टुण्ड्रा

thumb|300px|tundra kshetr tundra ek prakar ka bayom^[1] hai. dhruviy kshetr ke registan thande hote haian tatha varsh bhar barph se dhake rahate haian. yahaan varsha nagany hoti hai tatha dharati ki satah par sadaiv barph ki chadar-si bichhi rahati hai. jin kshetroan mean jamav biandu ek vishesh mausam mean hi hota hai, un thande registanoan ko hi 'tundra' kahate haian. yahaan poore varsh tapaman shoony digri selsiyas se kam rahata hai. aise sthan sadaiv barph achchhadit rahate haian.

is kshetr mean mukhy roop se bauni jha diyaan, ghas, laiken, kaee aur daladali paudhe ugate haian. vishv ke kuchh tundra pradeshoan mean chhitare hue vriksh bhi paye jate haian.
uttari amerika ke tundra nivasiyoan ko 'eskimo' tatha yooreshiya ke tundra nivasiyoan ko 'laips', 'phin' ya 'yakoot' kaha jata hai.
tundra pradesh mean ugane vale vrikshoan ki badhottari kam tapaman aur apekshakrit chhote mausam ke karan prabhavit hoti hai.
is kshetr ke nivasi- laip, saimoyed tatha eskimo, apane bhojan mean machhali ke atirikt renadiyar ke maans tatha doodh ka upayog karate haian.
finish bhasha se tundra shabd aya hai, jisaka arth hota hai- 'ooanchi bhoomi' ya 'vrikshavihin parvatiy rast'.
tundra pradeshoan ke mukhyat: tin prakar haian-

arkatik tundra
alpain tundra
aantarkatik tundra

is ilake mean renadiyar, kairibo, dhruviy bhaloo, lom di, mask bail tatha kharagosh adi sthaniy jiv paye jate haian. yahaan sil, hvel aur valaras adi jalachar jiv haian. grishm rritu mean anek prakar ke pakshi bhi yahaan pae jate haian.
yahaan ke nivasi thandi hava se bachane ke lie bina khi dakiyoan aur chhote daravaze vale ghar banate haian.
tundra nivasi sil machhali ki charbi jalakar apane gharoan ko garam rakhate haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ aisi b da kshetr jahaan mausam, bhoogol aur vahaan ke nivasiyoan mean samanata ho.

sanbandhit lekh

bhoogol shabdavali

uttari dhruv • rekhaansh • diksoochak • baandh • samakalik rekha • pataliy bhookamp • valit parvat • chumbakiy nati • jalaprapat • prakrit pralay • naimittik pralay • pralay • tapasah padarth • pulin • paithik lava • utravat bhoomi • alanino • pavan • darra • koniy apavah • abhivahan • asann sagar • anukoolan • parasanskritigrahan • dashanukoolan • aparadan • tvarit aparadan • agadh kshetr • vitaliy shail • apaksharan • ajaivik • parityakt delta • dolomait • choona patthar • nilofar chakravat • chakravat • ghat ki nav • ghat nadi • eriake • fartail kreset • blijard ka ghar • phatav bhransh • jalodh sabhyata • ghat • parvatamala • pachhua pavan • taiga • jvalakach • jvarasiddhaant • la nino • el nino • ayan mandal • tatabandh • jvar muhana • manasooni van • gailapaigas • ushn katibandh • avarohi pavan • sarita • osaank • chakravat ki aankh • mahasagariy nikshep • jalodh pankh • mahan darar ghati • darar (bhoovijnan) • vyaparik pavan • parvat samir • ghati samir • jvaranadimukh • delta • mrit bhoomi • bhavar • chha dan jhil • mrit ghati • muktabh megh • mishrit krishi • bhaumapank udgar • dhoom kohara • aantarved • agnisah mitti • adh:shail • baloo • dakshini dhruv • jvar bhata • bhooskhalan • bhookanp • sunami • toofan • badh • manasoon • praval dvip • jalavayu pradesh • tundra • sangam • dakkan ka pathar • indira p aauint • mishrit jvalamukhi • dhal jvalamukhi • regs • utkhat bhoomi • mahasagar • panchadravi d • sagar • jhil • mitti • pradooshan gumbad • jalasanbhar • manachitr par aankit rekhaean • mrida jal • chumbakiy vichalan rekha • pavan rodh • aipr aaun • vayudab mapi jvar • raktavrishti • vrishti chhap • krishnaika sima • bat hiddan • bat phuran • arohi pavan • ooshma dvip • kaisimbo • apodh rekha • bales rekha • chos • barakhan • khol • jal rashi • namabhoomi • badal • makar rekha • kark rekha • plet tektoniks • avashisht parvat • jvalamukhi parvat • avarodhi parvat • mo dadar parvat • himarekha • roopaantarit chattan • uposhn • doab • kainopi • loes • bhooksharan • maidan • pathar • shant jvalamukhi • prasupt jvalamukhi • sakriy jvalamukhi • jvalamukhi • avasadi chattan • sil • laikolith • baitholith • agney chattan • dhruviy katibandh • shitoshn katibandh • uposhn katibandh • vishuvat rekha • ooshn katibandh • katibandh • manak samay • grinavich min taim • deshantar • akshaansh rekhaean • prachy • parvatiy varsha • sholavan • marusthaliy van • jvariy van • gokak • koromandal maidan • utkal tatiy maidan • koankan tatiy maidan • dakkan traip • vindhyan chattan • kudappa chattan • dharava d chattan • flaish flad • aant: pravah kshetr • hoj • cheri bl aausam • kal vaisakhi • manasooni gart • bordo chilla • badal phatana • pashchimi vikshobh • talli • manasoon ka prasphot • poorvavarti apavah • anugami apavah • doon • loo • chay varsha • amr varsha • vishuv • vailes lain • ardr bhoomi • apavah kshetr • kareva • cho • dhaya • dhand • dhoros • reh • baangar • khadar • taraee • bhabhar • bhoor • bih d • bil • bet • bhoogol shabdavali • agnisah eeant • abadh vyapar • aisabarg • arkatik pradesh • eeant • eeant ka bhatta • aikanakagua • aisfalt • ajaiv • parvatiy jalavayu • mahadvipiy jalavayu • marusthaliy jalavayu • ardr ardh-katibandhiy jalavayu • himachadar • pakshabh megh • dhaval tushar • saiant elmo ki agni • ayanaant • laghu jvar • hyoomas • kapasi megh • dakshini golardh • uttari golardh • parvat katak · ekaki parvat · parvat varg · parvat tantr · parvat samooh · charniyan parvat · kelidoniyan parvat · harasiniyan parvat · alpain parvat · khand parvat · jvalamukhi parvat · avashisht parvat · sanghanan · gokhur jhil · satath vikas · himapat · poorvavarti nadi · dainik tapantar · aant pravah pradesh · ushma dvip · dhruv tara · gahan krishi · dhruv tara · prakash varsh · paha di‎ • parvat shreni‎ • parvat shrankhala‎ • gumbadakar parvat • sangrahit parvat‎ • lava • jvalamukhi shanku • rakh shanku • lava shanku • amliy lava shanku • kshariy lava shanku • mishrit jvalamukhi shanku • pariposhit shanku • kendriy udgar • darari udgar • piliyan tuly jvalamukhi • valkaino tuly jvalamukhi • stramboli tuly jvalamukhi • havaeeyan tuly jvalamukhi

tika tippani aur sandarbh

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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