भारत की भाषा समस्या और हिन्दी -डॉ. कुमार विमल
chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
- lekhak- d aau. kumar vimal
hindustan ek aisa bahubhasha-bhashi desh hai, jisaki bhasha samasya kafi ulajh gee hai. chooanki bhasha ka sanbandh kee prakar ki bhavukata, janapadik moh aur poorvagrahoan se ju da hua hai, isalie bahubhashabhashi deshoan mean bhasha ki samasya pray: sankul aur ulajhi rahati hai. kintu manushy samasyaoan ka samadhan karana vala prani (Problem-solving animal) hone ke karan bhasha samasya ka bhi koee n koee samadhan apane desh aur samaj ke lie kar hi leta hai. roos, svitjaralaiand adi anek deshoan ne apani ulajhi huee bhasha samasya ka samadhan bahut hi khoobi ke sath kar liya hai.
hamari sanvidhan svikrit adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan mean siandhi, bangala, panjabi aur urdoo char aisi bhashaean haian, jo pakistan ke bhasha-parikar mean ati haian. yani ye ukt char bhashaean keval hindustan mean hi nahian, pakistan mean bhi boli jati haian. itana hi nahian, ye char bhashaean apane dhang ki samarth bhashaean mani ja sakati haian. bangala mean raviandranath thakur jaise vishvavikhyat aur nobel puraskar vijeta kavi ho chuke haian. urdoo ki shirini, fasahat aur balagat ka duniya bhar mean rutaba hai. panjabi ka bhi rachanatmak sahity samriddh hai. sanvidhan svikrit bhashaoan mean sabase nee yani 15vian bhasha siandhi bhi kam mahattvapoorn nahian hai. isamean shah abdul karim jaise samarth aur tejasvi kavi ho chuke haian. hamari jo any sanvidhan svikrit bhashaean haian, unaki bhi saanskritik mahima aparanpar hai.
kintu ek rashtr ko sahi sanjna prapt karane ke lie yah avashyak hai ki bharat ki in sanvidhan svikrit bhashaoan mean koee ek bhasha aisi ho, jisase sanpark bhasha aur rashtrabhasha ka kam liya ja sake. isi drishti se sanvidhan svikrit bhashaoan ke bich hindi ko rashtrabhasha banane ki bat ati hai. sach poochha jae to hindi bhasha ki samarthy aur hindi bhashiyoan ki sankhya donoan hi hindi ko keval bharat ki sanpark bhasha ya rashtrabhasha nahian, balki rashtrasangh ki bhasha banane ke yogy hai. kintu bat ulajh jati hai, isilie ki rashtrabhasha ya sanpark bhasha ke roop mean hindi ko apanane ke prashn par hinditar bhashabhashi bharatiy kuchh doosari hi drishti se sochane lag jate haian. unhean isamean apani bhasha aur sanvidhan svikrit hinditar any bhashaoan ke mahattv ka nyoonikaran ya apaharan dikh p data hai. bhasha sanbandhi drishtikon mean spashtata aur sulajhav nahian rahane ke karan bhavukata se bhari aisi apattiyoan ka uthana svabhavik hai. ve yah bhool jate haian ki bhasha ke tin mukhy svaroop haian- prayojanaparak, saanskritik aur jnanatmak. sanpark bhasha ya rashtrabhasha ke roop mean hindi ko svikar karane ka ashay aangrezi ka virodh nahian hai. aangrezi jnan ki bhasha ke roop mean hamare desh mean chal sakati hai aur jnan ki bhasha ke roop mean aangrezi ko svikar kar ham apane desh ki manisha ko vaishv manisha ke aantarrashtriy star par sugamatapoorvak adyatan banae rakh sakate haian. doosari or sanskriti ki bhasha ke roop mean hamare sanvidhan mean svikrit sabhi bharatiy bhashaean saman mahattv rakhati haian. saanskritik sanvahan, srijanatmak abhivyakti aur rikthakram se a rahe paranparik pradeyoan ke parirakshan ki drishti se sanvidhan svikrit sabhi bharatiy bhashaean mahattvapoorn haian aur unhean nirantar vikasit karate rahane ki nitaant avashyakata hai, taki ve hamari sanskriti ki samarth sarthavah bani rah sakean. prashn hai keval prayojanamoolakata ka aur aantarrashtriy star par bharatiyata ki pahachan ke lie apani ek samarth bhasha ke madhyam se bharat ke pratinidhitv ka. jaisa kaha ja chuka hai, saanskritik mahima aur saanskritik abhivyakti ki drishti se hamari sabhi bhashaean saman haian. kintu rashtriy, aantarrashtriy aur rajakiy prayojan ke lie hamean in bhashaoan ke bich anek vidit karanoan se hindi ko apane desh ki prayojanamoolak bhasha ke roop mean svikar karana hai. prayojanamoolak bhasha ke roop mean hindi ki svikriti ko any bharatiy bhashaoan ke saanskritik mahattv ke nyoonikaran ke arth mean nahian liya jana chahie. sanvidhan svikrit sabhi bhashaean hamare lie sanskriti ki bhashaean haian aur hindi bhasha sanskriti ki bhasha hone ke sath hi hamare lie prayojan ki bhasha bhi hai.
ab yadi svatantrata prapti ke itane varshoan ke bad bhi ham aangrezi ko dhone ke vyamoh mean p de raheange to yah aangrezoan ke bhashayi upaniveshavad ko svikar karane jaisa hoga. abhi vishv mean anek aise desh haian, jinhoanne rajanitik svatantrata to prapt kar li hai, kiantu unaki bhashik paratantrata adyaparyant bani huee hai aur ve mukhyat: aangrezoan ke bhashayi upaniveshavad ki be diyoan se mukt nahian ho sake haian. udaharanarth, in dinoan ham jise 'tisari duniya' kahate haian, usake anek desh apani pratiyaman rajanitik svatantrata ke bavajood rashtrabhasha ke sandarbh mean bhashayi paratantrata ya aangrezi bhasha ke samrajyavad ya kah lijie, bauddhik upaniveshavad ke shikar aj tak bane hue haian. aphriki deshoan mean ghana, naijeriya, keniya, yugaanda, tanjaniya aur jambiya isake udaharan mane ja sakate haian. in deshoan mean jahaan anek prakar ki bhashaean aur boliyaan prachalit haian, aangrezi ko prashasan tatha uchch shiksha ke madhyam evan sanpark bhasha ke roop mean svikar kiya gaya hai. isi tarah ki bat kuchh dakshin-poorvi eshiyaee deshoan mean bhi huee hai, jinamean barma, iandoneshiya, thailaiand aur sauth viyatanam ke nam liye ja sakate haian. in deshoan mean chhatroan ko vishvavidyalay mean pravesh ke poorv kee varshoan tak aangrezi ki shiksha di jati hai. jaise, vishvavidyalay mean pravesh ke poorv barma mean paanch varshoan tak, iandoneshiya mean chhah varshoan tak, thailaiand mean ath varshoan tak aur dakshin viyatanam mean sat varshoan tak aangrezi ki shiksha di jati hai. kintu poorvokt aphriki deshoan ki tulana mean in dakshin-poorv eshiyaee deshoan ki yah visheshata hai ki aangrezi ko pramukhata dene ke bad bhi in deshoan ne apani pramukh bhasha ko hi rashtrabhasha ya rajakaj ki bhasha ke roop mean svikar kiya hai. jaise barma ne 'barmij' ko, iandoneshiya ne 'bhasa-iandoneshiya' ko, laos ne 'lao' ko, maleshiya ne 'maley' ko, filipaians ne 'tagalog' ko, viyatanam ne 'viyatanamoj' ko aur thailaiand ne 'thaee' ko apani rashtrabhasha ya rajakaj ki prayojanamoolak bhasha ke roop mean svikar kiya hai.
isamean koee do mat nahian ki hindi bharatavarsh ke sarvadhik vistrit kshetr mean boli jane vali bhasha hai. desh ke sanpoorn kshetraphal ke sath pratishat bhoo-bhag mean hindi boli jati hai aur is desh ki kul abadi ke 40 pratishat deshavasi hindi bolate haian. in aank doan se is desh ki bhashaoan ke bich hindi ki pramukhata svat: spasht hai. kiantu is samarthy ke bavajood svatantrata prapti ke itane dashakoan ke bad bhi hindi desh mean athava aantarrashtriy star par apana sthan nahian prapt kar saki hai. aantarrashtriy star par to hindi dinanudin pichhe hi p dati ja rahi hai. pahale rashtrasangh mean paanch bhashaean svikrit thian- aangrezi, freanch, spenish, roosi aur chini. idhar arabi ko bhi rashtrasangh ke karyakalap ki bhasha ke roop mean svikar kar liya gaya hai aur ab rashtrasangh ki satavian bhasha ke roop mean svikriti pane ke lie jarman ki bari a chuki hai. isake lie b aaun, viyena aur poorvi barlin ki sarakarean prabhavapoorn dhang se sammilit prayas kar rahi haian. kintu ab tak rashtrasangh ki athavian karyalayi bhasha ke roop mean ya rashtrasangh ke karyakalap ki bhasha ke roop mean hindi ke svikrit hone ki koee sanbhavana nahian dikh rahi hai. jabaki bhasha-bhashiyoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv ki bhashaoan ke bich hindi ka tisara sthan hai aur rashtrasangh ke deshoan (kaman velth kantrij) ki bhashaoan ke bich hindi ka pahala sthan hai. prapt aank doan ke anusar chini bhashiyoan ki sankhya ath sau das laksh, aangrezi bhashiyoan ki sankhya tin sau tis das laksh, hindi bhashiyoan ki sankhya do sau pachas das laksh, roosi bhashiyoan ki sankhya do sau chalis das laksh, speni bhashiyoan ki sankhya do sau bis das laksh, iandonishiyan bhashiyoan ki sankhya ek sau tis das laksh tatha jarman, arabi aur purtagali bolane valoan ki sankhya ek-ek sau das laksh hai. is aank de se spasht hai ki bolane valoan ki sankhya ki drishti se vishv ki bhashaoan ke bich hindi bhasha ka tisara sthan hai aur rashtrasangh ke deshoan ki bhashaoan ke bich isaka pahala sthan hai. kiantu rashtrasangh ki bhashaoan mean ab tak isake athavean sthan ki bhi koee sanbhavana nahian bani hai. at: yah ek chianta ka vishay hai ki prabhoot sankhya bal rahane ke bavajood hindi bhasha ko apane desh mean aur vishv manch par ab tak uchit sthan nahian mil saka hai. jaisa ki pahale kaha ja chuka hai, kshetraphal ya bhaugolik prasar ki drishti mean bhi hindi bhasha kam mahattvapoorn nahian hai. marishas, trinidad, soorinam, fiji, thaeelaiand, barma, syam, iandoneshiya, nepal, dakshin aphrika adi mean hindi boli aur samajhi jati hai. abhi duniya ke lagabhag 38 deshoan mean hindi ki achchhi pahuanch hai aur videsh ke lagabhag 94 vishvavidyalayoan mean hindi ki padhaee hoti hai. yahaan yah kahana avashyak pratit hota hai ki ab bhasha ki pratishtha keval usake rachanatmak sahity aur usake saanskritik mahattv par nirbhar nahian karati. ab vah bhasha adhik age badh sakati hai, jisake pichhe atyadhunik takaniki upakaranoan ka bal ho aur jisaki pahuanch vartaman sabhyata ke vibhinn sahityetar kshetroan mean bhi ho. rashtrasangh ki bhasha banane ke lie bhi hindi ko adhunik takaniki upakaranoan ki avashyakata hogi. doosari bat yah hai ki apane desh poore bharat ki bhasha banane ke lie ek prayojanamoolak bhasha ke roop mean hindi ko samagr bharatavarsh ke arthatantr, vanijy, vyavasay, maudrik prachalan, len-den, adhikoshan adi ke vibhinn prabhagoan ke dainandin karyoan, lekha sandharanoan evan any anek prayojanoan se ghanishth roop mean ju dana hoga. kisi bhasha ka saanskritik ya jnanatmak roop, jisake dvara vah apane desh ko sanskriti ka agrachari netritv karata hai. yah vishv ke paimane par saman sanskriti paranparaoan ke parirakshan-sanvardhan mean samabhagi banata hai, bhale hi pustakalayoan, sangrahalayoan, mathoan, mandiroan, khan-kahoan, matrika sadanoan ya skool-k aaulijoan ke pathyakramoan tak simit rah kar bhi apana vikas kar sakata ho, kiantu kisi bhasha ka vyavaharik prayojanamoolak roop, jisaki ek vishisht parinati rajakaj ki bhasha ya rashtrabhasha ke roop mean hoti hai, apane desh ke arthatantr tatha vanijy vyapar ke sansthanoan mean aant: pravesh pae bina vikasit aur balishth nahian ho sakata. at: bharat ke vartaman bhasha sandarbh ko drishtigat rakhate hue bharatiyoan baiankoan mean hindi ke madhyam se kary karane ki vidhi ko apanana avashyak hai. isake lie baiankoan ke kary kshetr ko drishtigat rakhate hue hamean hindi bhasha ka prayog aur vikas ek vishesh 'rajistar' ya prayukti ke roop mean karana hoga. aj ke pragatishil yug ke anusar bharatiy sanvidhan ke adharabhoot amukh ke anusar aur hamare lokataantrik drishtikon ke anuroop ab baiankoan ke kary kshetr, kary ki prakriti aur uddeshy mean bhi badalav aya hai. ab baiank keval sanchit rashi jama karane, rrin dene aur labhaansh kamane vali sanstha bhar nahian hai, balki vah hamare desh ki samajik tatha arthik vikas yojanaoan ko karyanvit karane ka tatha am janata ko arthik nyay pane ke yogy banane ka ek sashakt madhyam bhi ban gaya hai. apani is nee bhoomiko poori samarthy ke sath ada karane ke lie baiankoan ko desh ki am janata ke sath ju dana hoga aur samaj ke kamazor ya pichh de hue nagarikoan tak bhi poori tatparata ke sath jana hoga. yah ek sarvavadisammat manyata hai ki janata tak pahuanchane ke lie janata ki bhasha hi sarvottam madhyam siddh hua karati hai. chooanki anek simaoan aur bahasatalab muddoan ke bavajood hindi hi ghuma-phira kar is desh ki janata ki bhasha hai ya mani ja sakati hai, isalie hindi mean baiankoan ka karabar hona aur baiank ke adhikariyoan anr karmachariyoan ka hindi mean yani janata ki bhasha mean prashikshit hona nitaant avashyak hai. yah prasannata ki bat hai ki hamare desh ke kee pramukh baiankoan ne yoonaited kamarshiyal baiank, iandiyan ovarasij baiank, baiank af b dauda, stet baiank af haidarabad ityadi ullekhaniy haian, apane adhikariyoan aur karmachariyoan ko hindi mean prashikshit karane ki disha mean vishesh prayatn praranbh kie haian. prapt soochananusar rijarv baiank aur neshanal ianstityoot af baiank mainejameant ne bhi is disha mean kuchh aangresar kary karane ka nishchay kiya hai.
uparinivedit kianchit vishayaantar ke dvara maianne yah rekhakiant karana chaha hai ki yadi hindi ko is desh ki rashtrabhasha, sanpark bhasha ya prayojanamoolak bhasha ke roop mean sthapit hona hai aur aantarrashtriy star par rashtrasangh ki bhasha ke roop mean svikrit hona hai to is uddeshy ki poorti hetu keval saanskritik abhivyakti se sanpann rachanatmak sahity ka hona hindi ke lie paryapt nahian hoga. tulasi, soor aur kabir hindi ki rachanatmak, sahityik aur saanskritik samriddhi ke kalajayi pratik hai. kiantu samakalin ne bhasha sandarbh mean keval unhian gaurav shikharoan se hindi bhasha ka kam nahian chal sakata. ab kisi bhasha ko ek samarth bhasha banane ke lie use yatayat, rajanay, sainik shivir aur lashkar, prayogik praudyogiki, audyogiki adi ke kshetroan mean pravesh pana hoga. abhi-abhi aantarrashtriy kshetr mean aangrezi ke mahattv aur aangrezi ke vishvavyapi prasar se atankit tatha parabhoot hokar freanch bhasha ne apane ko pichhale kee dashakoan se upekshit sa mahasoos kiya, jisake phalasvaroop freanch bhasha ke mahattv ke ghatane aur aangrezi bhasha ke mahattv ke badhane ke karanoan ka akalan tatha vishleshan karane ke lie freanch sarakar ne 'freanch leangvej haee kameti' ke nam se ek uchch stariy samiti ka gathan kiya tha. us uchch stariy samiti ke prativedan se yah spasht pata chalata hai ki 1914 ee. tak yooropiy bhashaoan ke bich freanch bhasha ka nirvivad sarvottam sthan raha. kiantu, usake bad aantarrashtriy star par aangrezi bhasha freanch bhasha ko nirantar pichhe chho dati gee. aangrezi bhasha ki is nirantar pragati aur akt mahattv ka pramukh karan yah hua ki 19vian shatabdi ke praranbh se hi aangrezi bhasha vishv mean aangrezi ki audyogik, vyaparik evan samoohik sarvoparita ka sahara lekar nirantar pramukhata aur prasar pati gayi tatha british samrajy ke deshaantar vistar ki vajah se apane prachar prasar ke lie bhi sah-vistar pati gayi. isaka phal yah hua ki aangrezi bhasha in audyogik, samudrik aur rajakiy suvidhaoan ko pakar lagabhag sanpoorn vishv ke vyapar aur samudrik yatayat ki bhasha ban gee. isake bad jab sanyukt rajy amerika ka abhyuday ek shaktishali desh ke roop mean hua, tab usane lagabhag san 1945 ke bad aangrezi ko rajanayik sanbandhoan, uchchatar praudyagiki ke kshetroan aur jan sampreshan ke pravidhik madhyamoan ki vishisht bhasha ke roop mean pratishthit kar diya. kahane ka ashay yah ki aangrezi ki vartaman aantarrashtriy pratishtha keval sheksapiyar, miltan, barnard sh aau, ti. es. iliyat adi sarjanatmak lekhakoan ke karan hi nahian hai, balki usake any anek karan bhi haian, jinaka sankshipt nirdesh oopar ki panktiyoan mean kiya ja chuka hai. at: spasht hai ki vartaman bhasha-sandarbh me hindi ko bhi uchchatar praudyogiki rajanayik sanbandh, vanijy-vyapar, samudrik yatayat evan adhunik manav-jivan ke any anek prabhagoan mean ek prayojakaparak bhasha ke roop mean pratishthit karane ki kitani avashyakata hai.
pratyek rashtr ko apani pahachan ke lie aur aantarrashtriy mandali mean apane svatantr bhashik abhijnan ke lie tatha ek maulik rashtr ke roop mean apani asmita ko abhivyakti ke lie ek rashtrabhasha ki avashkata p dati hi hai. isi drishti se hindi ko rashtrabhasha ke roop mean apanane aur hindi ke madhyamase aantarrashtriy mandali mean bharat ko apani pahachan banane ke lie yah avashyak hai ki ham hindi ko usake sanpoorn pradesh ke sath svikar karean aur usaki sanbhavanaoan ka nirantar vikas karean. anivary roop mean kee bhashaoan ko sikhane ke lie rashtr ke nagarikoan ki shakti ka apavyay karana uchit nahian maloom p data hai. bhasha ke prasang mean vyakti ki shakti ka apavyay karana uchit nahian maloom p data hai. bhasha ke prasang mean vyakti ki shakti ya oorja ki mitavyayita par srashta ne bhi dhyan rakha hai. 'phayalo jenetiks' ke anusar bhasha ke lie- bolane ke lie srashta ne manushy ko alag se koee vishisht iandriy nahian di hai. 'phayalo jenetiks' ka kahana hai ki manushy ki panchedriyoan ke bich shravaneandriy sabase bad mean ju di iandriy hai. isi shravaneandriy se bhasha ya boli ko sunane ka kam liya jata hai aur bhojan karane tatha shvas lene ke lie jo poorv nirmit avayav rahe haian, unhian ke varts (trekt) se bhasha ya boli ka kam liya jata hai. jab srashta ne, vakil 'phayalo jenetiks', bhasha k sandarbh mean iandriy-sanrachana ki drishti se itani mitavyayita ke sath kam liya hai, tab hamean bhi apani bhasha samasya ke samadhan ke kram mean desh ke nagarikoan ki shakti ki mitavyayita par apekshit dhyan rakhana chahie. bharat ki sanvidhan svikrit bhashaoan ke parikar mean hindi ki prasthiti ko aspasht rakhate hue kee bhashaoan se kam lene ke farmoole ko svikar karane par is desh ke nagarikoan ki shakti ka shayad apavyay hi hoga.
jis desh mean 367 matri bhashaean haian aur jis desh mean lagabhag 58 bhashaean vidyalay star par shiksha ke madhyam ki bhasha ke roop mean svikrit haian, us desh ko ek balabali rashtrabhasha ki prapti ke lie tatha us rashtrabhasha ke madhyam se vishv ki mandali mean apani alag pahachan banane ke lie kee prakar ki sankirnataoan, aanchalik poorvagrahoan tatha bhavukata ke udekoan se oopar uthana hoga. itana hi nahian, us desh ke lie yah bhi avashyak hai ki vah rashtr ki ekata ko sarvopari mahattv dete hue apani bhasha samasya ke samadhan hetu apane rashtriy vivek ko sadaiv jagrat rakhe, rashtrabhasha ke chayan sandarbh mean kisi prakar ke tadarth chiantan ko ya tadarth vyavastha ko adhik dinoan tak nahian dhoye tatha ek rashtr ke roop mean apane sanvaidhanik sankalp aur karm ki ekaroopata ke dvara anek vikalpoan vali anishchitata ya dishahinata athava saanskritik anirnay vali dasha ko shighr samapt karean.
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sanbandhit lekh
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