मारिशस का हिन्दी साहित्य -डॉ. लता
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- lekhak- d aau. lata
marishas vishv ke rangamanch par suparichit aur mahattvapoorn rashtr hai. is desh ki sanskriti sanshlisht hai. yahaan adhikaansh nivasi bharatiy mool ke haian. hindi mean inaka krititv ullekhaniy haian. in lekhakoan ki lagabhag do sau kritiyaan upalabdh haian, jinamean sahity, itihas, sanskriti aur dharm vishayak sabhi prakar ki rachanaean haian. in kritiyoan mean marishas ke jivan moolyoan ka bhi pata chalata hai. inhian pravasi bharatiyoan ke dvara hindi sahity ka sarvadhik srijan hua hai. yah sahity hindi ki aantarrashtriy bhoomika ke prati sajag hai. yah apane parivesh ke prati bhi pratibaddh hai. bharatiy pathakoan ke prati bhi pratibaddhata is sahity ki visheshata hai. at: is sahity ki apani alag asmita hai.
d aauktar rameshvar ori ne apane bhasha vaijnanik sarvekshan mean yahaan boli jane vali gyarah bhashaoan ka ullekh kiya hai. is desh mean bharat, chin, ianglaiand, phraans, seshal, reyuniyan, mojabik, poorv aphrika aur pashchim aphrika in nau deshoan ki sanskritiyoan ka sanshlisht roop milata hai. keval 61 kilomitar lanbe aur 47 kilomitar chau de marishas mean itani vividhata ko sametana manaviy sauhardr ki abhootapoorv upalabdhi hai.
sahity sarjan ya to shasakoan ki bhasha mean hua hai ya saanskritik asmita ke prati sajag pravasiyoan ki bhasha mean. hindi ka sahity doosare varg mean hai. kriyoli aur bhojapuri yahaan ki sanpark bhashaean rahi haian. vartaman bhasha sthiti yah hai ki kriyoli bhojapuri ki apeksha adhik mahattvapoorn ho gee hai. bhojapuri ka sthan hindi kh diboli ne le liya hai. phir bhi bhojapuri purani pidhi ki bhasha ke roop mean jivit hai. yahi karan hai ki vahaan ki hindi ka adhikatar rachanatmak sahity kh diboli mean hai. kavy, upanyas, kahani aur natak adhik likhe ge haian. is sahity ka vikas pichhale 50 varshoan mean hua hai. isamean bhi 1960 tak vikas ki gati bahut mand rahi hai. karan yah tha ki hindi marishas mean shoshit mazadooroan ki bhasha rahi.
ke. hazari sianh ne apane granth 'marishas mean bharatiyoan ka itihas' mean jis dardanak itihas par se parada uthaya hai vah vismayakari hai. itane ugr daman aur aur pratirodh ke bavajood bharatiy sanskriti mari kyoan nahian? bharat mean ary samaj ne desh mean punarjagaran mean jo yogadan diya tha, usaki chinagari marishas mean bhi prajjvalit rakha aur isaki roshani mean hindi sahity likha gaya. praranbhik sahityakaroan mean pro. vasudev vishnudayal, jayanarayan ray tatha brajeandr jagat madhukar rahe. vastut: yah trayi hi marishas mean hindi sahity ki praranbhik karnadhar hai. any hindi sevakoan ki bhoomika bhasha pracharak ki rahi. pathak taiyar karane aur hindi prasar ke lie ye bhi smaraniy haian. svadhinata ke poorv hi kuchh aur sahityakaroan ka uday ho gaya tha. svadhinata ke pashchath to rachanakaroan ki badh si a gee. vividh vidhaoan mean lekhan hone laga. idhar mahatma gaandhi sansthan ki 'vansat' patrika ne nee patrikaoan ko protsahan diya, purani patrikaoan mean 'anurag' ki bhoomika ullekhaniy rahi hai.
- marishas ki hindi kavita
marishas bahari deshoan ke nivasiyoan ke dvara basaya gaya desh hai. yahi karan hai ki pratyek pravasi apane desh ke sanskaroan se ju dakar likhata raha hai. b di-b di shastriy paribhashaoan aur vadoan ke manadandoan par yahaan ke hindi kavy ko jaanchana anyay hoga. yahaan logoan ne hindi mean kavy srijan ke uddeshy se kavitaean likhi haian. abhi tak ek bhi mahakavy ya khandakavy yahaan ke kaviyoan ne nahian likha hai. yahaan ke kaviyoan ki bandhi kalam se ab tak yah sambhav bhi nahian tha par bhavishy ka kshitij asha ki arunima lie hue hai.
thakur prasad mishr ki ek katha kavita 1962 mean chhapi hai. isaka rachana kal dvitiy vishv yuddh ka raha hai. 'dipavali' shirshak yah rachana devi bhagavati ki vandana ke roop mean hai. brajeandr bhagat madhukar ne pahali bar samany manav ko katha kavy ka natak banakar 'ek kahani kuli ki' likhi. sar shivasagar ramagulam par bhi lanbi kavitaean likhi gee haian. phreanch se anoodit ek lanbi kavita 'sita' bhi milati hai. kuchh lanbe jivaniparak bhojapuri git bhi haian.
yadi prakashan tithi ko mapadand manean to munishvaralal chiantamani ne apani pustak 'marishas ka hindi sahity tatha any nibandh' mean lakshminarayan chaturvedi ki 'ras puanj kuandaliyaan' (1923) ko pahala kavy sangrah mana hai. parantu mujhe lakshminarayan chaturvedi ko marishasiy hindi ka kavi manana thik nahian lagata. ve kuchh dinoan ke lie hi bharat se marishas ge the. vastav mean marishas ki bhoomi par janma pahala kavi musalaman tha. isaka nam ajnat hai. isane 1890 ke toophan par hindi kavita likhi thi. vahaan ki janata mean aj bhi usaka nam 'saiklon miyaan' ke roop mean hai. munishvaralal chiantamani ke nibandh mean isaka ullekh hai.
prakashit kavitaoan ka pahala sangrah 'madhupark' hai. madhukar ji ki yah rachana ab aprapy hai. isaka kal chiantamani ne 1942 tatha somadatt bakhauri ne 1948 bataya hai. is kavi ke koee bis kavita sangrah haian. ye yahaan ki hindi ke prachinatam kavi haian. ranabheri, svarajy, gitaanjali, madhumas, rasavanti, hindi gauravavan adi inaki pramukh pustakean haian. marishasiy hindi ka rashtr kavi, svadhinata aandolan ka yah agrani kavi neta apane ojasvi gitoan ke karan amar hai. inhoanne bhojapuri mean bhi rashtriy git likhe haian. inaki sabhi rachanaean chhandobaddh hai.
mukt chhand ki kavita ka aranbh 1961 mean munishvaralal chiantamani ki kavita 'shaantiniketan ki or' se mana ja sakata hai. somadatt bakhauri ke do sangrah prakashit hue- 'mujhe kuchh kahana hai' (1967) aur 'bich mean bahati dhara' (1971). ye mukt chhand ke praudhatam kavi haian. ab to abhimanyu anat bhi is vidha ke sashakt rachanakar haian. harinarayan sita, girijanan rangoo, ravishankar kaule sar, poojanand nema, sooryadev sivarat adi bhi ne kheve ke kavi haian.
pahala kavy sankalan 1966 mean prakashit hua jisamean kaviyoan ki kavitaean sankalit haian. 1970 mean 'akashaganga', 1971 mean pravasi svar, 1975-86 mean 'tarangini' aur 'marishas ki hindi kavita' namak samoohik sangrah prakashit hue haian. kuchh balagitoan ke bhi sangrah nikale haian. vasant patrika mean bhi bahut se ne hastakshar a rahe haian. kaun kitana tikega, kahana mushkil hai. gajal likhane valoan mean mukesh ji bodh apana sthan bana chuke haian.
marishas ke kavi vishay aur shilp donoan ke prati satark haian. jahaan santulan hai vahaan rachana utkrisht hai. inaki rachanaoan mean asha, astha aur vishvas ke svar pramukh haian. marishas ke kavi bharatiy sanskaroan ke prati vishesh nishthavan haian. badalate moolyoan se talamel bithana kathin hai. thakuradatt paandey is sandarbh mean ullekhaniy haian. shoshan ke badalate sandarbh aur hathiyar ke bare mean anat ka kahana hai.
dhoop ki jalati salakhoan ko
nangi path par sahata hua
tumhari salib ko dhoye ja raha hooan
aur, meri yatra ko sugam banane ke vaste
meri roti ki thaili
tumane apane hathoan mean le li hai. ...(vasant, 11, prishth 9)
yug dharm ke prati marishasiy hindi kavi sajag hai. paristhitiyoan ke thaharav ka bodh aur kraanti ki sanbhavana to vishv kavy ka svar hai. in kaviyoan ki shaili kahian-kahian pustakiy hai. anubhavoan ki vividhata nahian ke barabar hai. pray: kavi punaravritti ke shikar hai. par ne pratikoan ka prayog milata hai. bharatiyoan kaviyoan ka asar bhi dikhaee p data hai. hindi philmoan ki chhap bhi hai. kahian-kahian to lagata hai ki kavi bharatiy pathakoan ke lie likh raha hai. usaki drishti marishas ke pathakoan par kam hai. hindi kavita ki ghatati lokapriyata ka yah bhi ek karan hai.
marishas ke bhojapuri gitoan ka pahala sankalan shrimati bhagavati devi ne 1912 mean kiya tha. kee sankalan usake bad mean hue par prakashit bahut kam haian. yah git parampara nari kanthoan mean thi, par vartaman pidhi isake prati udasin hai. shrimati sitaramayya ne apane patr mean (15.04.1980) likha hai ki (patr mere pas hai)- 'bhojapuri gitoan ko hamare poorvajoan ne racha tha... age chalakar bhojapuri git ka mahattv marishas mean kam hone laga kyoanki jo log gate the, un gitoan ko bina saj aur posag ke gate the. unake pas siangar samagriyaan n thian.... log ise majak ke roop mean dekhate the.' bhojapuri ke prati hin bhavana vahaan ki nee pidhi mean a gee hai, jo ek katu saty hai.
- marishas ke hindi upanyas
marishas mean upanyas ke vikas ke lie jitani paristhitiyaan, sanskritiyaan aur vishay haian, us anupat mean upanyas ka vikas nahian hua hai. 1980 tak kul pandrah upanyas likhe ge haian. gyarah upanyasoan ke lekhak shri abhimanyu anat hai. pahala upanyas 1960 mean krishnalal bihari ne likha tha. 'pahala kadam' namak yah upanyas asaphal prem ki katha hai. katha saushthav aur charitr vikas pangu hai, par varnan shaili mean aupanyasikata hai. gramin aur shahari vatavaran ka aantar tatha samajik roodhiyoan ke saanketik chitr haian. isaki bhoomika mean lekhak ne kaha hai- 'maianne yah pustak sirf hindoo jati ko jivit rakhane aur hindi bhasha ki dhara bahane ke uddeshy se banaee hai.
'phat gee dharati' namak ek upanyas 1976 mean vishnudatt madhuchandr ka chhapa hai. vasant mean dharavahik 'sagaee' hiralal liladhar ka ek laghu upanyas chhapa hai. pal eand varjini ka ek purana anuvad bhi milata hai. abhimanyu anat ke sabhi upanyas bharat mean chhape haian- aur nadi bahati rahi, aandolan, ek bigha pyar, jam gaya sooraj, h datal kal hogi, lal pasina, chautha prani, kuhase ka dayara, tisare kinare par, shephali adi.
anat ki sabase mahattvapoorn upalabdhi 'lal pasina' hai. isamean marishas ka tin pidhiyoan ka bharatiy pravasi samaj bolata hai. aspatal ka varnan padhakar to solafenitsin ke kaiansar vard ki yad taja ho jati hai. is upanyas ka doosara bhag kuchh shithil hai. phir bhi yah marishas ke hindi sahity ki sarvottam upalabdhi hai. 'aandolan' mean gramin aur shahari jivan dhara ke alagav bianduoan ki khoj hai. 'ek bigha pyar' mean shahari ajanabipan aur sanpann samaj ka chhayaankan hai. sabhi upanyasoan mean marishas ka samaj chitrit hai. sanshlisht sanskriti ki jhalak bhi hai, par achchha hota yadi anat marishas mean rahane vale any deshoan ke nivasiyoan tatha sanskritiyoan ko bhi upanyas ka vishay vishuddh roop se banate. is se hindi pathakoan ko samasik sanskriti ki aur vyapak janakari hoti. unaki bhasha mean vahaan boli jane vali any bhashaoan ke shabd hindi ko aantarrashtriy banate haian.
- marishas ki hindi kahani
kahani vishv ki sabase vikasit sahity vidha hai. marishas mean navavikasit shaili ki kahaniyaan hi likhi gee haian. yahaan kahani sahity ka janm sangharsh aur aandolanoan ke yug mean hua. shilp adhikatar samanaantar kahani ka hai. kahani sangrah ham hai. patr-patrikaoan mean hi adhikaansh kahaniyaan chhapi haian. 'anurag' aur 'vasant' ne is vidha ko sarvadhik svar diya hai. pramukh kahani sangrah 'sagar par', 'svarg mean kya rakha hai' (dipachandr, bihari) 'parakh', (brijalal ramadin), 'chirag aur toophan' (premachand mooli), 'khamoshi ke chitkar' (abhimanyoo anat) aur 'ministar' (bhanumati nagadan) hai. 'ne aankur', 'marishas ki hindi kahani' adi samoohik kahani sangrah haian, jisamean kee lekhakoan ki rachanaean haian.
marishas ki kahaniyoan mean varg sangharsh aur manav man ki jujharoo pravrittiyoan ka vishleshan hai. manovaijnanik kahaniyaan apani jamin se ju di hai. inamean shoshan ke itihas ke sath mehanati varg ki vivashata ki katha hai. varg bhed, varn bhed aur kuanthit sanskaroan ki bat kahane mean sankoch nahian hai. jivan mooly bharatiy sansthakaroan se ju de haian. aisi kahaniyoan mean 'mathe ka tika' (anat), 'big da hua yantr' (dipachandr bihari), 'ek kadam' (raghunath dayal), 'mo d' (ramadev dhurandhar), 'ovar taim' (krishnalal bihari), 'anubandhan' (bhanumati nagadan) ullekhaniy haian.
sadiyoan ke pravas mean bhi bharatiy asmita surakshit hai. shaili aur shilp par bharatiy hindi kahani ka prabhav hai. marishasiy kahaniyoan mean natakiyata adhik hai, kyoanki pray: lekhak kahani aur natak donoan likhate haian. katha sanyojan ki drishti se dipachandr bihari sarvadhik sajag aur tatasth kalakar haian. ramadev dhuanradhar ka shilp kaimare se khicha gaya chitr hai. kuchh lekhakoan ne lok kathaean aur bal kathaean bhi likhi haian. mahila lekhikaoan mean bhanumati nagadan ne sanvedanashil drishti se as pas ke samaj ko parakha hai.
- marishas ki any vidhaean
marishas ka hindi gady bhojapuri gady ka vikasit roop nahian hai, jaisa ki yahaan ke parivesh mean hona chahie tha. kh diboli ka yah gady hindi shiksha prapt marishasiy lekhak ki bhasha hai, jisaka sanbandh usaki ghareloo bhojapuri se nahian hai. 1940 se 1960 tak isaka aranbhik vikas hua. 1960 ke bad ke lekhak bhi adhikatar katha sahity hi likhate rahe. kuchh vidhaoan ka vikas nahian ke barabar hai. jivani, sansmaran, natak, ekaanki, yatra vivaran, samalochana, itihas, dharmik sahity, patrakarita aur pathy pustakoan ko isake aantargat gina ja sakata hai.
prakashit natakoan mean pahala natak jayanarayan ray ka 'jivan sangini' hai, jo 1941 mean prakashit hua tha. isaki katha mean nari jivan ke paranparagat mooly surakshit haian. bhasha par bharatendu kal ki-si chhap hai. 1951 mean brajendr bhagat madhukar ka 'adarsh beti' namak do ekaanki natakoan ka sangrah prakashit hua. isaki shaili samasya natakoan ki hai. 1954 mean abhimanyu anat ka uday rangamanch ke itihas ki kraantikari ghatana hai. telivijan aur rangamanch ke lie kee lekhakoan ne anek ekaanki aur natak likhe haian. prakashit natakoan mean sabase pramukh hai anat ka 'virodh'. yuva varg ki manyataoan ko svar diya hai is natak ne. doosara prakashit ekaanki sangrah thakur datt paandey ka 'paanch ekaanki : ek sapana hai' hai. 'vasant' patrika mean bhi samay samay par ekaanki prakashit ho rahe haian.
nibandh aur samalochana ka vikas nahian ke barabar hai. adhikaansh nibandh dharmik aur saanskritik haian, jinhean pravachan kahana adhik upayukt hoga. is disha mean pro. vasudev vishnudayal ne lekhavali-nibandhavali adi likhakar jatil vishayoan ko saral dhang se prastut kiya hai. kuchh shirshak 'manushy atma hai', pashchim ko bharat prastut kiya hai. kuchh shirshak, 'manushy atma hai, 'pashchim ko bharat ki den', 'sansar vriksh', 'gita aur upanishad'- vishay ke spashtikaran ke lie paryapt hai. hindi ke prasar aur vikas mean inaka yog avasmiraniy hai. ek aur nibandh sangrah hai prasadagan pant ka 'jivan pradip'. isamean kuchh nibandh manobhavoan ki sankhya kafi hai. samalochakoan ki sankhya nagany hai. kuchh sahityik alochanaean chhitaput patrika mean chhapi haian. ganga datt, munishvar lal chiantamani, poojanand nema adi do-char hastakshar yada-kada dikhate haian.
jivani aur sanskaran sahity ke nam par d aauktar shivasagar ram gulam ke sanbandh mean kuchh rachanaean likhi gee haian. pan. ramalagan sharma ki 'marishas ke nirmata sar shivasagar ramagulam' tatha suresh ramavarn ki 'chacha ramagulam ke sansmaran, ullekh yogy haian. nibandh roop mean kuchh any logoan ke jivan parichay bhi patrikaoan mean chhape haian.
yatra vivaran ke roop mean sab se mahattvapoorn rachana hai, somadatt bakhauri ki 'ganga ki pukar'. bharat-marishas sanbandh aur bharat ke prati marishasavasi ki dharanaean is se spasht hoti haian. yahaan yatra sahity ki bahut sanbhavanaean haian. pray: sabhi marishas bharatiy vishv ke kee deshoan ki yatra kar chuke haian. ve chahean to vishv ke anek deshoan ke bare mean vipul janakari de sakate haian. par yah vidya upekshit hai. prahaladaram sharan ne d aauktar ramagulam ki rajasthan yatra ka varnan avashy kiya hai.
itihas granthoan ki to marishasiy hindi mean bharamar hai. marishasiy hindi ki prachinatam vidha yahi hai. 1929 se hi itihas granth likhe jate rahe haian. dvitiy vishv hindi sammelan ki smarika mean somadatt bakhauri ne nam ginae haian. idhar ka sarvadhik prashansaniy prayas hai- 'marishas mean bharatiyoan ka itihas' jisake lekhak haian ke. hazari sianh. hindi mean likhit sara itihas bharatiy pravasiyoan ki bhashik aur saanskritik chetana ka itihas hai.
patrakarita ka aranbh 1903 mean hua. anaginat patr-patrikaean banati aur mitati rahi haian. patroan mean 'aryoday' aur 'janata' abhi bhi jivit hai. patrikaoan mean keval vasant chal rahi hai. anurag ka vilayan isi mean ho gaya hai.
bhojapuri gady bolachal mean hai. isamean sahity nahian hai. yah lok-gitoan ki bhasha hai. ekadh kahani ya prachar pustak ko sahity nahian kaha ja sakata. bhojapuri gady jahaan kahian likhit hai, vah aprakashit ya chhoti pustika ke roop mean hai. sab milakar marishas ka hindi gady sahity vikasashil hai aur isaki bhavishyat sanbhavanaean anant haian.
- sarvekshan
marishas mean svadhinata se poorv hindi ki bhoomika adhik sabal rahi. svadhinata ke bad bhi das varshoan tak yah gati shighr thi. idhar kee karanoan se hindi ke prati yahaan ke log udasin ho rahe haian. kriyol ko sarakari sanrakshan prapt hai. sanpark bhasha ke roop mean usake prachar-prasar ke adhiky se marishas ka hindi lekhak apane ko hin aur asurakshit mahasoos kar raha hai. dvitiy vishv hindi sammelan vala utsah ab nahian rah gaya. p dav ko manjil manaka ve rahat ki saans le rahe haian, yadyapi yah sabase kathin pariksha ka samay hai. bharat se padhakar ge hue chhatroan ki sahityik udasinata bhi ek karan hai. abhimanyu anat ne nav upaniveshavadi sh dayantroan ko bhi isaka karan mana hai. vahaan ki ek prasiddh lekhika bhanumati ji ne 13 julaee 1981 ke ek patr mean mujhe likha hai- 'in dinoan marishas mean hindi ka star kafi niche chala gaya hai. ise apane sthan par kuchh had tak pun: lane ke lie ham parishadoan mean aandolan chalane ka prayayas kar rahe haian.
at: ab avashyakata hai ki hindi ka adhik se adhik vikas kiya jae.'
tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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