भारत की भाषिक एकता: परंपरा और हिन्दी -माणिक गोविंद चतुर्वेदी
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
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- lekhak- pro. manik goviand chaturvedi
nishchit hi bharat apani bhashik aur samajik sanrachana ke itihas aur bhoogol ke karan bhasha aur samaj ke adhyetaoan ke lie adhyayan ka ek samasyamoolak, kiantu rochak vishay bana hua hai. sansar mean kisi doosare itane vishal aur prachin (jisaki saanskritik parampara adyaant akshunn ho) aur vaividhyapoorn rashtr ke n hone ke karan, vah anek bar anek bhraant aur bhramak dharanaoan ka shikar hota raha hai. isi ka parinam hai ki bharat mean bali jane vali boliyoan, upabhashaoan aur bhashaoan tatha unake bolane vale samudayoan ki vividhata tatha sankhya ko dekhate hue jo use ek or bhasha samajik vikat vigrah (soshiyo-ligvianstik jvaiant) ki sanjna di hai[1] vahian usi bhashik aur samajik ikaeeyoan ke mool mean pravartaman ekatmakata ko dekhakar bhasha vaijnanikoan ne use ek bhashik kshetr (e ligvianstik eriya) bhi kaha hai.[2] vastutah samooche dakshinh poorv eshiya mean bharatiy upamahadvip ek aisa bhashik kshetr hai jo anekata mean ekata ka atyant satik nidarshan prastut karata hai.
yadyapi bharat mean prachinatam bhashik abhilekh hamean prachin bharatiy aryabhasha ‘chhandas’ ya vaidik sanskrit mean vaidik vanmay ke roop mean upalabdh haian, parantu vidvanoan ki dharana hai ki bharat mean aryoan ke agaman se poorv agney, dravi d aur bhat-chini parivaroan ke log yaha base hue the.[3] parinamasvaroop ary bhashaoan se poorv yahaan inhian parivaroan ki bhashaean boli jati thian. kuchh vidvanoan ke anusar bharat mean sarvadhik prachin jati nigro ya habshi hai, parantu ab vah jati bharat mean poornatah vilupt ho chuki hai. haan apavad roop mean ab bhi aandaman dvip samooh mean is jati ke kuchh avashesh avashy mil jate haian. kuchh vidvanoan ke anusar aandamani bhasha ka sanbandh isi jati ya parivar ke sath hai.[4]
nigro jati ke bad jis jati ne bharat mean pravesh kiya, vah hai mool agney jati, jise prachin kal mean nishad tatha ajakal kol aur muanda jati kaha jata hai.[5] yadyapi ye log pashchimi disha se hi bharat ae the, parantu sanprati ye log mukhy roop se bihar ke chhota nagapur kshetr u disa, pashchimi bangal, madhyapradesh tatha khasi paha diyoan ke kuchh kshetroan mean hi paye jate haian.[6] 1967 ki janaganana ke anusar is bhasha parivar ki 65 boliyaan samooche desh ki janasankhya ke lagabhag 1.5 pratishat logoan dvara boli jati hai.[7] santhali, muandari, ho, bhoomij, korakoo, khariya, saura, khasi tatha nikobari is bhasha parivar ki pramukh bhashaean haian, tatha inamean se nikobari, khasi tathaaa santhali bhashaoan ko padha likha bhi jata hai.[8]
kol muanda jati ke pashchath dravi d log bharat ae. vidvanoan ki manyata hai ki dravi d jati bhi pashchim se hi aee thi, tatha aryoan ke ane ke samay samooche pashchimottar bharat mean basi huee thi.[9] kuchh logoan ki dharana hai ki siandhu ghati ki sabhyata inhian logoan ne vikasit ki thi.[10] 1961 janaganana ke anusar is samay dravi d parivar ki 153 boliyaan samooche bharat mean kul janasankhya ke 24.47 pratishat logoan dvara boli jati haian.[11]
dravi d bhashaoan ko nimnalikhit tin bhaugolik bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai:
1 - uttari dravi d bhasha -jaise, oraanv, malato adi.
2 - madhy deshiy dravi d bhaashaean -jaise kuee, khoand adi.
3 - dakshin deshiy dravi d bhashaean -jaise tamil, telugu , kann d, malayalam adi[12].
dravi d parivar ki char sahityik bhashaean tamil, kann d, telugu aur malayalam bharatiy sanvidhan mean pariganit haian, tatha dakshin bharat ke charoan rajyoan tamilanadu, karnatak, aandhr pradesh tatha keral mean kramashah rajabhasha haian. ye charoan bhashaean dravi d bhashabhashi jan samuday ke 95.56 pratishat logoan dvara boli jati hai.[13]
bharat mean aryaean ke agaman ke poorv hi uttar tatha poorvaettar dishaoan se bhot chini parivar ke log himalay ki ghatiyoan mean akar bas chuke the, jinhean prachin kal mean kirat kaha jata tha.[14] is parivar ki bhashaean pashchimottar mean kashmir ke laddakh kshetr se lekar poorv mean dakshin poorvi asam tak boli jati hai.[15] anupat mean bhasha bhed bahut adhik paya jata hai. ashay yah hai ki yahaan tis battis lakh log do sau se adhik bhashaean bolate haian. 1961 ki janaganana ke anusar bharat mean bhot chini parivar ki 226 matribhashaean haian[16], jinamean tibbati adi kuchh hi bhashaoan ko sankhya adi ki drishti se mahatvapoorn kaha ja sakata hai. is parivar ki keval tibbati aur maiteyi (manipuri) bhashaean hi sahityik bhashaean haian, shesh bhashaoan mean se adhikaansh bhashaean abhi bhi alikhit roop mean prachalit hai.[17]
is prakar spasht hai ki bharat mean aryoan ke ane se pahale dravi d ya dasyu, nishad ya kol muanda, kirat ya bhot chini jatiyoan ke log base hue the. sanbhavatah is jatiyoan ke paraspar sansarg se inaki bhashaoan par ek doosare ka prabhav p dane laga tha. parantu jab aryajan bharat mean ae aur keandriy satta ke roop se sthapit ho ge to unhoanne n keval sabhi poorvavarti saanskritik tatvoan ko ekasootrata mean baandha, varanh ek akhil bharatiy sanskriti ko janm bhi diya.[18]
vidvanoan ki manyata hai ki bharatiy janamanas aur janasanskriti ko samasik roop mean vikasit karane mean prachin ary bhasha sanskrit ka jo yogadan raha hai vah nishchit hi advitiy hai. chooanki sanskrit akhil bharatiy sanskriti, sahity, darshan, dharm adi sab kuchh ki abhivyakti ki madhyam hi nahian bani, varanh vah bharatiyata ki pratik hi ban gee hai.[19] 1961 ki janaganana ke anusar is samay samooche desh mean ary parivar ki 574 matribhashaean kul janasankhya ke 75.30 pratishat logoan dvara boli jati haian[20]. is prakar sabake bad mean ane vale aryajanoan ki bhashaean bharat ke sabhi pradeshoan mean sarvadhik logoan dvara boli jati haian tatha ye hi bhashaean sarvadhik vikasit bhi haian aur sarakar dvara many bhi haian.
ashay yah ki bharat aryo ke agaman se pahale hi ek bahubhashi tatha bahujatiy desh ban chuka tha, jise aryoan nean apani sashakt bhasha aur shreshth sangathan shakti ke adhar par ek saanskritik rashtr ke roop mean parivartit kar diya[21]. bahubhasha bhashi bharat mean ary bhasha vaidik sanskrit aur bad mean laukik sanskrit kis prakar akhil bharatiy bhasha bani aur sahity, shiksha, prashasan tatha sanskriti ki sarvabhaum madhyam ke roop mean prachalit huee, nishchit roop se nahian bataya ja sakata. kiantu prachin bharatiy sahity ke adhyayan ke adhar par yah nishchit roop se kaha ja sakata hai ki vaidik kal mean hi vaidik bhasha adhyayan ka vishay ban gee thi aur usi ke madhyam se samoochi shiksha vyavastha chalati thi. vastutah vaidik kal mean aryoan ne jis prakar ki shiksha vyavastha vikasit ki thi usane bharat ki samajik aur bhashik sanrachana mean dooragami parivartan ghatit kiye[22]. isi yug mean bharat mean vyapak roop se dvibhashikata ko manyata bhi prapt huee tatha us samay prachalit sabhi ary anary bhashaoan mean se keval sanskrit ko hi aantah kshetriy vyavahar tatha sahity aur shastr ki madhyam bhasha ke roop mean svikrit kiya gaya.
vaidik sahity ke adhyayan ke adhar par yah kaha ja sakata hai ki aryajan bharat mean ek hi samay aur ek hi dal ke roop mean nahian ae, kafi samay tak vibhinn daloan mean vibhinn bhagoan se bharat mean ate rahe tatha basate rahe[23]. yah bhi dhyan dene yogy bat hai ki navagat aryoan ka virodh aur yuddh keval poorvavarti anary jatiyoan ke sath hi nahian hua varanh unhean poorvavarti aryoan se bhi virodh ka samana karana p da tha[24]. parantu jab samaj mean sthayitv ane laga aur vibhinn ary-anary bhashabhashi jatiyaan sath sath ya aur pas pas rahane lagian to n keval paraspar sanpark mean ane vali bhashaoan tatha unake bolane vale samajoan mean saanskritik adan pradan ki paranpara praranbh huee, varanh in bhashaoan mean vaidik bhasha chhandas ko yah manyata prapt huee, jisake karan use devi bhasha kaha jane laga tatha dharm, shiksha, sahity ke madhyam ke roop mean usaka prayog hone laga[25].
uttar vaidik kal mean ary sanskriti jaise jaise poorv aur dakshin bharat mean phailati gee, vaise vaise unaki moolatah sahityik aur parinamatah saanskritik bhasha sanskrit bhi charoan or phailati gee. yah ullekhaniy hai ki sanskrit ka yah prasar keval bhaugolik dishaoan mean hi nahian ho raha tha, varanh vah samaj ke vibhinn staroan par bhi chal raha tha, jahaan manak sanskrit se bhinn anek ary aur anary bhashaean boli jati thian[26]. is prakar sanskrit ek or jahaan any bhashaoan ke sampark se bhashik drishti vikasit huee, vahian vah sahityik aur saanskritik drishti se bhi samriddh huee aur is tarah ary sanskriti ke prasar ke sath sath sanskrit ek akhil bharatiy bhasha ke roop mean nishpann huee, jo us samay ke sansar mean itane b de pradesh mean ek adbhut siddhi thi. yah ullekhaniy hai ki bhashik aur samajik sanpark ki is sthiti mean keval sanskrit bhasha hi any bhashaoan se prabhavit nahian huee (jisake anek praman sanskrit ke vikasatmak adhyayanoan mean upalabdh hai.) varanh usane apane sampark mean ane vali sabhi ary aur anary bhashaoan ko prabhavit kiya. is prakar bharat ki sabhi bhashaoan mean ekatmakata ka shilanyas sanskrit ne kiya, jisake karan aj ham bharat ko ek bhashik kshetr kahate haian. arthath bharat ek aisa bhashik kshetr ban gaya hai jahaan vibhinn parivaroan ki bhashaean bali jati haian, parantu in bhinn bhinn parivaroan ki jo bhashaean bharat ke bahar prachalit haian unaki tulana mean bharat mean bali jane vali bhashaean apas mean adhik saman haian.[27]
atah kaha ja sakata hai ki vaidik kal mean hi ek manak sahityik bhasha ka uday aur usi ke madhyam se chalane vala vyavasthit shikshatantr, ye do aise karan the jinase bharat me ne keval bhashik ekatmakata vikasit huee jo aj bhi hamari sanskriti aur rashtriyata ki anyatam visheshata hai, sath hi itane vyapak bhookhand mean upalabdh sabhi up bhashik vargoan ki apani bhashik asmita ko banae rakhane ke lie dvibhashikata ko ek rashtriy charitr ke roop mean svikar kar liya gaya.
sanprati yah batana to asanbhav hai ki us samay vyapak samajik dvibhashikata ke karan bharat mean vibhinn bhasha parivaroan ki bhashaoan mean samy a jane ke karan dvibhashikata vyapak samajik yarthath ban saki. parantu itana nishchit roop se kaha ja sakata hai ki vaidik shiksha vyavastha mean ekamatr sanskrit ko anek dharmik, saanskritik samajik tatha rajanitik karanoan se keandriy bhasha ke roop mean vyapak star par svikrit kar liya gaya tha[28], jisase shiksha ke prasar ke sath sath ek or jahaan vyapak samajik star par matribhasha aur sanskrit ki dvibhashikata vikasit huee, vahian doosari or vibhinn matribhashaoan mean bhashik samanataoan ke lie ek samany adhar yah bhi mil gaya arthath sabhi matribhashaean saman roop se ek hi shaikshik bhasha sanskrit se prabhavit hone lagian. sanskrit aur matribhasha ki dvibhashikata ka adarsh aj bhi bharatiy rashtriy jivan ki sarvamany visheshata hai-arthath shiksha dvara prapt ek keandriy akhil bharatiy bhasha aur matribhasha ke roop mean grahit ek kshetriy bhasha ki dvibhashikata ki paranpara bharat mean atyant prachinakal se milati hai aur aj bhi hamare tribhasha sootr ke mool mean vartaman hai.
vaidik kal ke bad samoocha bharatiy sahity vyapak samajik dvibhashikata ki or iangit karata hai, visheshakar sanskrit natakoan mean prapt sanskrit aur prakrit bhashaoan ka prayog[29]. yahaan yah dhyan dene yogy bat hai ki yadyapi sanskrit natakoan mean samanyatah uchchavargiy patr sanskrit bhasha ka prayog karate haian. jabaki stri tatha any patr prakrit adi lok bhashaoan ka prayog karate haian, parantu ye danoan prakar ke patr dubhashie ke bina hi ek doosare ki bat bhali bhaanti samajhate hai. vastutah sanskrit natakoan mean prapt dvibhashikata ka yah roop us desh mean prachalit samany dvibhashikata ki or hi iangit karata hai, jo pradesh tatha samajik star ke bhed ke anusar anek prakaroan ki rahi hogi. parantu un sabhi prakaroan mean ek samany sootr ke roop shiksha dvara prapt dvitiy bhasha sanskrit avashy thi.
atah kaha ja sakata hai ki aitihasik drishti se vaidik kal se hi sanskrit ek aantah kshetriy tatha aantah jatiy bhasha ke roop mean bharatiy samaj ke uchchastar par saamanyatah sarvatr svikrit ki ja chuki thi tatha samaj ke talastar par dasyu, nishad, kirat aur ary jatiyoan ki anekanek boliyoan ke sataly ka jal se bichha hua tha. jis prakar uchch brahman sanskriti bharat mean sarvatr abrahman aur anary sanskritiyoan ke anekanek tatvoan ko atmasat karate hue desh mean charoan or phailati gee[30], usi prakar sanskrit bhasha bhi anekaanek ary anary bhashaoan aur baliyoan se anek shabdoan tatha any bhashik tatvoan ko svikar karate hue sare desh mean bhi vyapt ho gee aur bad mean bharat ki simaoan ko par kar sabhi or, parantu visheshakar dakshin aur poorv v poorvaettar ki or phailati gee. vastutah vyapak sanskrit aiky ki atma hai. vah aisa maulik adhar hai jisake karan bharat aj bhi ek svayatt saanskritik ikaee bana hua hai.
bharatiy bhashaoan ke itihas mean prachin bharatiy ary bhasha sanskrit ke bad jin doosari akhil bharatiy bhashaoan ka ullekh hamean milata hai tatha jinaka sahity aj upalabdh hai, ve haian - pali, bauddhau ki dharm bhasha tatha ardh magadhi, jainoan ki dharm bhasha. mahavir aur gautam buddh ke samay se kuchh poorv hi prachin vaidik paranpara ke virodh mean ek navin janakraanti ka sootrapat ho chuka tha, jinaka mool svar to brahmanavadh, yajn adi se sanbandhit karmakaand ka virodhi tha, parantu sanskrit kyoanki moolatah inhian se ju di huee thi, praranbh mean jainoan aur bauddhoan ne sanskrit ka bhi virodh kiya. isalie sanskrit ke virodh mean jainoan dvara ardhamagadhi ko tatha bauddhoan dvara pali ko dharmaprachar ke lie svikrit kaya gaya. is prakar 600 ee. poo. ke as pas sanskrit ke sath sath pali aur ardh-magadhi bhashaoan mean hamean sahity srijan ki paranpara milane lagati hai.[31]
yahaan yah ullekhaniy hai ki pali, ardhamagadhi tatha maharashtr, shauraseni adi shastriy prakritoan ko kuchh vidvanoan ne aanchalik ya kshetriy bhashaoan ke roop mean svikrit kiya hai[32]. parantu is bat ko manane ke adhik praman haian ki ye sabhi prakrit madhyadeshiy boli par adharit mool prakrit ke kalakram me vikasit vividh roop haian, jaise pali se maharashtri tatha maharashtr se shauraseni prakrit[33]. vastusthiti jo bhi ho, in prakrit mean hamean jo bhi sahity upalabdh hota hai usake adhar par inhean akhil bharatiy sahityik bhasha hi kaha ja sakata hai, tamil ke saman sahityik bhasha nahian. is prakar sanskrit ne aantah praantiy aur aantah jatiy sahityik aur shastriy bhasha ka jo adarsh prastut kiya tha, usi ka aanshik anusaran pali prakrit tatha apabhransh adi madhy bharatiy ary bhashaoan ne bhi kiya. atah kaha ja sakata hai ki bharatiy itihas ke praranbh se 10vian -11vian shatabdi tak bharat mean ek tamil apavad ke sath, hamean ek matr akhil bharatiy bhashaoan ki hi paranpara milati hai. is samay tak samooche desh mean kahian bhi kshetriy bhashik ya satyik asmita ka koee praman nahian milata, jabaki yah saty hai ki itane vishal desh mean tab bhi vividh bhasha parivaroan ki anekanek bhashaean bolachal ki bhasha ke roop mean prachalit avashy rahian hoangi.
yahaan yah ullekhaniy hai ki 600 ee.poo. ke as pas brahmanavad aur sanskrit ke virodh ka jo sootrapat hua tha, eesavi san praranbh hot hote kuchh kuchh kamazor kamazor hone laga tha. tatha guptakal ke ate ate punah sanskrit ka prabhav badhane laga tha, tatha sanskrit ab keval akhil bharatiy bhasha n rahakar ek antarrashtriy bhasha ke roop mean bharat ke bahar bhi hai, visheshakar bauddh dharm ki mahayan shakha ke prachar ke sath sath phailane lagi thi.[34] guptakal me yadyapi ardhamagadhi, pali tatha any shastriy prakritoan ke adhyayan ki paranpara akshunn rahi, parantu bharat me jain aur bauddh dharmoan ke prabhav ke hrias ke sath sath sanskrit punah shiksha, prashasan, sahity aur shastr ki pramukhatam bhasha ke roop mean ubhar kar samane ane lagi thi. guptakal bharatiy itihas ka svarnakal to tha hi, use sanskrit sahity ki vyapti ki drishti se bhi svarnakal kaha ja sakata hai[35]. isi ka prabhav hai ki aj hamean bharat ki sabhi bhashaoan mean sanskrit ke tadbhav aur tatsam shabd prachur matra mean milate hai. us samay sanskririt ka prachar itana vyapak tatha prabhav itana gahara tha ki us samay ki ek matr kshetriy sahityik bhasha tamil mean bhi hamean sanskrit ke tatsam shabdoan ka prachur matra mean prayog milata hai. madhyakalin tamil ki ‘manipravalam’ shaili bharatiy bhashaoan par sanskririt ke vyapak prabhav ki or iangit karati hai.[36]
is prakar kaha ja sakata hai ki musalamanoan ke bharat mean ane se poorv tak bharat mean sanskrit hi samooche jnan, vijnan, shiksha, sanskriti aur prashasan ki akhil bharatiy bhasha thi. is samay sima mean bharat mean aur bhi jin bhashaoan ka sanskar hua aur jinamean sahity-srijan ki paranpara ka sootrapat hua, unamean keval tamil ko chho dakar aur sabhi bhashaean akhil bharatiy bhashaean hi thian. unhean ya unamean likhit sahity ko kshetriy nahian kaha ja sakata. sath hi is samay sima mean bharat mean jo bhi anekanek ary-anary bhashaean thian, ve yadyapi bolachal ki hi bhashaean thian, parantu samaj mean sanskrit shiksha ka prachar prasar itana tha ki ye bhashaean sanskrit se kramashah adhikarik prabhavit hoti gee aur age chalakar inhian mean se kuchh aur adhik susanskrit hokar sahityik abhivyakti ki madhyam ban sakian.
is prakar 10vian aur 11vian shati tak samooche bharat mean sanskrit, pali, ardhamagadhi, prakrit tatha apabhransh ke roop mean akhil bharatiy bhashaoan ki hi paranpara milati hai. haan, apavad roop mean eesavi poorv pahali-doosari shatabdi se kshetriy sahityik bhasha tamil ki paranpara bhi milati hai. parantu yah ullekhaniy hai ki is kalavadhi mean tamin kshetr mean bhi sanskrit hi pradhan bhasha thi, kyoanki vahi uchch shiksha ki madhyam thi, prashasan ki bhasha thi thi tatha dharmik evan any saanskritik upakramoan ki bhi samany bhasha thi. chooanki is samay sima mean tamil pradesh mean hi hamean sanskrit mean likhit jo anekanek shilalekh sahityik aur shastriy granth milate haian, ve sabhi isi or iangit karate haian.
yadyapi aryoan ke pashchath aur musalamanoan ke poorv bharat mean anek jatiyoan aeean, kiantu ve sabhi bharatiy samaj aur sanskriti mean dhire-dhire ghul mil geean. parantu 10vian se 15vian shatabdi ke bich pashchimi eshiya se anek deshoan se jo log bharat mean ae the unhoanne bharatiy samaj aur sanskriti mean abhootapoorv parivartan ghatit kiye. yahaan yah ullekhaniy hai ki is kalavadhi me keval musalaman shasak aur unaki senaean hi bharat mean nahian aeean varanh unake sath sath ya age pichhe anek prakar ke log jaise- vyapari, kalakar, vidvan, kavi, sadhu adi anek prakar ke udyami aur karmijan bhi the. vastutah bharatiy samaj aur sanskrit ke roopaantaran mean ye udyami aur karmijan hi mukhy the, n ki musalaman shasak. haan, unhean musalaman shasakoan ne apane vikas ke lie adhar avashy pradan kiya tha tatha un mool bharatiy janoan ne jinhoanne islam dharm svikar kar liya tha, bharatiy muslim sanskriti ko ek prakar ka sthayitv pradan kiya.
musalamanoan ke bharat mean ane ke bad jo sarvadhik mahatvapoorn ghatana ghatit iuee, yah thi arabi aur pharasi ke roop mean do videshi shasakiy bhashaoan ka bharat mean prachar or prasar. praranbh mean to musalaman shasakoan ne bharat mean poorv prachalit bharatiy bhasha ka hi prashasan mean prayog kiya aur tadnasusar unhoannean apani madraoan tak par ‘avyakt mohammad avatar aankit kar pracharit kiya[37]. parantu bad mean rajabhasha ke roop mean pahale arabi phir pharasi ka hi sabhi musalaman shasakoan ne prayog kiya. tatha mugal samrajy ke bad urdoo ko bhi kahian kahian rajakaj ke lie svikar kiya gaya[38]. aangrejoan ke bharat mean ane ke samay bharat mean musalamanoan dvara shasit pradeshoan mean urdoo tatha hindoo shasit pradeshoan mean hindi tatha any adhunik bhashaoan ka prayog rajakaj mean hota tha. parantu aangreji samrajy ke vistar ke sath sath sarvatr aangreji ka prayog hone laga jo abhi chal raha hai. is prakar madhy kal mean aee do videshi kiantu akhil bharatiy bhashaoan ki shrriankhala mean aangreji ju d jati hai. arabi aur pharasi ke bharat mean a jane ke bad sanskrit ke ekachhatr rajy ko aisa dhakka laga ki vah phir apane pahale jaise mahatv ko hamesha ke lie kho baithi aur visheshakar musalaman shasit pradeshoan mean aanshik roop se usake sthan par arabi pharasi ka prayog hone laga. is kalavadhi mean anek bharatiy sahityik bhashaean apane apane kshetroan mean vikasit hone lagian thi[39]. kiantu adhunik yug ke praranbh aangreji ke rajabhasha ke roop mean bharat a jane ke bad, adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan ka rajabhasha ke roop mean vikas n ho saka, ve sahityik bhashaoan ke roop mean hi vikasit ho sakian. parantu is sandarbh mean hindi, urdoo, marathi adi kuchh adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan ka ullekh kiya ja sakata hai, jinaka aangrejoan ke ane se pahale hi rajabhashaoan ke roop mean prayog hone laga tha.
musalamani kal mean is prakar ek or jahaan musalaman shasit pradeshoan mean sanskrit ki paranpara ko ek aghat lagata hai, tatha muslim shiksha, dharm tatha rajakaj mean sanskrit ke sthan ko arabi-pharasi le leti haian, vahian doosari or adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan mean se kuchh ka kshetriy bhashaoan ke roop mean sahityik sanskar kiya jata hai, tatha akhil bharatiy bhakti aandolan tahat isi prakar ke any samajik aur rajanitik karanoan ke parinamasvaroop in bhashaoan mean n keval sahity srijan ki paranpara ka sootrapat hota hai, varanh inhean prathamik shiksha ke madhyam ke roop mean bhi svikar kiya jane lagata hai. nimnalikhit talika se spasht hai ki isi kalavadhi mean bharat ke vividh praantoan mean vibhinn bhashaoan ka sahityik bhasha ke roop mean prayog hone lagata hai.
| kramaank | bhasha ka nam | bhasha parivar ka nam | sahityik bhasha ke roop mean prayog praranbh ka kal (lagabhag) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | asamiya | bharatiy ary bhasha | 1400 ee. |
| 2. | bangali | bharatiy ary bhasha | 1000 ee. |
| 3. | gujarati | bharatiy ary bhasha | 400-1500 ee. |
| 4. | hindi | bharatiy ary bhasha | 1000 ee. |
| 5. | kann d | dravi d parivar | 500 ee. |
| 6. | kashmiri | bharatiy ary bhasha (daradi) | 1400 ee. |
| 7. | malayalam | dravi d parivar | 1500 ee. |
| 8. | marathi | bharatiy ary bhasha | 1300 ee. |
| 9. | udi़ya | bharatiy ary bhasha | 1300-1400 ee. |
| 10. | panjabi | bharatiy ary bhasha | 1700 ee. |
| 11. | siandhi | bharatiy ary bhasha | 1700 ee. |
| 12. | tamil | dravi d parivar | 200 ee. |
| 13. | telugu | dravi d parivar | 1100 ee. |
| 14. | urdoo | bharatiy ary bhasha | 1800 ee. |
is talika ke adhar par kaha ja sakata hai ki 10vian shatabdi se 18vian shatabdi ke bich bharat mean pahali bar anekaroopi kshetriy sahityik bhashaoan ko samanaroopi anekanek samajik aur sthaniy boliyoan ki matribhasha ke roop mean bolane vale logoan ne vyapak kiantu kshetriy saanskritik abhivyakti ke madhyam ke roop mean svikrit kiya. is prakar kaha ja sakata hai ki isi kalavadhi mean adhunik bharatiy sangh ke bhashavar praantoan ke roop mean vibhajan ka shilanyas hua[40].
vastutah adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan ko sahityik bhashaoan ke roop mean sthapit aur vikasit hone ke mool mean anek samajik, saanskritik aur rajanitik karan rahe hoangee. kiantu yah prakriya bhi bhakti aandolan ke saman pahale dakshin bharat mean praranbh hoti hai bad mean bharat ke itar kshetroan mean usi adarsh par sthaniy sahityik bhashaoan ka udbhav aur vikas hota hai, jinhoanne saman roop se sanskrit ko apana mukhy upajivy banaya tatha prakrit, apabhransh adi akhil bharatiy bhashaoan se prerana li. isilie hamean sabhi adhunik bharatiy sahityik bhashaoan mean chahe ve ary parivar ki bhashaean hoan ya dravi d parivar ki, shabdavali, rachana shaili, alankar yojana aur aprastut vidhan ke sath sath sahity roop kathanak, kathanak roodhi़yaan aur bhav, vichar adi ki samanata milati hai[41]. bharatiy sahity ki ekanmata ke mool mean bharat ki mool akhil bharatiy sanskar bhasha sanskrit ka yog to advitiy hai hi, parantu usake sath any akhil bharatiy bhashaoan prakrit, apabhransh aur arabi pharasi ka kam yogadan nahian hai[42]. isilie sabhi adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan mean sanskrit shabdavali ke sath arabi-pharasi ki jo akhil bharatiy shabdavali hai, tho de bahut roop aur bhed ke sath sabhi adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan mean aj bhi prayukt hoti hai.
yahaan yah vishesh roop se ullekhaniy hai ki isi kalavadhi mean (10vian shatabdi se 15vian shatabdi tak) bharat ki bhashik sanrachana mean ek mahatvapoorn parivartan ata hai, aur vah madhy bharatiy ary bhasha ke aantim roop apabhransh se adhunik hindi ka udbhav aur akhil bharatiy bhaashaoan ki paranpara mean usaki pratinidhi ke roop mean hindi ki sthapana aur usaka vikas. ukt kalavadhi mean apabhransh se avahatth aur avahatth se piangal aur piangal se bhakha (sahityik brajabhasha) ka vikas drut gati se hota hai aur 15vian shatabdi mean vah apane charam vikas ko prapt karati hai tatha lagabhag tabhi se vah akhil bharatiy bhasha ke roop mean prachalit hai.[43]
jis prakar hindi bhasha aitihasik drishti tatha vartaman sthiti se bharat ki vastavik rashtrabhasha hai usi prakar hindi sahity apane sachche arthoan mean bharat ka rashtriy sahity hai[44]. chooanki bharat ke prayah sabhi dharmik aur samajik vargoan ke hi nahian, varanh sabhi praantoan ke vyaktiyoan dvara isaki shrivriddhi huee hai. hindi mean likhit sahity ko kisi prakar bhi kisi praant vishesh simit siddh nahian kiya ja sakata. hindi ka prabhoot sahity bharat ke prachin vidya keandroan, dharmik evan saanskritik nagaroan tatha rajadhaniyoan mean aj bhi hastalikhit roop mean prapt hota hai, jisase siddh hota hai ki prachin kal mean un sthanoan par hindi ka sahity padha likha jata tha. bharat sarakar ya kisi any sanstha ne yojanabaddh roop se hindi sahity ki akhil bharatiy paranpara ke udghatan ka prayas nahian kiya hai. phir bhi vidvanoan ke satath shodh prayasoan ke parinam svaroop jo samagri prakash mean ayi hai usase siddh hota hai ki hindi sahity ki shrivriddhi bharat ke sabhi praantoan ke kaviyoan aur lekhakoan dvara huee hai.[45]
hindi ke adikal ka parichay dene vali prayah sabhi kritiyaan tathakathit hindi pradesh se bahar hi likhi geean milati haian[46]. achary hajari prasad dvivedi ne apani pustak ‘nath-siddhoan ki baniyaan’ se jin chaubis nath siddhoan ki rachanaean sangrahit ki haian unamean adhikaansh ahindibhashi kshetroan ke nivasi haian tatha inaka samay 14vian shatabdi ke poorv hi mana gaya hai[47]. isase siddh hota hai ki 14vian shatabdi ke poorv hi ahindi bhashi praantoan mean hindi sahity srijan ki paranpara praranbh ho gee thi. 13vian shatabdi se poorv bharat mean ‘brajabul’ sahity ka parichay milane lagata hai[48]. nepal morang se upalabdh natakoan mean hindi gitoan ke darshan 14vian shatabdi se hone lagate haian, jabaki asam, u disa aur bangal mean 15 shatabdi se yahi paranpara praranbh hoti hai[49]. ek gurjar vidvanh ne likha hai ki jaise pahale shauraseni paishachi ke kuchh prabhav ke sath kavita keval maharashtri prakrit mean hoti thi usi prakar paravarti kal me kavi-sant lok-vinod ke ke lie ekadh pad gujarati, panjabi adi mean likhate the. parantu mukhy roop se kavita bhasha (hindi) mean hi karate the[50]. kavita ki bhasha sarvatr ek hi thi. maharashtr mean hindi kavy ki paranpara ke vishay mean likhate hue achary vinayamohan sharma ne likha hai ki jo marathi sant kavi pratibha sanpann rahe haian, unhoanne marathi ke sath hindi padoan ki svayan rachana ki hai aur jo keval kirtanakar rahe haian., unaki marathi abhangoan ke sath kisi prasiddh hindi sant ke pad gane ki paripati rahi hai[51]. 13vian shatabdi se maharashtr mean kh di boli mean kavita hone lagati hai tatha 16vian shatabdi se brajabhasha mean bhi praranbh ho jati hai[52]. pan. ganapati janakirav dube ka kathan hai ki hindi sahity premi samaj ko yah sunakar sachamuch keval harsh hi nahian kiantu garv bhi hoga ki hindi ke sahity par maharashtr ke kaviyoan ka sarvada prem raha hai. unhoanne yadi apani matribhasha mean b de b de granth likhe to hindi mean kam se kam kuchh pad to avashy likhe hoange. panjab mean anek hindi kaviyoan ka pata chalata hai tatha praranbh se sikh sanpraday ne hindi ko apani dharmabhasha ke roop mean svikar kar hindi ke prasar mean vishesh yogadan diya hai[53]. bharat ke bhakt kaviyoan ke vishay mean likhate hue daॅ. pitaanbaradatt badathval ne kaha hai ki ‘sahriday bhaktamatr’ bina kisi praant bhed ke tab tak apani vani ki sarthakata nahian manate, jab tak krishna ki janm bhoomi ki bhasha mean hi bhagavan ke sammukh atm nivedan n kar lete the. namadev, ekanath, bangali vaishnv santoan ne braj bhasha mean apane udgaroan ko vyakt kiya hai[54]. in praantoan ke atirikt vidvanoan ne siandh, asam, u disa, kashmir adi praantoan mean bhi hindi sahity srijan ki paranpara ko svikrit kiya hai.[55]
is prakar kaha ja sakata hai ki 13vian shatabdi se bharat ke tathakathit ahindi bhashi praantoan mean hindi sahity ka likha jana praranbh ho gaya tha, sath hi is samay se poorv ka bhi jo hindi sahity upalabdh hai vah bhi jain evan bauddh santoan dvara ahindi bhashi praantoan mean hi mukhy roop se likha gaya hai. itana hi nahian varanh sudoor dakshin bharat mean bhi hindi bahut pahale pahuanch gee thi. kuchh vidvanoan ka abhimat hai ki musalaman fakiroan, sainikoan tatha rajy sansthapakoan dvara hindi dakshin bharat mean pahuanchi thi[56]. parantu ‘dakkhini ka pady aur gady’ ke sanpadak shriram sharma tatha ‘dakkhini ke soophi lekhak’ ki lekhika vimala badhe isase sahamat nahian haian ki dakkhini vishuddh roop se musalamanoan dvara paida ki huee bhasha hai, jo sena tatha shasan ke kary ke lie dakshin bharat mean ae the. unaka vichar hai ki rashtrakootoan (7vian shatabdi) tatha yadavoan (9vian shatabdi) ke sath sahastroan uttar bharatiy dakshin bharat mean ae the, hindi ke sath jo uttar bharatiy bhasha us samay dakshin bharat mean laee gee thi usi se age chal kar dakkhini ka vikas hua[57]. kuchh vidvanoan ke anusar dakshin bharat mean likhi gee hindi kavita ke sarvapratham udaharan 11vian shatabdi mean raja muanj ke dohe mane ja sakate haian jo kalyan ke raja tejap ke yahaan kaid the tatha tailap ki bahan mrinalavati se unaka prem ho gaya tha[58]. musalamanoan ke dakshin bharat pravesh se poorv hindi yahaan sthapit ho chuki thi, parantu usaka roop parishkrit nahian tha. musalamanoan ke agaman ke pashchath usane sahityik evan saanskritik roop grahan kiya[59]. vidvanoan ne 14vian shatabdi se dakshin bharat mean hindi ki sahityik paranpara ka praranbh mana hai[60]. yadyapi golakuanda, bijapur, haidarabad, bahamani rajy ko dakshin bharat mean hindi sahity ke vishesh keandr ke roop mean svikar kiya ja sakata hai parantu travan kor, gulabarga, vailoor, arakat adi sthanoan par bhi hindi lekhakoan ka pata chala hai[61]. bharat ke any ahindi bhashi praantoan ke saman hi dakshin bharat mean bhi yojanabaddh roop se shodh karane par hindi ke anekanek kaviyoan ka pata lag sakata hai.
is prakar siddh hota hai ki jis samay hindi uttar bharatiy ahindi bhashi praantoan mean sahity ki bhasha ke roop mean sthapit huee thi, lagabhag usi samay dakshin bharat mean bhi vah sahityik abhivyakti ke madhyam ke roop mean svikrit ho chuki thi. haan, tathakathit hindi bhashi kshetr mean hindi ke sahity ki paranpara kuchh samay poorv avashy shuroo ho jati. ashay yah hai ki samooche bharat mean hindi lagabhag ek hi samay mean sahityik aur samany vyavahar mean rashtrabhasha ke roop mean svikrit ho gee thi aur aj tak usaki yah rashtriy sahityik paranpara jivit hai. bharat ki akhil bharatiy bhashaoan ki sudirgh paranpara mean aj hindi usaki svabhavik pratinidhi hai.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ phargyusan, si.e., 1966 neshanal soshal liangvistik prophail pharmoolaj dekhean soshiyoliangvistiks (san. bait) mootoan
- ↑ emenyu em. bi. 1966 idiya e liangvistik eriya dekhean leangvej in kalchar eand sosayati (san. taims) pri. 650, harpar iantaraneshanal edishan
- ↑ chatarji es. ke. 1960 iando-aryan eand hindi (doosara sanskaran) pri. 2 kalakatta
- ↑ sarakar, amal 1964 leangvej aॅph iandiya pri. 13 kalakatta
- ↑ chatarji, amal 1964 leangvej iando-aryan eand hindi prishth 25
- ↑ nigam, ar. si. 1972 leangvej haiandabuk an madanaratangj in seansajah seansaj aॅph iandiya (1971) pri. 35 nee dilli
- ↑ seansar aॅph iandiya 1967 valyum . part.. -si (..) pri. CLXXXIX-X, nee dilli (1961)
- ↑ chaturvedi, em. ji. 1981 leangvej eand midiya aॅph ianstrakshan in iandiyan skoolz, pri0 3-34 en. si. ee. ar. ti., nee dilli
- ↑ nigam, ar. si. 1972 leangvej haiandabuk an madar tangz in seansaj, seansaj aॅph iandiya (1971) pri0 32
- ↑ nigam, ar. si. 1972 leangvej haiandabuk an madar tangz in seansaj, seansaj aॅph iandiya (1971) pri0 32
- ↑ seansaj aॅph iandiya 1967 valyum., part..-si(..) pri. (1961)
- ↑ nigam, ar. si. 1972 leangvej haiandabuk aॅn madar tangz in seansaj: seansaj aॅph iandiya (1971) pri. 36
- ↑ seansaj aॅph iandiya 1967 valyum ..-si(..) pri0 CXXIV
- ↑ chatarji, es. ke. 1960 iando-aryan eand hindi pri. 49-50
- ↑ nigam, ar. si. 1972 leangvej haiandabuk an madar tangz in seansas, seansas aॅph iandiya (1971) pri. XXXVIII
- ↑ seansas aॅph iandiya 1967, valyum. part..-si (..) pri. CCIII (1961)
- ↑ chaturvedi, em. ji. 1981 leangvej eand midiya aॅph ianstrakshan in iandiyan skoolj: pri. 5 en. si. ee. ar. ti. nee dilli
- ↑ chatarji, es. ke. 1960 iando-aryan eand hindi pri. 42
- ↑ chatarji, es. ke. 1960 iando-aryan eand hindi pri. 2
- ↑ seansas aॅph iandiya 1967, leangvej tebalz valyum. part.. si (..), pri0 CCIII
- ↑ chatarji, es. ke. 1960 iando aryan eand hindi pri. 2
- ↑ barrae, ti., di sanskrit leangvej, pri0 22 phevar eand phevar, landan
- ↑ kosaanbi, di. di. 1972 di kalchar eand sivilaijeshan aॅph enashiyant iandiya in historikal autalain, pri. 77-81 vikas, dilli
- ↑ chaturvedi, em. ji. 1951 leangvej eand midiya aॅph ianstrakshan in iandiyan skoolz pri. 7 en. si. ee. ar. ti. nee dilli
- ↑ barro, ti. di sanskrit leangavej pri. 63,
- ↑ barro, ti. di shanskrit leangavej pri. 44-45
- ↑ emenyu, em. bi. 1966 iandiya-e liangvistik eriya dekhean del haims (san.) leangvej in kalchar eand sosayati, pri. 650
- ↑ barro, ti. di. sanskrit leangvej pri. 32
- ↑ chaturvedi, em. jitr 1981, leangvej eand midiya aॅph ianstrakshan in iandiyan skoolz, pri. 12-13 en. si. ee. ar. ti., nee dilli
- ↑ kosaanbi, di. di. 1971, di kalchar eand sivilaijeshan aॅph enashieant iandiya in historikal autalain pri. 192, vikas, dilli
- ↑ re devid, ti dablyoo, buddhist iandiya, pri. 53-54 landan
- ↑ bhandarakar ar. ji. vilsanj philalojikal hachars, pri. 72-73, banbee
- ↑ ghosh, manamohan 193, maharashtri-e letar pharm aph shauraseni jarnal aph di dipartameant aph laitars, pri. 129, kalakatta yoonivarsiti
- ↑ majumadar, ar. si. 1963, en eandavasd histri aph iandiya, pri. 198-99 maikamilan, landan
- ↑ chaturvedi, em. ji. 1981 leangvej, eand midiya aauf ianstrakshan in iandiyan skoolz pri. 12
- ↑ nigam, ar. si. 1972 leangvej haiandabuk an madar tangj in seansas: seansas aph iandiya pri. 320 (1971)
- ↑ jiyauddin, em. 1935, mirja khaanj bamar aph di braj bhasha, pri. 7 shivabharati bukashap, kalakatta
- ↑ paande, rajabali, kachahari ki bhasha aur lipi, pri. 12
- ↑ desaee, mohan lal dalichandr, jain gurjar kavioe pratham bhag. prioo. 15
- ↑ chaturvedi, em. ji. 1981 leangvej eand midiya aph ianstrakshan in iandiyan skoolz pri. 17
- ↑ muanshi, ke. em. gujarat eand its litrechar, iantrokshan, pri. 23
- ↑ agraval, vasudevasharan bharat ki maulik ekata, pri. 124
- ↑ chaturvedi, em. ji. leangvej eand midiya aph ianstrakshan in iandiyan skoolj pri. 17
- ↑ chaturya suniti kumar shorasaini ki prachin paranpara, shri javaharalal chaturvedi: san. paddar abhinandan granth pri. 79 akhil bharatiy braj sahity mandal, mathura
- ↑ kary shivir, saptam hindi sahity sammelan pri. 17
- ↑ varma, dhireandr (san.) hindi sahityakosh pratham bhag, pratham sanskaran, pri. 97
- ↑ dvivedi hajari prasad, nath siddhoan ki baniyaan, bhoomika, pri. 19-25
- ↑ tivari, ramapoojan, brajabuli sahity, pri. 4
- ↑ tivari, ramapoojan, brajabuli sahity, pri. 5
- ↑ desaee mohan lal dalichandr, jain gurjan kaviyo, pratham bhag, pri. 14
- ↑ sharma, vinay mohan, hindi sahity sammelan
- ↑ sharma, vinay mohan, hindi sahity sammelan
- ↑ kary vivaran, saptam hindi sahity sammalen, pri. 17 aur 94
- ↑ b dathval, pitambaradatt, makarand pri. 117
- ↑ chaturvedi, malaraviandam, gujarat ki hindi kavy paranpara tatha achary kavi godiangilla bhaee. pri. 362-367, bharat prakashan mandir, aligadh 1970
- ↑ varma, dhireandr dakkhini hindi, prakashakiy nivedan, pri. 1
- ↑ sharma, shriram, dakkhini ke soophi lekhak, aprakashit shodhaprabandh, usmaniya vishvavidyalay haidarabad, pri. 5
- ↑ chaturvedi, madhusoodan, haidarabad mean hindi, pri. 15-16
- ↑ varma dhireandr (san.) hindi sahity (dvitiy khand), pri. 556
- ↑ varma dhireandr (san.) hindi sahity (dvitiy khand), pri. 557
- ↑ chaturvedi malaraviandam, gujarat ki hindi kavy paranpara tatha achary kavi govind gilla bhaee, pri. 362-367, bharat prakashan mandir aligadh़ 1970
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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