अमरीका में हिन्दी -डॉ. केरीन शोमर
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- lekhak- d aau. kerin shomar
amarika mean hindi ki sthiti ka prashn tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai.
(1) amarika ke vishvavidyalayoan mean hindi ke vidhivath adhyayan ki kya sthiti hai tatha hindi ke vidvanh kis tarah ka shodhakary kar rahe haian,
(2) am janata mean bharatiy sanskriti tatha bhashaoan ke bare mean kya dharana hai, aur
(3) amarika mean base hue pravasi bharatiy logoan mean hindi ki kya sthiti tatha usake prati kya drishtakon hai.
- (1) amariki vishvavidyalayoan mean hindi
amarika mean bhi yoorop ki tarah bharatiy bhashaoan ka adhyayan sanskrit se shuroo hua. dvitiy mahayuddh tak, vishvavidyalayoan mean adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan ka adhyayan nahian hota tha. vishvavidyalayoan ke bahar eesaee dharm pracharakoan ka tho da bahut kam hua aur un logoan ne sab se pahale hindi sikhane ki koshish ki tatha pathy-pustakean taiyar kian. usake bad, dvittiy mahayuddh mean, jab mitr rashtroan ki phaujean sari duniya mean phail gee thian, amariki sarakar ki or se bhashavaijnanikoan dvara vibhinn bhashaoan ke saral pathyakram taiyar kie ge. is silasile mean hindi mean bhi kuchh kam hua.
hindi ka vidhivath adhyayan to bharat ki svatantrata-prapti ke bad shuroo hua, jab bharat ko duniya ke svadhin tatha lokataantrik deshoan mean mahatvapoorn sthan mila tatha amarika aur bharat ke bich har tarah ke ne sanbandh sthapit hone lage. amarika ke prabuddh varg mean nav svatantr bharat ke prati bahut sahanubhooti thi aur bharat ke arthik vikas ke lie bahut akaankshaean tatha shubh kamanaean.
is sandarbh mean vishvavidyalayoan mean samajashastr, arthashastr, nitishastr adi ke vidvanoan ne apani drishti bharat ki adhunik sthiti tatha samasyaoan par rakhakar shodh kary karana aranbh kiya. inaki madad karane ke lie sarakar tatha svatantr sansthaoan ne arthik sahayata dena shuroo kiya. chune hue vishvavidyalayoan mean adhyayan-keandr bana die ge, jahaan bharat aur bharat ke p dosi deshoan par shodhakary ke lie har tarah ki suvidhaean prapt ki geean– visheshakar pustakoan tatha any shodh samagri ke bhandar. ajakal 13 aise keandr haian, jinamean shikago, kailiphorniya, biskansin, kolanbiya, peansileveniya, vashiangatan, teksas tatha virjiniya vishvavidyalay mukhy haian. isake alava, bharat sanbandhi adhyayan ki kuchh n kuchh suvidhaean 100 aur vishvavidyalayoan tatha k aaulejoan mean milati hai.
sab mukhy kendroan ki shiksha mean, tatha anek aur jagahoan mean, bhashaoan ka adhyayan mahatvapoorn hai. shuroo se hi hindi tatha bharat ki any bhashaean sikhaee geean. bharat se ae hue kuchh vidvanoan ne, jinaki matribhasha hindi thi, tatha amariki bhashavaijnanikoan ne mil kar pathyapustakean tatha pathyakram banana tatha hindi ke anek pahaluoan ka adhyayan karana shuroo kiya. vidyarthiyoan ko protsahit kar ne lie chhatravrittiyoan ka bhi ayojan kiya gaya, jo ki ajakal bhi 13 mukhy vishvavidyalayoan mean prapy hai. rashtrabhasha hone ke karan hindi ko sab se adhik mahatv ka sthan diya gaya, aur sankhya padhane vale tatha padhane vale sab se adhik haian.
jis samay adhyayan keandr ban rahe the, usi samay achchhe star ke bharat-sanbandhi granthagar banane ke lie ek aur yojana banaee gee. amarikan kaangres ke kanoon pi.el. 480 ke adhar par amarika ne bharat ko kuchh sal tak gehooan bech diya tha. rrin chukane ke lie anek yojanaean banaee geean. in mean se ek yah bhi thi jisase bharat mean mukhy bharatiy bhashaoan mean tatha aangreji mean chhapi huee pustakean har sal amariki vishvavidyalayoan mean pahuanchati haian. us yojana ki sahayata se kee bahut achchhe granthagar ban ge haian, jinamean hindi tatha any vishayoan ke lie adhyayan ki bahut achchhi samagri milati hai. mukhy keandroan ke pustakalayoan mean hindi ka hi 8000 se 24000 pustakean milati haian.
pi. el. 480 ke rupayoan ki sahayata se ek yojana ban gee, jisase amariki vishvavidyalayoan ke vidyarthiyoan ko tatha vidvanoan ko (chahe amariki ho ya kisi aur desh ke hoan) bharat ane ke lie chhatravrittiyaan milati haian. us yojana ke sahare pichhale 30 varshoan mean bahut se vidvanoan ne bharat akar bhasha sikhi tatha shodhakary kiya hai. is ke karan amarika tatha bharat ke vidvanoan mean adan-pradan ho paya aur shodh bahut age badh paya. bharat ke vishay mean amarika mean har sal bahut se shodh prabandh tatha pustakean nikalati haian, jo vahaan ki janata tatha sarakar ko bharat ke bare mean asali janakari dene ki koshish karati haian.
hindi ke vishay mean kis tarah ka shodh kary ab tak hua aur abhi ho raha hai? uttar dena tho da kathin hai, kyoanki harek vyakti apani ruchi ke anusar apana shodh kary karata hai, kisi khas samoohik karyakram ko lekar nahian. parantu ham yah dekh sakate haian ki pichhale 25 varshoan mean, halaanki har tarah ke vishayoan par kam hua hai, shodh ki pravrittiyoan ke vibhinn star vidyaman haian.
shuroo mean hindi ki mukhyat: bolachal ki bhasha ke taur par padhaya jata tha. usako any vishayoan mean shodh karane ke lie ek upay samajha jata tha. padhane valoan ka kam tha ki samajashastr, arthashastr adi ke vidyarthiyoan ko bharat mean logoan se hindi mean bat karane ke lie taiyar kar diya jae. us silasile mean bahut si praranbhik pathy-pustakean taiyar ki geean kyoanki padhanevale mukhyat: bhashavijnan ke vidvanh the.
usake bad, jab bhasha ki janakari ki nianv dridh ho gee to vidvanoan mean ek nee ruchi utpann huee sahity ka adhyayan karane ki. shuroo mean kh di boli sahity ka adhyayan kiya gaya tha. anuvad ke dvara adhunik hindi sahity ki kuchh mahatvapoorn kritiyaan amariki janata ke samane laee geean. age badhakar kuchh vidvanoan ka dhyan madhyakalin braj, avadhi adi sahity ki or gaya aur is kshetr mean bhi kafi kam hua. pichhale 4-5 saloan mean, lok-sahity tatha hindi ki lokapriy kshetriy boliyoan par bhi paryapt kam hone laga hai.
at: ham yah dekh sakate haian ki pichhale 25 varshoan mean amariki vishvavidyalayoan mean hindi ke adhyayan ka ek vishesh vikas kram hua. shuroo mean hindi ko keval vyavaharik roop se adhunik sanpark bhasha ke roop mean dekha jata tha. ab unaki samriddh tatha vividh sahity paranparaoan ka adhyayan vidhivath dhang se kiya jane laga hai.
- (2) amariki janata mean hindi ke prati jagarookata
lagabhag 1965 tak, amariki janata mean hindi bhasha ke bare mean bahut kam janakari thi. kyoanki bharat mean aangreji chalati hai tatha jo tho de-bahut bharatiy log amarika ate the sab aangreji janate the. isalie yah bhram phail gaya tha ki aangreji hi bharat ki rashtrabhasha hai. abhi bhi adhikaansh logoan ki yahi dharana hai.
pichhale 20 varshoan mean to sthiti tho di-si badal gee hai. isake do karan haian. ek to yah ki bharat se bahut adhik log amarika pahuanch ge haian, aur sankhya ki vajah se unaki apani bhashaoan ka adhik prayog hai. isake bare mean bage chalakar charcha ki jaegi. doosara karan yah hai ki amariki logoan ki or se bharat ki sanskriti ke anek pahaluoan ke prati akarshan hone laga hai. kuchh logoan mean is samay adhyatmikata ke prati jhukav hai. bhautik vikas tatha vyaktigat saphalata ke uddeshyoan se pare hatakar ve jivan ka mool arth janana chahate haian aur darshanikoan ki tarah prashn poochhate haian. is silasile mean bharat ki adhyatm-paranpara ki or se akarshit hona svabhavik hai. bahut-se log, visheshakar yuva log, bharat ke adhyatm-guruoan ke charanoan mean baithane ke lie bharat ate haian, aur bharat ke guru-sant-svami amarika mean bhi pahuanchate haian. kyoanki amarika mean, jaise ki bharat mean, dharm ke palan tatha prachar ke poorn svatantrata hai, un guru-sant-svamiyoan ka sandesh bahut door tak phail gaya hai. ajakal aise bahut kam log hoange jinhoanne bharat ke adhyatm-guruoan ke bare mean nahian suna ho aur kuchh aise shabd bhi haian (jaise guru, yog, ashram, dharm, karm) jo vahaan ki bolachal ki bhasha mean prachalit ho ge haian.
us adhyatmik jhukav ke karan bharat ki or pravritt hokar bahut-se log yah bhi chahate haian ki jis desh ki adhyatmik paranparaoan ko ve sikh rahe haian, usaki bhashaean bhi sikh lean. is tarah hindi, sanskrit adi ki kakshaoan mean vidyarthiyoan ka ek naya varg pahuanch gaya hai.
adhyatm ke alava, bharatiy shastriy sangit, chitrakala, moortikala ityadi saanskritik paranparaoan mean bhi kuchh logoan ka jhukav hai. bharatiy dijain logoan ko pasand hai. chitrakala tatha moortikal bhi vahaan bahut bikati hai, aur hastakala ka bhi kafi niryat hota hai. kuchh amarikan chitrakar bharatiy bianboan tatha pratikoan se bhi prabhavit haian aur inaka prayog apani kala mean karate haian. bharatiy sanskriti mean to ajakal amarika mean sabase adhik ruchi hai. bharat ke sangitakal b di sankhya mean amarika pahuanchate haian aur shrotagan unako b di ruchi se sunate haian. vahaan ke bahut se sangitakar bharatiy shastriy sangit ka adhyayan bhi karate haian tatha bharat mean adhyayan ke lie pahuanchate haian. un logoan mean bhi bhasha sikhane ki ichchha svabhavik hai, aur aise log bhi hindi ki kakshaoan mean pahuanchate haian.
in sab paristhitiyoan ke karan hindi ke bare mean jo jnan pahale tha, vo ab kam hone laga hai.
- (3) amarika ke bharatiy aur hindi
ajakal amarika mean pravasi bharatiyoan ki sankhya bahut badh gee hai. yahaan tak ki sarakar unako ab ek sarakari alp-sankhyak samuday manane lagi hai. 1965 se pahale, bharatiy amarika mean bahut kam the tatha idhar-udhar bikhare hue the, jisake karan unaki sanskriti kam vidyaman thi. ab bharatiy sab kshetroan mean upasthit haian aur ve amarikan samaj ka ek mahatvapoorn aang haian. sankhya adhik hone ke karan, bharatiy log svayan apani sanskriti surakshit karane tatha badhane ka prayatn karate haian.
ajakal, visheshakar nyooyark ya l aaus aianjals jaise b de shaharoan mean, sa diyoan ya pag diyoan ko dekh kar kisi ko ashchary nahian hai, aur bharatiy nam-upanam bhi koee ashchary ka vishay nahian hai. vibhinn shaharoan mean kuchh aise p dos hone lage haian jinamean bahut-se bharatiy rahate haian aur har tarah ke restoraan tatha dukanean haian. kuchh jagahoan mean hindi philmean dikhaee jati haian tatha rediyo ke do-ek hindi program bhi hote haian. bahut-se saanskritik karyakram, dharmik utsav adi hone lage haian. mukhy tyauhar b de dhoom-dham se manae jate haian. mandir-masjid-gurudvara bhi idhar-udhar banane lage haian. rashtriy star par anek b de-b de karyakram bhi hue haian.
pravasi bharatiy logoan mean is ne saanskritik umang ke do roop haian. ek to aisi sansthaean tatha karyakram jinamean bharat ke sab pradeshoan ke log kisi uddeshy se milate haian (jaise 15 agast ko manane ke lie ya samasayik samasyaoan par vichar-vimarsh karane ke lie) aise avasaroan par jyadatar aangreji boli jati hai. doosari or, aisi sansthaean ya saanskritik kary haian jinaka adhar bharat ke vibhinn pradeshik, ya kshetriy sanskritiyaan haian. unhian mean matribhasha ka prayog (chahe hindi ho ya koee any bhasha) adhik kiya jata hai, aur kshetriy paranparaoan (jaise lokagit, kavita adi) ka palan kiya jata hai.
parivaroan mean matribhasha ka palan tab kiya jata hai jab boodhe log bhi haian, jinakoan aangreji kam ati hai. anyatha, bharatiy bachche aangreji hi bolate hai. lekin pichhale 5-6 varshoan se, ye l dake-l dakiyaan vishvavidyalayoan mean pahuanchane lage haian. vahaan har vidyarthi ko akasar apani ruchi ke anusar videshi bhasha ka do varsh tak adhyayan karana p data hai. jahaan hindi ya koee aur bharatiy bhasha sikhaee jati hai, bharatiy l dake-l dakiyaan usi ko sikhana pasand karate haian.
- nishkarsh
amarika mean hindi ka adhyayan niji ruchi ki bat hai. sarakar tatha svatantr sansthaean adhyapan karyakramoan mean kuchh madad karati haian, parantu adhyapan ki disha asankhy padhane-padhane valoan ko vyaktigat prerana tatha uddeshyoan se vikasit huee hai. at: hindi sahity mean vishesh ruchi lene vale sahity ke vidvan, bhashavijnan ke vidvan, samajashastr adi ke vidvanh adhunik bharat ki pragati tatha samasyaoan par shodh kary kar rahean haian. bharatiy sangit tatha any kalaoan mean ruchi lene vale sadharan log tatha kalakar, adhyatm ki or pravritt log jo kisi bharatiy dharm-sadhana ke anuyayi haian, paryatak log jo bharat mean ghoomana chahate haian aur aise vyakti jin mean kisi bharatiy ke vyaktigat sanpark mean ane ke bad bhasha sikhane ki ichchha utpann huee, tatha pravasi bharatiy l dake-l dakiyaan jo amarika mean paida hone ke karan apani matribhasha aur rashtrabhasha achchhi tarah se nahian janate, hindi ka adhyayan karane lage haian. amariki vidvanoan mean hindi ka adhyayan vyapak hota ja raha hai, jisase ve bharatiy vidvanoan ke sath sthayi sanbandh banae rakh sakean. am janata mean bharatiy logoan tatha bharatiy sanskriti ke bare mean adhik janakari hone ke karan hindi ke bare mean bhi kuchh janakari hone lagi hai. aant mean pravasi bharatiyoan mean apani sanskriti tatha bhasha ke palane ke lie bhi ek naya utsah utpann ho raha hai.
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