सांस्कृतिक भाषा के रूप में हिन्दी का विकास -डॉ. त्रिलोचन पांडेय
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
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- lekhak- d aau. trilochan paandey
saanskritik bhasha ke do arth ho sakate haian-
(1) sanskar ki gee bhasha arthath parishkrit bhasha aur
(2) sanskriti vishesh ke vyapak tatvoan ko samahit karane vali bhasha.
prastut sandarbh mean saanskritik bhasha ka doosara arth grahan kiya ja raha he. vigat sau varshoan mean, mukhyatah svatanyottar kal mean hindi bhasha ka ekadhik drishtiyoan se vikas hua hai. rashtrabhasha ke roop mean to isake vikas se sabhi parichit hai. kiantu vishesh prayojanoan ke lie prayukt hone ke karan aj ‘rajabhasha hindi’, ‘kamakaji hindi’, takaniki hindi jaise anek shabd chal p de hai jo usake nirantar vikasaman svaroop ke parichayak haian. hindi ke ye sabhi roop usake manak roop ke adhar par nirmit hue haian jinase bhasha ki aantarik sanrachana bhi prabhavit huee hai.
dekhana yah hai ki saanskritik prayojan ko dhyan mean rakhate hue hindi ka kis prakar prayog hua hai aur in prayogoan ne usaki sanrachana ko kahaan tak prabhavit kiya hai.
bharatiy sanskriti ke ekadhik tatvoan ko atmasat karane ki pravritti hindi mean prachin kal se hi lakshit hone lagati hai. isi gun ke karan madhyayugin sadhu santoan se use sarvadeshik roop pradan kiya tha. brajabhasha gujarat se lekar asam tak bharatiy sanskriti ki sanvahika bani thi aur avadhi kosal janapad ko laanghakar chhattisagadh tak phail gee thi. adhunik kal mean kh di boli ki pratishtha hone par isane bhi sarvajanik hone ka prayas kiya aur yah akhil bharatiy rajakaj ki bhasha ban gee. is samay yah ‘nagar sanskriti’ ke sath sath 'lok sanskriti’ ko bhi ujagar karati hai. adhunik hindi lekhan dvara kh di boli hindi ke is saanskritik svaroop ka jo nikhar aur parishkar hua hai, usi ka yahaan paryavekshan kiya ja raha hai.
saanskritik bhasha ke roop mean hindi ke vikas par do drishtiyoan se vichar kar sakate haian-
(1) itihas ki drishti se, aur
(2) sahityik rachanaoan ki drishti se.
itihas ki drishti se is vishay par bharateandu kal se vichar karana samichin hoga kyoanki usake poorv hindi gady ka vikas ho jane par bhi lekhakoan ki saanskritik chetana udbuddh nahian huee thi. jab bharateandu ne sanh 1873 mean likha ki ‘hindi nee chal mean dhali’ to unaka tatpary hindi ki aisi sarvagin unnati se tha jisake udaharan ‘harishchandr maigajin’ tatha ‘bharateandu granthavali’ mean milate haian. raja shivaprasad ‘sitarehind’ ki arabi pharasi mishrit hindi tatha raja lakshmanasianh ki sanskrit pradhan hindi ko anupayukt samajh kar unhoanne janasadharan ki bhasha ka paksh liya tha. sanh 1879 mean prakashit ‘kavi vachan sudha’ ki ek vijnapti se jnat hota hai ki unhoanne bharat ki unnati ke lie vividh upayoan mean se uchchastariy kavitaoan ke atirikt lokagit rachana par dhyan diya tha jinase gram gram tak nav jagriti ka sandesh sunaya ja sake.
bharateandu mandal ke lekhakoan ne isi uddeshy se anupranit hokar sahity rachana karate hue hindi bhasha par apane vichar prakat kie the. pratap narayan mishr ne ‘nij desh’ tatha ‘nij bhasha’ ke lie tan man dhan nyauchhavar karane ki kamana ki thi. ‘premaghan’ ne urdoo ki vyutpatti dete hue nagari hindi ki prashansa ki thi aur kachahari adi karyoan ke lie hindi ko yogy thaharaya tha. ye lekhak chooanki janasadharan ko unaki vastavik dasha se parichat karana chahate the, atah isake lie saral bhasha hi upayukt ho sakati thi. is sthiti ne hindi ko saanskritik bhasha banane ki disha mean unmukh kiya.
bhasha rashtriy chetana ka anivary aang hoti hai, vah manushy ke vicharoan ko hi abhivyakt nahian karati balki desh ke sangathit roop ka bhi bodh karati hai. bharat jaise bahujatiy, bahuvargiy desh mean, jise ravindranath thakur ne ‘maha manav samudr’ kaha hai, ekamatr hindi hi ekata ka pratik ho sakati hai - ise tatkalin lekhak samajh ge the. unake sath rashtriy aandolanoan ke puraskarta netaoan ne jab aangrezi ka virodh karate hue hindi ka paksh liya aur rashtriy jagaran ke lie hindi ka shankh phooanka to isake saanskritik vikas ko gati milana svabhavik tha.
sanh 1885 mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana hone par usaki karravaee bahut varshoan tak aangreji mean chalati rahi. adalatoan ki bhasha urdoo thi aur jaisa kishoridas vajapeyi ne likha hai ki hindi mean arji dene par vah pha d kar pheank di jati thi. aisi sthiti mean panjab ke lala lajapat ray, maharashtr ke bal gangadhar tilak, bangal ke shadaracharan mishr, gujarat ke svami dayanand jese viddhanoan ne svatantrata aandolan ke sath rashtrabhasha ke prashn ko jo dakar hindi ki jo avismaraniy seva ki, vah bharatiy itihas ka gauravapoorn adhyay hai.
sharadacharan mishr ne hindi, bangala, gujarati ke lekhean ko nagari lipi mean prakashit karane ki yojana banaee thi. unake ek nibandh se jnat hota hai ki ve kis prakar hindi ko rashtriy sammilan ki ekamatr shakti manate the. unhoanne likha tha hindi samast aryavart (bharat) ki bhasha hai. kalakatta ki ek lipi vistar parishadh samast bharatavarsh mean ek nagari lipi ke prachar karane mean tan man se lagi huee hai. yadyapi maian bangali hooan , tathapit mere daphtar ki bhasha hindi hai. is vriddhavastha mean mere lie yah gaurav ka din hoga jis din mean hindi svachchhandata ke sathjn bolane lagooanga aur pletapharm ke oopar kh da hokar hindi mean vaktrita dooanga. usi din mera jivan saphal hoga, jis din mai sare bharatavasiyoan ke sath sadhu hindi mean vartalap karooanga.
bisavi shatabdi ke poorv mean madanamohan malaviy, mahatma gaandhi, purushottamadas tandan jaise rashtr netaoan ke athak prayatnoan dvara tatha nagari pracharini sabha, hindi sahity sammelan, dakshin bharat hindi prachar sabhi jaisi akhil bharatiy sansthaoan dvara hindi bhasha ka kshetr uttarottar vyapak hota gaya. vah kachahari, shiksha, vyavasay, dainik patrachar adi ke lie nirantar svikrit hoti gee. doosari or jo hindi lekhak rashtriy aandolan ke sath ghanishth roop se ju de the, ve use aantarik roop se pallavit karate rahe. ve moolatah lekhak the aur vyavahar se deshabhakt the. ye log us samay kis prakar hindi ko akhil bharatiy star vikasit karana chahate the, yah mahavir prasad dvivedi ki bhasha niti se spasht hota hai.
kaha jata hai ki mahavir prasad dvivedi ne bhasha parishkar ka lakshy nirdharit karane ke karan hindi ke sahaj bolachal vale roop ki upeksha ki. bhasha ko kaanta chhaant kar unhoanne hindi ko parinishthit kiya. kiant yah bat sanbhavatah bahut kam logoan ko maloom hogi ki unhoanne vibhinn bhashabhashiyoan koan ek sanpark bhasha ke roop mean hindi sikhane ka paramarsh diya tha. ‘sarasvati’ ka sanpadan grahan karane ke kuchh samay pashchath unhoanne gujarati, bangala, marathi adi bhashabhashiyoan se hindi apanane ka agrah kiya tha. dvivedi ji ke matanusar deshavyapi bhasha ke lie keval itana avashyak hai ki hamare yahaan jo bhinn bhinn bhashaean prachalit hai, unake uttam granth ka pratibianb deshavyapi bhasha mean utarana chahie. arthat ve hindi ko saphal anuvad ki bhasha ke roop mean dekhana chahate the. kahana n hoga ki saphal anuvad ki bhasha kisi desh ki saanskritik bhasha hi ban sakati hai.
age chalakar jis gati se rajanitik kshitij par rashtriy aandolan gaharaja gaya, usi gati se rashtrabhasha ka sangharsh tivr hota gaya. hindi ke hi nahian, any bhashi lekhak bhi usaki abhivyanjana ko nikharane lage. sanh 1935 ke uparaant ‘pragativad’ ke aandolan ne hindi ke saanskritik vikas ko ek nee disha pradan ki. jaisa ki sabhi janate hai ‘pragativad’ ek vishisht jivan darshan hai jo samaj ke vikasashil tatvoan ko vividh aanrtavirodhoan se utpann manata hai. usane ek aur rajanitik dharatal par ugravadi chiantanadhara ko janm diya jisake phalasvaroop rajanetaoan ke samaj sudhar sanbandhi udgar ab asahayog tatha adhikarapoorn maangean mean badalane lage. doosari or usane bhasha, sahity ke dharatal par lekhakoan ka dhyan bharat ke vistirn gramin aanchaloan tatha unake samasyaoan ki or akarshit kiya. yahian se us janapadiy aandolan ka sootrapat hua jisaki charcha rahul saankrityayan, banarasidas chaturvedi, vasudevasharan agraval jaise vidvanoan ne samay samay par vistarapoorvak ki.
hindi bhasha ko isase sarvadhik labh yah hua ki ab janapadiy bhashaoan ke sanpark mean ane par usaki abhivyakti k ne dvar khul ge. abhi tak vah urdoo, pharasi, aangrezi jaise videshi bhashaoan se athava bangala, marathi, gujarati, jaisi samakaksh bharatiy bhashaoan se apane saanskritik kalevar ko sanvarati thi. ab usane apani janapadiy boliyaan buandeli, bhojapuri, avadhi, kumaanooni adi se saanskritik tatv grahan karane praranbh kie jisake suparinam chhayavadottar kal mean parilakshit hote hai. premachand, dinakar, gulabaray, makhanalal chaturvedi ki bhasha mean yadi pahale prakar ke tatv pramukh haian to vriandavanalal varma, ramavriksh benipuri, kedaranath agraval, nagarjun ki rachanao mean doosare prakar ke tatv adhik dikhaee dete haian.
rashtriy aandolanoan ki charam parinati videshi shasan ke parabhav mean huee. isane ek rashtravyapi jivan drishti ka vikas kiya jisake adhar par sanpoorn desh ka punargathan kiya gaya. vigat 35 varshaean mean desh ki bhavanatmak ekata ke lie hamare netaoan ne paryapt dhyan diya hai. aur isake madhyam bhasha ke roop mean hindi ko hi svikar kiya hai.
smaran rakhana chahie ki is avadhi mean hindi ki saanskritik samriddhi ka dayitv keval hindi bhashi lekhakoan tak simit nahian raha. hindittar pradeshoan ke ekadhik logoan ne isamean uchchakoti ke granth likhe tatha isi ke madhyam se bharat ki jatil saanskritik samasyaoan par vichar kiya. any bharatiy bhashaoan ki utkrisht rachanaoan ke hindi anuvadoan se bhasha ki nee nee arth chhayaoan (sheds aph miniang) ka jnan hota hai. hindi ki saanskritik samriddhi ke lie yah ek shubh lakshan hai.
uparyukt vivechan se spasht hoga ki adhunik kal mean saanskritik drishti se hindi bhasha ka kramik vikas tatha bharatiy rashtriy aandolan ki uttarottar badhati huee shaktiyaan vastut ek hi sikke ke do pahaloo haian. ab sahityik rachanaoan ke adhar par hindi bhasha ke saanskritik vikas ko saralatapoorvak samajha ja sakega.
bharateandu mandal ke lekhakoan par prayah doshapoorn bhasha likhane ka akshep kiya gaya hai. bharateandu ki bhasha mean anagadh shabdavali ki, pratapanarayan mishr ki bhasha mean poorvipan ki, ‘premadhan’ ki bhasha mean panditaoopan ki or balamuankad gupt ki bhasha mean urdoopan ki bat kahi gee hai. yah bat hindi ke manas svaroop ko adhar banakar ki jati hai aur vyakaran ki drishti se vicharaniy hai. kiantu saanskritik drishti se dekhane par yah unaki bhashagat shithilata ka nahian, balki vyanjanashashakti ka virodh karati haian. in lekhakoan ne bolachal ke muhavaroan tatha lokoktiyoan ka jo chamatkarapoorn prayog kiya hai, arabi pharasi ke sath aangreji ke shabdoan ko svikar kiya, vah unaki vyapak drishti ka parichayak hai.
bharateandu ne svayan banarasi shaili par lagabhag 30 ‘kajaliyaan’ aur 100 se adhik ‘holiyaan’ likhi thi jinamean ya to radharani ki chakari varnit hai athava vishuddh shrriangar ki vyanjana huee hai. urdoo kavy se prerana lekar unhone ek ‘sehara’ bhi likha jo kalapoorn hone ke sath sath is mahatvapoorn tathy ki or bhi sanket karata hai ki unaki drishti praranbh se hi any bhashaoan ke lok tatvoan se apane sahity ko pusht karane ki or gee thi.
pratapanarayan mishr ko lokagitoan ki dhunean vishesh akarshit karati thi. radhacharan gosvami ne svarachit ek ‘lavani’ mean british shasan ki tikhi alochana karate hue lokaprachalit bhasha ka suandar udaharan prastut kiya tha. ‘premaghan’ ne svayan 250 ke oopar kajaliyaan likhi aur ‘kabir lok chhand mean bhang pine, nasha karane ke bure parinamoan ka ullekh kiya. in lekhakoan ne ‘mukariyaan ‘paheliyaan’ tak likhakar hindi bhasha ko bolachal ke nikat lane ka prayatn kiya taki usake dvara navin vicharoan ki abhivyakti ho sake. tatkalin manak hindi aur bolachal ki hindi mean kadachit koee antar nahian tha.
dvivedi kal mean sudharatmak pravritti pramukh hone ke karan bhasha ke parimarjan ki or vishesh dhyan diya gaya. parinam yah hua ki hindi ka ek parinishthit roop ubharane laga jo lokabhasha ke sahaj prabhav se paryapt door tha. tatkalin sahityik nibandhoan mean ‘hindi ki vartaman vyavastha’, ‘anupras ka anveshan hamari shiksha kis bhasha mean ho ‘hindi lig vichar’ (dvarika prasad chaturvedi) jaise vishayoan ki pradhanata dikhaee deti hai. ‘kachhua dharam’ moris maanhi kuthaoo’ (chandradhar sharma guleri) jaise lalit nibandh apavad svaroop likh ge haian.
kavy ke bhitar chhayavadi kaviyoan ne kh di boli ko sookshm bhavanaoan ki abhivyakti ka sadhan banane ke lie b da shram kiya jisase amoort ka moortikaran tosanbhav hua kiantu hindi lakshanik prayogoan mean ulajhakar rah gee. isake sahityik parishkar ke karan saanskritik vikas ki dhara avaruddh jaise hone lagi. kahani, upanyas aur nibandh ke kshetroan mean premachand ne is avarodh ko door karane ke lie hindi ko ‘hindustani' banaya. ve kuchh door tak is uddeshy mean saphal hue. kiantu premachand ki bhasha lok prachalit hone par bhi bharatiy sanskriti ke sabhi ayamoan ko sparsh nahian kar saki aur yahi usaki sima thi. gramin aanchaloan se door vanavasi aanchaloan tak usaki pahuanch nahian thi. saanskritik drishti se is abhav ki poorti sanh 1935 ke bad sanbhav huee jisaka karan oopar batalaya ja chuka hai.
pragativadi sahity sarjana ke sath hindi lekhak bharatiy gramoan ke sudooravarti aanchaloan se anyany shabdik prayog lekar hindi ko samriddh karane lage. jisake prachur udaharan chhayavadottar hindi kavita, natak, upanyas, kahani aur gady ki navin vidhaoan mean milate haian. paranpara tatha adhunikata ke adhar par in sabhi sahityik rachanaoan ko do vargoan mean rakha ja sakata haiah
(1) nagar bodh ki rachanaean
(2) gramin aanchalik parivesh ki rachanaean
nagar bodh ki rachanaean manushy ke jis tanav, santras, ghutan, akrosh, kuantha, atmarati, yaun vikriti adi ko mukharit karati haian ve manav sanskriti ka aang hone par bhi vyakti ke alagav ki rachanaean haian. se samajik manovetta ke lie adhik upadey samagri pradan karati haian. isake viparit gramin aanchalik parivesh ki rachanaean haian. ve samajik manovetta ke lie adhik upadey samagri pradan karati haian. isake viparit gramin aanchalik parivesh ki rachanaean samajanishth hone ke karan kisi bhasha ke saanskritik vikas ko spasht karane mean adhik sahayak hai. atah yahi rachanaean prastut sandarbh mean vicharaniy haian. yahaan hindi ke aanchalik upanyasoan, yatra vivaranoan, lalit nibandhoan tatha any bharatiy bhashaoan se anoodit sahity ke adhar par apani bat spasht ki ja sakati hai.
hindi ke aanchalik upanyasakaroan mean nagarjun, phanishvaranath renu, udayashankar bhatt, deveandr satyarthi, raangey raghav, bhairavaprasad gupt, balabhadr thakur, shivaprasad sianh, shailesh matiyani, rajeandr avasthi ki rachanaean vishesh ullekhiy haian jinhoanne alp jnat aur ajnat kshetroan ki jivan pranaliyoan se hindi jagat ko parichit karaya. nagarjun ne balachanama, baba batesaranath, varun ke bete, dukh mochan upanyasoan dvara bihar ke mithila darabhanga aanchaloan ke rahan sahan, veshabhoota, lok vishvas, tyauhar-parv, nrity-git riti-rivaj, rajanitik, arthik chetana adi ka sookshm nirikshan karate hue sthaniy jatiyoan ka jivan moortiman kiya.
renu ne maila aanchal, parati parikatha, upanyas likhakar bihar ke poorniya jile ko sakar kar diya. maila aanchal ki bhashagat visheshata yah hai ki usamean sthaniy nrityoan evan gitoan ko hindi shabdoan dvara baandhane ki chesht ki gee hai. bolachal ke lanbe-lanbe udvaran aanchalik parivesh (lokal kalar) ko ubharane ke lie rakh ge haian. uchcharan ke anusad ek hi shabd ki bhinn bhinn vartani milati hai jo deshagat sanskaroan ko roopayit karati hai. bhasha ki yahi visheshata ‘parati parikatha- ki hai. uchcharan ke anusar ek hi shabd ki bhinn bhinn vartani milati hai. jo deshagat sanskaroan ko roopayit karati hai. bhasha ki yahi visheshata ‘parati parikatha’ ki hai jisaka ek udaharan dekha ja sakata hai.
‘‘dil bahadur apani sunahali dant panktiyoan ki abha vikhara kar hansa parabatiya bala mean bola, pani maan myagute herere kaooan rauan chh mit! m t chhakk pane ... acharaj se ghu dakati huee aankhe dil bahadur ki ..... pani mean medhakoan ko dekhakar mit uttejit hokar chain khulavane ke lie kaooan kaooan chillata hai. dil bahadur acharaj mean hai! bechara mit pahali bar gaanv ki varsha dekh raha hai़..... pokhare mean nahate samay jab tairata hai, mit, thik sulahale batak jaisa!
bhairavaprasad gupt ne ‘sati maiya ka chora’ aur ganga maiya likhakar uttar pradesh ke gaanv ki badalati huee samajik sthiti ka chitran kiya. isamean bolachal ki bhasha avasar ke anukool badalati hai jisase tatsam-tadbhav shabd ghulamil jate haian. ganga maiya us gram chetana ko ubharati hai jo dhire-dhire charoan aur phail rahi vartalap karate samay sahaj aangreji shabd prayukt ho jate haian. sanskriti ka pariveshagat chitran karate hue bhi in upanyasoan ki bhasha ‘renu’ ke prayogoan ki bhaanti aanchalik nahian hai. samagr vatavaran ka aankan pramukh hone ke karan inaki bhasha gramin jivan ko nagar jivan se jo dati huuee pratit hoti hai. prakaraantar se yah premachand ki bhasha ka vikas mana ja sakata hai.
shivaprasad sianh ka upanyas alag alag vaitarini bhojapuri aanchal ki sanskriti ko pratibianbit karata hai. hindi mean bhojapuri ko put tatha sthaniy muhavaroan, kahavatoan ka atyadhik prayog isaki visheshata hai. uttar pradesh ke parvatiy aanchal kumaooan ki prishthabhoomi par shailesh matiyani ne chitthi rasain, hauladar, chaithi mutthi jaise saanskritik upanyas likhakar apani pahachan banaee. ek upanyas ugate sooraj ki kiran mean lok gatha (phok ithik) ke mool shilp ko kathakriti mean utarana ek abhinav prayog hai jisase gramin aanchaloan ki saanskritik ruchi ka jnan hota hai. is bhasha shilp ka ek udaharan drashtavy hai.
‘eho, sujano! sumangala jo dharianni hoti hai, usake kya lakshan hote haian? poorab disha khulati hai ki sumangala hai ki sumangala dharini ki palakean ugh dati haian, balakoan ke muanh, pitaroan ke paanvoan ko jo di ko herati haian ki annapoornaan bahoo si ashish deti hai, sau ashish leti hai. jaee chameli ki kaliyaan hath mean leti hai. hath hatheliyoan ko sangam deti haiah parameshvar ho, dahine ho jana, meri godi ke chhonoan ko! inake adin mere aanchal lage, ki inaki kuandali mean mere sudin jo d dena.
deveandr satyarthi aur balabhadr thakur ne uttar poorvi simaant ko apane chitran ka vishay banaya jisase hindi ka sakshatkar hinditar pradeshoan se hua. devendr satyarthi ne brahnamaputr mean asam pradesh ke lokajivan ka chitran kiya tatha vahaan ke nivasiyoan ki dharmik evan samajik vishamataoan ko ubhara. ‘rath ke pahie’, ‘doodhagachh’ upanyas likhakar unhone lok sanskriti dvara anyany pakshoan par bal diya. balabhadr thakur ne ‘muktavali’ upanyas dvara manipur ke lok vishvaso, tyauharoan, vastrabhooshan sanbandhi shabdavali se parichit karaya. ‘adity nath’ mean kuloovasiyoan ka varnan karate hue tatha nepal ki vo beti’ mean simavarti doosare rajy ki samasyaoan ko lekar unaki shabd chhata lane ka prayatn kiya. isase hindi ke shabd bhandar ki vriddhi huee. shabd bhandar se bhasha ki sangrah shakti lakshit hoti hai.
udayashankar bhatt ne sagar laharean aur manushy likhakar banbee ke tatavarti machhalimaroan ka sajiv varnan to kiya ho, vahaan prachalit marathi-gujarati mishrit hindi ka prabhavashali prayog bhi kiya. is upanyas mean machhuoan ke vartalap se ‘jasti’, ‘barobar’, ‘chaangala’ ‘nakki’ jaise marathi shabd hindi mean chale ae. bhaugolik aanchaloan ki lik se hat kar raangey raghav ne ‘kab tak pukarooan’ upanyas mean nat jati ke achar-vicharoan ka chitran kiya. unhoanne isaki bhoomika mean likha hai.
asali bharat gaanvoan mean jo ab bhi madhyakalin vishvasoan se grast hean ve vishvas madhyakalin arthik vyavastha se niyantrit haian. maianne unako prakat karane ka yatn kiya hai. ho sakata hai kuchh visheshataean rajasthan ki hoan. is se spasht hai ki lekhak ka uddeshy any upanyasakaroan ki bhaanti matr aanchalikata ko ubharana nahian tha. is karan samany shabdoan ki apeksha natoan ke achar vichar sanbandhi shabdoan ko pramukhata di gee he.
rajendr avasthi ke do upanyas ‘sooraj kiran ki chhaanv’ aur ‘jangal ke phool’ vastar zile ki janajatiy prishthabhoomi par likhe jane ke karan ullekhaniy haian. isamean goand jati ke samajik saanskritik jivan ko ubhar kar adi jatiyoan ki bhoomi, jangal sanbandhi nitiyoan par prakash dala gaya hai. goandoan ke jivan ka keandr ghotula hai, jisaka chitran jangal ke phool ki visheshata hai. bhasha poornatah aanchalik rang mean rangi hai. aisi bhasha hindi ke saanskritik parivesh ko sachamuch ujagar karati hai. ek varnan drashtavy hai jisamean porand, jhoriya, pedaga, giki jaise ne shabd prayukt hue hean.
gadh bangal ka dhotula! narayanapur se sirph tin mil door dakshin mean nale ke par gaanv se laga, par gaanv ke bahar! din bhar sota rahata hai. chi diya bhi najar nahian ati porad pachchhim ki paha di se aankh moodata hai, isake bhag jag jate haian. nid toot jati hai. jhoriya ata hai usake sath do tin sathi. sab kharahara uthate haian. ghotula ka kona kona saph kar jate hai. use jaga jate haian. vah aankh khole kisi ki pratiksha karata hai. jab chaand kuchh oopar a jata hai, gaanv ke kutte rah rah kar bhooankane lagate haian, to gaanv ki har gail ghotul ko jati hai. gaanv ka har pe daga aur har pe dagi bagal mean giki dabakar ghotuk pahuanchata hai.
jab tak yatra vivaranoan ka sanbandh hai, ye ek or to door deshoan riti rivajoan se parichit karate haian, doosare hindi ki bhasha shaili ko nikharate haian. inhoanne nee nee shabdavali di hai. rahul saankrityayan ne ‘ghumakk d shastr’ likhakar is vishay ka jivan darshan prastut kiya tha. is prakar ki rachanaoan mean paira mean pankh baandh baandh kar’ (ramavriksh benipuri) ‘thele par himalay’ (dharmavir bharati), ‘are khayavar rahega yad’ (ajney), ‘hari ghati’ (raghuvansh), ‘akhiri chattan’ (mohan rakesh), ‘subah ke rang’(amrit ray) adi ka ullekh kiya ja sakata hai. in vivaranoan ke madhyam se bhinn bhinn sthapanoan ke rahan sahan, bhoogol, sanskriti sanbandhi shabdavali ka anayas samakesh hota gaya.
lalit nibandhoan mean bhasha ki drishti se padumalal punnalal bakhshi, shaantipriy dvivedi, vidyanivas mishr adi ka yogadan mahatvapoorn hai, phir bhi hajariprasad dvivedi in sab mean agragany haian. ve sadharan vishay se lekar gambhir vishay tak saman adhikar se likh lete the. vishay chahe jaisa ho, ve use bharatiy sanskriti ke udatt paksh se jo d dete the. bharatiy sanskriti ki den, manushy hi sahity ka lakshy hai, ham kya karean? ‘rashtriy sankat aur hamara dayitv shirshak unake nianbadh aj tak bharatiy sanskriti ke shashvat moolyoan ki pratishtha karate haian.
jahaan tak bhasha ka prashn hai, dvivedi ji sada sahaj bhasha likhane ka samarthan karate the. ve manate the ki jab manushy tapasya, tyag aur atmabalidan se sahaj hota hai tabhi sahaj bhasha ka prayog kar sakata hai. dekha jae to ek prakar se unhian ki bhasha saanskritik hindi ka sarvaettam udaharan upasthit karati hai. kuberanath ray, vivekiray ne unaki paranpara ko agrasar kiya hai.
vigat varsho mean bharatiy sahity ki utkrisht rachanaoan ke anuvadoan se hindi bhasha ka saanskritik roop aur pusht hua hai. udaharanarth, ganadevata (tarashankar bandopashyay), amrit santan (gopanath mahati), mookajji (shivaram karant), chitrapriy (akhilan), mrityujay (virendr kumar bhattachary), katha ek praantar ki (es. ke. potekkat) jaise prasiddh granth lie ja sakate haian jinhoanne bangal, u disa, karnatak, tamilanadu, asam aur keral ke aantarik jan jivan se hindi bhashiyoan ko parichit karaya hai ‘ganadevata’ ki kathavastu bangal ke jis gramin parivesh se ju di hai usaki gandh samooche bharat ki dharati tak vyapt hai. ise bharatiy nav jagaran ka mahakavy thik hi kaha gaya hai. anuvadak hansakumar tivari ne bangala ke dehati muhavaroan ko yatharth hindi paryay die kyoanki ve us jivan se sanprikt the.
isi prakar ‘amrit santan’ lok jivan par adharit u diya bhasha ka sarvotkrisht upanyas mana jata hai. ‘mrityuanjay sanh 1942 ke svatantrata sangram me asam ki bhoomika par likhit bahucharchit rachana hai. usake samajik parivesh se hindi ko kalatmak abhivyakti mili hai. ‘katha ek praantar ki’ yadyapi keral pradesh ke ek chhor par basane vale vyaktiyoan ke samaj aur jivan ki kahani hai, kiantu vah vigat 50 varshoan se badalate hue parivesh ki jhaanki prastut karati hai. aisi kritiyoan ke anuvadoan se hindi bhasha ki samahar shakti badhi hai.
hindi ki saanskritik visheshataoan ko nikharane mean hinditar lekhakoan ki hindi rachanaoan ka bhi mahatvapoorn yogadan hai jisaki charcha n hone par yah paryavekshan adhoora rah jaega. maulik sahity sarjana ki drishti se panjabi, marathi, gujarati, telugu aur tamil bhashi sahityakari hindi mean age rahe haian. vigat do tin dashakoan se bangala, u diya, asamiya, kann d, aur malayalam ke kavi, natakakar, kathakar, nibandhakar bhi idhar agrasar hue haian. marathi ke anant gopal shev de upanyas lekhan mean agrani the jisaki ‘jvalamukhi’ , ‘bhangn mandir’, ‘mrigajal’, ‘amritakuanbh’ namak kritiyaan kee bar puraskrit huee. pratham vishv hindi sammelan ka ayojan karane mean unaka pramukh yogadan tha.
panjabi ke sudarshan, yashapal, devedr satyarthi, ashk, bhishm sahani, krishnaa sobati hindi lekhak ke karan vishesh samadoot hue haian. telugu bhashi lekhakoan mean arigapoodi tatha balashauri reddi ne ekadhik upanyas, kahaniyaan likhi hai. ji. suandar reddi, bhimasen nirmal, sangameshamh ne sandar nibandh likhe hean. tamil ke shankararajoo nayadoo, es. en. ganeshan, n.vi. rajagopalanh, sarasvati ramanathan ne hindi maulik lekhak mean khyati prapt ki hai. ‘idhar asamiya ke chitr mahant, malayalam ke chandrashekharan nayar, kann d ke nagappa, gujarati ke nityanand patel adi ke lekhoan se hindi ke vikasonmukh sthiti ka parichay milata hai. in lekhakoan ne apane apane kshetriy parivesh ko vishesh roop se ubharane ka prayatn kiya hai jis karan hindi ko kuchh ne muhavare prapt hue haian.
ab dekhana yah hai ki vibhinn saanskritik tatvoan ko lekar vikasit yah hindi bhashik sanrachana ki drishti se kahaan tak prabhavit huee hai? yahaan par hindi ke arthat kh di boli hindi ke manak svaroop ko samane rakh kar usake sath hindi ke is saanskritik svaroop ki tulana karani hogi. yah tulana shabd bhandar ke dharatal par, dhvanyatmak dharatal par ki ja sakati hai. yahaan isake vistar mean jane ki avashyakata nahian hai.
phir bhi itana sanket kar dena chahie ki bharatiy bhashaoan ke vibhinn saanskritik tatvoan ne hindi ke shabd bhandar ko jitana prabhavit kiya hai utana usake vaky vinyas ko prabhavit nahian kiya. hindi ne lok bhashaoan ki vishisht shabdavali, aanchalik, gitakatha shilp, muhavaroan, kahavatoan, adi ko paryapt grahan kiya hai, kiantu unaki layatmak padavali aur mool prayogoan ko apekshakrit kam grahan kiya hai.
isaka tatpary yah hai ki hindi apane manak roop mean vibhinn saanskritik tatvoan ko svikar karate samay bolachal ki bhasha ke nikat ati ja rahi hai, kiantu ab vah boli matr nahi rah gee hai. bharateandukalin hindi se bhinn ek doosare star par, shreshth sahity ke sarjanatmak star par, vah bolachal ke samip pahuanch rahi hai. vah anyany boliyoan ke deshagat prayogoan ke rachanatmak tatv lekar samanvit ho rahi hai.
rashtriy dharatal par hindi ki sangrahika shakti badhane se usaka saanskritik paksh adhik paripusht hota hai. usake vikas ki abhi apar sanbhavanaean hai jise prati lekhak nirantar sachesht hai. saanskritik bhasha hi kisi desh ki sanpark bhasha hoti hai, isamean koee sandeh nahian aur vartaman sandarbh mean hindi ne isake paryapt gun arjit kar lie haian. nishchay hi hindi bhasha ki yah samahar shakti hamare desh ki bhavatmak ekata ko sudridh karane mean sahayak hogi.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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