahale adhik varsha ke lie bhi badhy karati hai. is prakar, bharatiy kshetr mean bhari matra mean varsha (barish aur himapat) hoti hai, lekin vahian tibbat mean marusthaliy sthitiyaan haian. dakshini dhalanoan par shimala aur pashchimi himalay ke masoori mean ausat salana varsha 1,530 mimi tatha poorvi himalay ke darjiliang mean 3,048 mimi hoti hai. uchch himalay ke uttar mean sindhu ghati ke kashmir kshetr mean sthit skardoo gilagit aur leh mean sirf 76 se 152 mimi varsha hoti hai.

sthaniy ooanchaee aur sthiti se n sirf himalay ke vibhinn kshetroan ki jalavayu mean bhinnata ka nirdharan hota hai, balki ek hi shreni ki vibhinna dhalanoan par bhi alag-alag jalavayu hoti hai. udaharan ke lie, deharadoon ke samane masoori parvat par 1,859 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit masoori shahar mean anukool sthiti ke karan salana 2,337 mimi tak varsha hoti hai jabaki vahaan se 145 kilomitar pashchimottar mean parvataskandh shrriankhalaoan ke pichhe 2,012 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit shimala mean sirf 1,575 mimi barish hoti hai. poorvi himalay, jo pashchimi himalay ke muqabale kam ooanchaee par hai, apekshakrit garm hai. shimala mean darj nyoonatam tapaman- 25digri. selsiyas hai. 1,945 mitar ki ooanchaee vale darjiliang mean mee mahine mean ausat nyoonatam tapaman- 11 digri selsiyas rahata hai. isi mahine mean 5,029 mitar ki ooanchaee par mauant evarest ke pas nyoonatam tapaman lagabhag- 8 digri selsiyas hota hai, 5,944 mitar par yah- 22 digri selsiyas tak gir jata hai aur yahaan sabase kam nyoonatam tapaman- 29 digri selsiyas hota hai, aksar 161 kilomitar se adhik raftar se bahane vali havaoan se surakshit kshetroan mean din ke samay sudoor ooanchaiyoan par bhi aksar soory ki garmahat khushanuma hoti hai. thumb|250px|left|himalay
Himalayas is kshetr mean ardr mausam ke do kalakhand haian, ja de mean hone vali varsha aur dakshin-pashchimi m aaunasooni havaoan dvara laee gee varsha. shitakalin varsha pashchim ki or se bharat mean ane vale kam dabav ki mausami pranaliyoan ke age badhane ke karan hoti hai, jisake karan bhari himapat bhi hota hai. jin kshetroan mean pashchimi vikshobh ka prabhav hota hai, vahaan satah se 3,048 mitar ki ooanchaee par hava ki oopari paratoan mean sanghanan hota hai, parinamasvaroop ooanche parvatoan par adhik varsha ya himapat hota hai. isi mausam mean himalay ki ooanchi chotiyoan par barf ekatr hoti hai aur pashchimi himalay mean poorvi himalay ke muqabale adhik varsha ya himapat hota hai. udaharan ke lie, janavari mean pashchim sthit masoori mean lagabhag 76 mimi varsha ya himapat darz kiya jata hai jabaki poorv mean darjiliang mean yah 25 mimi se bhi kam hota hai. mee ke aant tak mausami paristhitiyaan ulat jati haian. poorvi himalay ke oopar se guzarane vali dakshin-pashchim m aaunasooni havaean 5,486 mitar ki ooanchaee par varsha aur himapat ka karan banati haian, isalie joon mean darjiliang mean lagabhag 610 mimi aur masoori mean 203 mimi se kam varsha ya himapat darj hota hai. sitanbar mean barish khatm ho jati hai, jisake bad disanbar mean ja de ke mausam ki shurooat se pahale tak himalay mean sabase achchha mausam rahata hai.

vanaspati jivan

himalay mean paee jane vali vanaspati ko ooanchaee aur barish ke adhar par mukhyatah char kshetroan mean baanta ja sakata hai- ushn, uposhn, shitoshn aur amliy. ooanchaee tatha jalavayu mean sthaniy bhinnata tatha soory ke prakash aur hava ke karan pratyek kshetr ke vanaspatik jivan mean kafi bhinnata paee jati hai. ushnakatibandhiy varsha prachur van, poorvi aur madhy himalay ki nam taraiyoan tak simit hai. sadabahar dipterokarps, imarati lak di aur ral utpad karane vale vriksh am haian. inaki vibhinn prajatiyaan, vibhinn mittiyoan tatha bhinn dhaloan vali parvatiy dhalanoan par ugati haian. ayaranavud (mesua feriya) 183 aur 732 mitar ki ooanchaiyoan ke bich chhidradar mitti ke kshetr mean paya jata hai. tikhi dhalanoan par baans ugate haian, ok aur chestanat 1,097 se 1,737 mitar ki ooanchaiyoan par pashchim mean himachal pradesh se madhy nepal tak baluee pattharoan ko dhakane vali ashmamrida mean ugate haian. tikhi dhalanoan par jaladharaoan ke kinare eldar ke vriksh pae jate haian. adhik ooanchaee par inaka sthan parvatiy se van le lete haian, jinamean samany sadabahar prajati peandanas faraketas hai, jo ek prakar ka skroo pain (ketaki) hai. poorvi himalay mean anumanatah in vrikshoan ke alava lagabhag 4,000 prajatiyoan ke phooladar paudhe pae jate haian, jinamean se 20 khajoor jati ke haian. pashchim ki or ghatati huee varsha aur badhati huee ooanchaee ke sath-sath varsha vanoan ka sthan ushnakatibandhiy parnapati van le lete haian, jahaan bahumooly imarati vriksh sal (shoriya robasta) pramukh prajati hai, sal 914 mitar (nam sal) se 1,372 mitar (shushk sal) ki ooanchaiyoan tak ke ooanche patharoan mean phalata-phoolata hai. isake aur age pashchim mean kramashah stepi van (vistrit maidanoan mean sthit van) uposhn katibandhiy kaantedar stepi aur uposhn katibandhiy upamarusthaliy vanaspati paee jati hai. shitoshn van lagabhag 1,372 se 3,353 mitar ki ooanchaiyoan ke bich phaile hue haian aur inamean shankudhari tatha chau di pattiyoan vale shitoshn katibandhiy vriksh pae jate haian. ok tatha shankudhari vrikshoan ke sadabahar jangaloan ki sudoor pashchimi parvatiy sima pakistan mean ravalapiandi ke lagabhag 48 kilomitar pashchimottar mean madhi ke oopar ke paha doan par sthit hai. ye van nimn himalay ki vishishtata haian, jo bharat mean kashmir ke pir panjal ki bahari dhalanoan par spasht dikhate haian.

chi d pain

823 se 1,646 mitar ki ooanchaee tak chi d pain (painas r aauksabarghi) pramukh prajati hai. aandarooni ghatiyoan mean yah prajati 1,920 mitar ki ooanchaee tak bhi paee ja sakati hai.

devadar

devadar, jo kafi mahattvapoorn sthaniy prajati hai, mukhyatah parvatashreni ke pashchimi hisse mean paee jati hai. yah prajati 1,920 se 2,743 mitar ki ooanchaee ke bich ugati hai tatha sataluj v ganga nadiyoan ki oopari ghatiyoan mean aur adhik ooanchaee par bhi ug sakati hai. any shankudhari vrikshoan mean bloo pain v sproos ke vriksh lagabhag 2,225 aur 3,048 mitar ke bich pae jate haian.

alpiy kshetr 3,200 aur 3,566 mitar ki ooanchaiyoan ke bich vriksh rekha se oopar ka kshetr hai aur pashchimi himalay mean lagabhag 4,176 mitar tatha poorvi himalay mean 4,450 mitar ki ooanchaee tak phaila hai. is kshetr mean sabhi prakar ki nam alpiy vanaspatiyaan paee jati haian. joonipar kee kshetroan mean hota hai, visheshakar dhoopadar, tikhi aur chattani dhalanoan tatha shushk kshetroan mean isaka adhiky hai. nanga parvat par yah 3,886 mitar ki ooanchaee par bhi paya jata hai. rododeandron har jagah hota hai, lekin poorvi himalay ke nam hissoan mean isaki bahutayat hai, jahaan yah vrikshoan se lekar chhoti jha diyoan tak har akar mean ugata hai. nichale kshetroan mean jahaan nami ki adhikata hai, vahaan kaee aur shaivak (laiken) ugate haian, adhik ooanchaee, visheshakar nanga parvat aur mauant evarest par phooladar paudhe bhi pae jate haian.

prani jivan

thumb|250px|himalay
Himalayas poorvi himalay mean pashu jivan ka udbhav mukhyatah dakshini chin aur bharatiy-chini kshetr se hua hai. isamean prathamik roop se ushnakatibandhiy vanoan mean paya jane vala pashu jivan hai aur anupoorak roop se ooanche kshetroan mean vyapt uposhn, parvatiy aur shitoshn paristhitiyoan tatha shushk pashchimi kshetroan ke lie anukoolit hue jantu haian. lekin pashchimi himalay mean pashu jivan bhoomadhy sagariy, ithiyopiyaee aur turkameniyaee kshetroan se zyada nikatata pradarshit karata hai. atit mean is kshetr mean jiraf aur dariyaee gho de jaise afriki janavaroan ki maujoodagi ka pata bahy himalay ke shivalik nikshep mean pae jane vale jivashmoan se lagaya ja sakata hai. vriksh rekha se oopar ki ooanchaee par paya jane vala pashu jivan lagabhag poornatah sthaniy prajati ka hai, jo thand ke anukoolit ho chuke haian aur inaka vikas himalay ki ooanchaee badhane ke bad stepi ke vany jivan se hua hai. hathi, paha di bhaiansa aur gaianda mukhyatah dakshini nepal ke nichale parvatiy kshetr mean vanachchhadit taraee ke kuchh hissoan tak simit haian, jo nam ya daladali kshetr haian aur inamean se adhikaansh ab sookh chuke haian. ek samay himalay ke samooche taraee kshetr mean bharatiy gaiande ki bahutayat thi lekin ab ye vilupt hone ke kagar par haian. kastoori mrig aur kashmiri mrig ya hangul bhi luptapray haian. himalay ka kala bhaloo, meghavarni teandua, langoor (lanbi poochh vala eshiyaee bandar) aur vidal parivar ki prajatiyaan himalay ke jangaloan mean pae jane vale kuchh any janavar haian. himalayi bakari aur tahar jaise mrig bhi inamean pae jate haian.

vriksh rekha se oopar ki ooanchaee par kabhi-kabhar him teandua, bhoore bhaloo, lal paanda aur tibbati yak dekhe ja sakate haian. yak ko palatoo bana liya gaya hai aur laddakh mean ise bojh dhone vale pashu ke roop mean istemal kiya jata hai. vriksh rekha se oopar ki ooanchaee mean rahane vale vishesh nivasiyoan mean vibhinn prakar ke ki de, mak diyaan aur baroothi (chianch di) haian, jo 6,309 mitar ki ooanchaee mean rahane mean saksham prani haian. japalura vansh ki chhipakaliyaan bhi kee ilaqo mean paee jati haian. amataur par gliptothoreks mool ki machhaliyaan adhikaansh himalayi dharaoan mean rahati haian aur kinaroan par pani mean rahane vale himalayi chhachhooandar pae jate haian. poorvi himalay mean ek prakar ka aandha saanp taeeflops bhi paya jata hai. himalay mean paee jane vali titaliyaan suandar aur vibhinn prakar ki hoti haian, visheshakar troeedes vansh mool ki.

yahaan ka pakshi jivan bhi kafi samriddh hai lekin pashchim ki apeksha poorv mean yah adhik parilakshit hota hai. akele nepal mean lagabhag 800 prajatiyoan ko dekha ja sakata hai. himalay mean amataur par pae jane vale pakshiyoan mean vibhinn prajatiyoan ki maina (kali pooanchh vali, nili aur raiket pooanchh vali), gangara, chaugh (kauve se sanbandhit), kastoorika aur thirathira shamil haian. yahaan kuchh shaktishali u dake, jaise dadhidar giddh (lemaragiyar), kale kanoan vali chil aur himalayi grifon (purani duniya ka giddh) bhi dikhaee dete haian. him titar aur karnish chaugh 5,669 mitar ki ooanchaee par pae jate haian.

log

bharatiy upamahadvip mean pae jane vale char pramukh jatiy samoohoan, bharatiy-yooropiy, tibbati-barmi, aaustro-eshiyaee aur dravi d mean se pahale do samooh himalay kshetr mean kafi sankhya mean pae jate haian, halaanki vibhinn kshetroan mean ye alag-alag anupat mean ghule-mile hue haian. inaka vitaran pashchim se yooropiy samoohoan, dakshin se bharatiy logoan aur poorv v uttar se eshiyaee janajatiyoan ki ghusapaith ke lanbe itihas ka parinam hai. himalay ke madhyavarti tihaee hisse nepal mean ye samooh aantamishrit haian. laghu himalay mean ghusapaith se dakshin eshiya ke nadi maidanoan ke rastoan mean aur unase hote hue pravas ka marg prashast hua. amataur par yah kaha ja sakata hai ki uchch himalay tatha tethis himalay mean tibbati v any tibbati-barmi logoan ka nivas hai tatha nimn himalay mean lanbe, gore bharopiy logoan ka vas hai. jammoo-kashmir ke bahy himalay kshetr mean bharopiy logoan ko dogari vansh ka kaha jata hai. kashmir ghati mean yah samooh kashmiri logoan ke roop mean hai. laghu himalay ke parvatiy kshetroan mean rahane vale gaddi aur goojar bhi yooropiy samooh se sanbandh rakhate haian. gaddi nishchit roop se parvatiy log haian, ve bhe d-bakariyoan ke b de-b de jhuand palate haian. aur sirf ja de mean bahy himalay ke apane barfile ilaqe se niche ate haian tatha joon mean ve phir sabase ooanche charagahoan mean laut jate haian. goojar log pravasi charagahe hote haian. jo apani bhe doan, bakariyoan aur kuchh maveshiyoan par guzara karate haian. aur pashuoan ki avashyakatanusar vibhinn ooanchaiyoan par sthit charagahoan ki khoj karate rahate haian.

chanpa laddakhi, balti aur dardiy log uchch himalay parvatashreni ke uttar mean kashmir himalay mean rahate haian. dardiy bharatiy-yooropiy mool ke haian, jabaki any tibbati-barmi mool ke haian. chanpa log oopari siandhu ghati mean banjare charavahoan ka jivan vyatit karate haian, laddakhi log kashmir mean siandhu ke kagaroan tatha jalodh kshetroan mean nivas karate haian. balti log siandhu ghati mean adhik niche tak phaile hue haian. unhoanne islam dharm apana liya hai.

lagabhag 200 varshoan tak sikkim aur bhootan poorvi nepal ki atirikt janasankhya ko apane mean samokar suraksha v aaulv ka kam karate rahe haian. mauant evarest ke grihakshetr ke muqabale kahian adhik sankhya mean sherapa log (nepal tatha sikkim ke parvat kshetr mean rahane vale log) darjiliang kshetr mean rahate haian. paha di log nepal se bharat ke sikkim rajy tatha bhootan desh mean ae. is prakar, sikkim ke log lepcha, bhootiya aur paha di, tin bhinn jatiy samoohoan ke haian. amataur par nepali aur lepcha pashchimi bhootan mean tatha tibbati mool ke bhootiya poorvi bhootan mean rahate haian.

arunachal pradesh mean aubor ya adi, aka, aptani, daphala, khanpati, khova, mishami moanba, miri aur siangpho adi kee samoohoan ka avas hai. jatiy roop se ye sabhi samooh bharatiy-eshiyaee haian. bhashaee roop se ye tibbati-barmi haian. pratyek samooh ek alag nadi ghati mean rahata hai aur ye jhoom kheti karate haian.

arthavyavastha

sansadhan

himalay ki arthik paristhitiyaan is vibhinn paristhiti vale vistrit aur visham kshetr ke simit sansadhanoan ke anuroop haian. yahaan ki mukhy gatividhi pashupalan hai, lekin vanopaj ka dohan aur vyapar bhi mahattvapoorn hai. himalay mean prachur arthik sansadhan haian. inamean upajaoo krishi yogy bhoomi, vistrit ghas ke maidan v van, khanan yogy khanij bhandar aur asani se dohan yogy jalavidyut shakti shamil haian. pashchimi himalay mean sabase utpadak krishi yogy bhoomi kashmir ghati, kaang da sataluj nadi ke besin aur uttarakhand mean ganga v yamuna nadiyoan ke kagari kshetr ke sidhidar khetoan mean hai. in kshetroan mean chaval, makka, gehooan, jvar-bajara ka utpadan hota hai. madhy himalay mean nepal mean do-tihaee krishi yogy bhoomi taraee aur isase lage maidani kshetr mean hai. is bhoomi mean desh ke kul chaval utpadan ka adhikaansh hissa paida hota hai. is kshetr mean b di matra mean makka, gehooan, aloo aur ganne ki bhi kheti ki jati hai.

himalay kshetr ke adhikaansh phaloan ke bagiche kashmir ghati aur himalay pradesh ki kulloo ghati mean sthit haian. seb, adoo, nashapati aur cheri ki b de paimane par kheti hoti hai, jinaki bharatiy nagaroan mean bhari maang hai. kashmir mean dal jhil ke kinare aangoor ke bag haian, jahaan achchhe qism ke aangoor hote haian, jinase sharab aur braandi taiyar hoti hai. kashmir ghati ke charoan taraf sthit paha doan par akharot aur badam ke vriksh haian, jinaki giriyoan se tel nikala jata hai. bhootan mean bhi phaloan ke bagiche haian aur vahaan se bharat ko santaroan ka niryat kiya jata hai.

bagani fasaloan mean chay mukhyatah paha doan aur darjiliang mean taraee ke maidanoan mean ugaee jati hai. kaang da ghati mean bhi kuchh matra mean chay ki kheti hoti hai. sikkim bhootan aur darjiliang ke paha doan mean ilayachi ke bhi bag haian. uttaraanchal ke uttarakashi aur pithauragadh ziloan mean sthit baganoan mean aushadhiy vanaspatiyaan bhi ugaee jati haian. garmi ke mausam mean kashmir ke 'marg' namak charagahoan mean vyapak paimane par rritupravas (maveshiyoan ka mausami pravas) hota hai yahaan upalabdh visham charagah bhoomi mean bhe d, bakari aur yak pale jate haian.

himalay kshetr mean 1940 ke dashak se shuroo huee tez janasankhya vriddhi ne kee ilaqoan mean jangaloan par zabaradast dabav dala hai. krishi ke lie jangaloan ki safaee karane aur eeandhan ke lie lak di katane se oopari kshetr ki kh di dhalanoan par bhi jangal khatm ho rahe haian, jisase paryavaran ko kshati pahuanch rahi hai. sirf sikkim aur bhootan mean hi b de ilaqoan mean saghan van bache hue haian.

himalay khanij padarthoan se samriddh kshetr hai halaanki inaka dohan apekshakrit sugam kshetroan tak hi simit hai. jammoo-kashmir kshetr mean khanijoan ka sarvadhik matra mean sankeandran hai. zaskar paha doan mean nilam paya jata hai aur nikatasth siandhu nadi ke thale mean jalodhiy sona paya jata hai. baltistan mean tamr ayask ke bhandar haian aur kashmir ghati mean lauh ayask bhi paya jata hai. jammoo-kashmir mean b aauksait bhi milata hai. nepal, bhootan aur sikkim mean koyala, abhrak, jipsam ke bhandar aur lauh, tamr, sisa tatha jaste ke ayask ke vishal bhandar haian.

himalay ki nadiyoan mean jalavidyut utpadan ki zabaradast kshamata hai aur bharat mean 1950 ke dashak se hi isaka vyapak dohan kiya ja raha hai. bahy himalay mean sataluj nadi par bhakh da naangal mean vishalakay bahuuddeshiy pariyojana sthit hai. 1963 mean taiyar is baandh ke jalashay ki kshamata lagabhag 10 arab kyoobik mitar hai aur yahaan isaki mool vidyut utpadan kshamata kul 1,050 megavat hai. himalay ki tin any nadiyoan, kosi, gandak (narayani) aur jaladhak, ka bhi bharat mean dohan hota hai aur inase nepal tatha bhootan mean vidyut apoorti hoti haian.

yatayat

is kshetr mean s dak yatayat susthapit hai, jisase uttar tatha dakshin, donoan dishaoan se himalay mean pahuanchana sugam hai. nepal ke taraee kshetr mean poorv-pashchim disha mean ek rajamarg sthit hai. yah desh ke kee jalagrahan besinoan tak jane vale margoan ko jo data hai. rajadhani kathamaandoo laghu himalay rajamarg ke zariye pokhara se ju di huee hai, jabaki kodari darje se guzarane vala ek nichala himalayi rajamarg nepal ko tibbat ke lhasa se jo data hai. pashchimottar mean pakistan ek rajamarg se chin se ju da hua hai. himachal pradesh se guzarane vale hiandustan-tibbat marg mean ullekhaniy sudhar hua hai.

s dakoan ka nirman

483 kilomitar lanba yah rajamarg, bharat ki grishmakalin rajadhani rah chuki shimala se hokar guzarata hai aur panjab ke maidanoan ko shipaki darje ke pas bharat-tibbat sima se jo data hai. kulloo ghati mean manali se ek rajamarg n sirf uchch himalay se guzarata hai, balki yah zaskar shreni se hota hua oopari siandhu ghati mean leh tak jata hai. kashmir ghati mean shrinagar marg dvara bhi leh bharat se ju da hua hai. shrinagar se leh tak ka rasta 5,404 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit khar duangala darre se guzarata hai, jo bharat se madhy eshiya mean ane vale aitihasik karavaan marg mean p dane vala pahala ooancha darra hai. hal ke varshoan mean anek nee s dakoan ka nirman hua hai.

s dak marg

panjab ke maidan se kashmir ghati ke lie ekamatr rasta bharat ke panjab rajy ke jalandhar se jammoo-banihal, shrinagar aur baramoola se guzarate hue uri jane vale rajamarg ke zariye hai. yah banihal sthit ek surang se pir panjal shreni ko par karata hai. pakistan mean ravalapiandi se shrinagar ko jo dane vala purana marg apani pahale vali mahatta kho chuka hai. gangatok se guzarane vala aitihasik kalimapoang-lhasa karavaan vyapar marg himalay ke sikkim kshetr mean sthit hai. 1950 ke dashak ke madhy se pahale tissa nadi par gangatok se roangphoo tak 48 kilomitar lanba sirf ek vahan yogy marg tha, jo vahaan se age dakshin mean 113 kilomitar door siligu di tak jata tha. tab se ab tak sikkim ke dakshini hisse mean jip se guzarane layaq kee s dakean banaee gee haian aur uttari sikkim mean ek rajamarg gangatok ko lachen (lachhuang) se jo data hai. namasaanee se chaukham, sadiya se roeeang, pasighat se dibroogadh, sonari ghat ke kinare uttari lakhimapur se hapoli aur tejapur se bamadila ko jane vali s dakean arunachal pradesh ko brahmaputr nadi ghati se jo dati haian.

rel marg

bharat ke maidanoan se sirf do mukhy relamarg (dono chhoti lain) laghu himalay ko bhedate hue jate haian. ek pashchimi himalay mean kalaka aur shimala ke bich aur doosara poorvi himalay mean siligu di tatha darjiliang ke bich hai. nepal mean ek aur chhoti lain bharat mean bihar ke raksaul se lagabhag 48 kilomitar door amalekhaganj ko jo dati hai aur vahaan se vidyut chalit havaee rajju marg dvara rajadhani kathamaandoo tak tokariyoan mean saman ki dhulaee hoti hai. bahy himalay mean do any chhote relamarg haian-

• kulloo ghati mean, pathanakot se jogiandaranagar relamarg
• haridvar se deharadoon relamarg, vajirabad se siyalakot hote hue jammoo tak jane vala relamarg ab sthayi roop se band kar diya gaya hai.

havaee marg

himalay mean do pramukh havaee pattiyaan haian, ek kathamaandoo mean aur doosari kashmir ki rajadhani shrinagar mean hai. kathamaandoo havaee adde se aantarrashtriy aur kshetriy u danean upalabdh haian. inake alava nepal ke paha di aur taraee kshetr mean sthaniy mahattv ki havaee pattiyoan ki sankhya badh rahi hai, jo es.ti. o. el. (shart tek aauf aiand laiandig) vidvanoan ke anukool haian.

havaee aur bhoomi yatayat mean hue sudhar ne himalay ki arthavyavastha mean paryatan ko kafi mahattvapoorn bana diya hai. vistrit aur bhinnataoan se paripoorn himalay ke arthik vikas ko badhava dene aur sath-sath vahaan ke paryavaran aur saanskritik dharoharoan ke sadhan ke roop mean paryatan ko manyata di ja rahi hai.

adhyayan tatha paryavekshan

himalay ki aranbhik yatraean vyapariyoan, charavahoan aur tirthayatriyoan dvara ki gee thian. tirthayatriyoan ko vishvas tha ki yatra jitani kashtakar hogi, ve moksh ya nirvan ke utane hi qarib pahuanch paeange, jabaki vyapariyoan aur charavahoan ne 5,486 se 5,791 mitar tak ki ooanchaee par sthit darroan ko samany jivan marg manakar par kiya, lekin any sabhi logoan ke lie himalay ek durgam aur bhayankar avarodh tha.

manachitr

himalay ka kuchh had tak satik manachitr mugal badashah akabar ke darabar ke speni doot eantoniyoan maunaseret ne 1590 mean taiyar kiya tha. fraansisi bhoo-vaijnanik jyaan baipatist b aauragueegnon di aauravile ne vyavasthit paryavekshan ke adhar par tibbat aur himalay parvatashreni ka pahala manachitr taiyar kiya. 19vian sadi ke madhy mean sarve aauf iandiya ne himalay ki chotiyoan ki ooanchaee ke sahi akalan ke lie vyavasthit karyakram ka ayojan kiya. 1849 se 1855 ke bich nepal aur uttarakhand ki chotiyoan ka sarvekshan kar unaka manachitr banaya gaya. nanga parvat aur uttar mean karakoram shreni ki chotiyoan ko 1855 se 1859 ke bich sarvekshan kiya gaya. sarvekshakoan ne in khoee gee asankhy chotiyoan ko alag-alag nam nahian diya, balki aankoan aur roman sankhyaoan se unaki pahachan ki. is prakar, mauant evarest ko sarvapratham sirf ech nam diya gaya. 1849 s 1850 mean ise shikhar x.v kar diya gaya. 1865 mean shikhar x.v. ka nam bharat ke mahasarvekshak rahe sar jarj evarest (1830 se 1843 tak) ke nam par rakha gaya. 1852 mean ganana ka is had tak vikas nahian hua tha ki shikhar x.v. duniya ke any kisi bhi shikhar se ooancha hai, isaki janakari ho sake. 1862 tak, 5,486 mitar se adhik ooanchaee vale 40 shikharoan par sarvekshan kary ke lie arohan ho chuka tha.

sarvekshan abhiyanoan ke alava 19vian shatabdi mean himalay mean kee vaijnanik adhyayan bhi kie ge. 1848 se 1849 ke bich aangrez vanaspatishastri jozef daltan hookar ne sikkim himalay kshetr ke vanaspati jivan ka sarvapratham adhyayan kiya. usake bad kee logoan ne unaka anusaran kiya, jisamean himalay ki ooanchaiyoan mean rahane vale jantuoan ke prakritik itihas ke mahattvapoorn vivaran ke lekhak, british prakritividh richard dablyoo. ji. hiangstan (aranbhik 20vian shatabdi) bhi shamil the.

dvitiy vishvayuddh ke bad se sarve aauf iandiya ne havaee chitroan ki madad se himalay ke kuchh vyapak paimane ke manachitr banae haian. jarman bhoogolavidoan aur manachitrakaroan ne bhoo-fotogrametri ki madad se himalay ke kuchh hissoan ka manachitr taiyar kiya hai. sath hi, upagrahiy sarvekshan ka istemal zyada satik aur byorevar manachitroan ke nirman mean kiya ja raha hai.

briten ke dablyoo.dablyoo. graham dvara 1883 mean kee shikharoan par chadhane ke dave ke sath hi 1880 ke dashak mean himalay parvatarohan ki shurooat huee. halaanki unaki riport ko sanshay ki drishti se dekha gaya, lekin isase any yooropiy parvatarohiyoan mean bhi ruchi utpann huee. 20vian sadi ke aranbh mean karakoram shrriankhala par aur himalay ke kumaooan tatha sikkim kshetr mean parvatiy abhiyanoan ki sankhya mean ullekhaniy vriddhi huee. pratham aur dvitiy vishv yuddh ke bich ke kal mean vibhinn chotiyoan ke prati vibhinn deshoan ki prathamikata ka vikas hua. jarmanoan ne nanga parvat aur kanchanajanga, amerikiyoan ne ke-2 (ise mauant g aaudavin aaustin bhi kahate haian) aur british logoan ne mauant evarest ko chuna. 1921 tak mauant evarest par chadhane ke darjanoan prayas ho chuke the. mee, 1953 mean nyoozilaiand ke parvatarohi edamand hileri aur unake sahayogi sherapa tenaziang norge dvara saphalata prapt karane se pahale lagabhag darjan bhar prayas ho chuke the. isi varsh karl-mariya heraligakofar ke netritv vali aaustro-jarman tim ne nanga parvat ke shikhar tak pahuanchane mean saphalata paee. jaise-jaise ooanche shikharoan par saphalata milane lagi, parvatarohi apani nipunata aur upakaranoan ki jaanch ke lie b di chunautiyaan dhooandhane lage tatha unhoanne apekshakrit zyada khataranak rastoan se shikhar par chadhane ka prayas kiya. 20 vian shatabdi ke aant tak himalay par salana parvatarohan abhiyanoan aur paryatan yatraoan ki sankhya itani badh gee thi ki kuchh kshetroan mean logoan dvara chho de ge kachare ke badhate dher tatha vanaspati aur jantu jivan ke vinash se parvatiy paryavaran ke nazuk santulan ke khatara utpann ho gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh