हिन्दी की भावी अंतर्राष्ट्रीय भूमिका -डॉ. ब्रजेश्वर वर्मा
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
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- lekhak- d aau. brajeshvar varma
adhunik hindi ki yah asadharan visheshata hai ki vah apane vartaman roop mean kisi kshetr vishesh ki boli nahian hai. unnisavian sadi se prachalit kh di boli nam se usake kisi kshetr ki boli hone ka sanket nahian milata. yah nam vastav mean use brajabhasha se bhinn soochit karane ke lie diya gaya tha. braj ki 'o' kar bahulata ki jagah usamean 'a' kar ki pradhanata hai aur braj ki madhurata ke viparit usamean kharapan ya khadakhadahat adhik hai. merath-dilli ke ataraph ki boli se usaka uday avashy hua, par us kshetr ki kh di boli kshetr ka nam bhasha ke namakaran ke bad mila. baangaru, kauravi aur hariyanavi nam bhi bad mean die ge. sabase pahale is bhasha ko siandhu ke par ke desh 'hind' aur usake nivasi 'hindoo' 'hinduee' aur 'hindavi' ye sab nam athavian se lekar gyarahavian-barahavian sadi tak lagatar akraman karane vale arab, turk, eerani aur afaganoan ne die the. is tarah hindi bhasha ko sanpoorn desh ki bhasha ke roop mean sabase pahale videshiyoan ne pahachana aur usi ke anuroop use nam diya. 'hinduee', 'hindavi' ke sath 'hindi' nam bhi kafi purana hai, jaisa ki amir khusaro (1253-1325) ke ullekh se siddh hota hai, halaanki amir khusaro ne 'hindi' nam se, jan p data hai, sanskrit ka bhi sanket kiya tha, kyoanki hindi ko arabi ke saman kahakar unhoanne jo prashansa ki, vah sanskrit par adhik lagoo hoti hai.
barahavian-terahavian sadi se shuroo hokar jab vah apabhransh se nikalakar svatantr bhasha ban rahi thi, tabhi se hindavi ne atharahavian sadi tak sare desh mean door-door phailakar sanpark bhasha ka dayitv sanbhal liya tha. vichitr sanyog hai ki us samay tak aur usake bad unnisavian sadi ke aant tak vah hindi sahity ki mukhy bhasha bhi nahian thi. avadhi aur braj aur aantat: braj ka hindi ka kavy bhasha ke roop mean paanch sau varsh tak varchasv bana raha. parantu atharahavian shatabdi se jo nee samajik chunautiyaan ane lagian, unaka samana karane mean apane vyapak prasar ke bavajood brajabhasha asamarth siddh huee. yah bhari jimmedari uthane ka saubhagy hindavi nam se prachalit bhasha ko hi mila. gyarahavian-barahavian shatabdi se hi videshi vijetaoan ke dvara rajy vistar ke lie jo sainik abhiyan kiye ge, unamean yahi bhasha jan sanpark ka madhyam rahi. is karan shuroo se hi usaki kshetriy visheshataean ghisane lagian aur aantarapraantiy vyavahar mean akar usaka naya roop nikharane laga. hindi kshetr ki boliyoan ke alava usane bharat ki pray: sabhi mukhy bhashaoan ke anek tattv atmasath kie aur apani asim grahanashilata ke bal par usane sare desh mean svechchha se apanae jane ki yogyata paida kar li. hindi ki yahi shakti usaki bhavi sanbhavanaoan ka srot hai.
jis tarah uttar-pashchimi sthal margoan se ae videshiyoan ne use hindi nam dekar poore desh ki pramukh bhasha banaya aur usi ke madhyam se apana shasan uttar-poorv, dakshin aur pashchim sabhi or badhaya, usi tarah dakshin-pashchimi samudri rastoan se ae yoorop ke vyapari, rajanitik vijetaoan ne bhi hindustani nam se usaki pahachan ki. is tarah donoan nam hindi aur hindustani bhasha ki akshetriy, aantarapraantiy aur sarv bharatiy vyavahar yogyata ke soochak hai. isi yogyata ke bal par aur apani mool prakriti aur aitihasik prishthabhoomi ke anurag se yah bhasha aantarrashtriy manyata ki adhikari ban jati hai. har ne rajanitik daur mean videshiyoan ke dvara pratishtha pana is manyata ki garanti hai.
sarvasadharan ke vyavahar ki hindi ya hindustani apane do bhinn parinishthit aur sahityik roopoan mean bharat aur pakistan do deshoan ki rajabhasha hai. hindi aur urdoo do svatantr bhashaoan ke roop mean bharatiy sanvidhan mean bhi svikrit hai. parantu yah sarvavidit hai ki unaki bhinnata aur abhinnata, prithakata aur ekata ke bich lagabhag ek sau varsh tak jo mitha-k duva vivad chalata raha aur bharat mean jo unaka mila-jula vyavahar hota raha aur ho raha hai, usase yah saph prakat hota hai ki hindi aur urdoo aisi bhinn aur paraspar anamil bhashaean nahian haian ki unamean paraspar sanvad sanbhav n ho. hindi aur urdoo ke bharat mean koee alag-alag kshetr nahian haian. yadi urdoo pakistan ki rajabhasha hai, to bharat ke bhi kee rajyoan mean use yah darja mila hua hai. jis tarah bharat ke vibhinn bhasha kshetroan mean hindi kahian bhi ajanabi nahian hai aur usake madhyam se har har jagah samany vyavahar sanbhav hai, usi tarah balki usase bhi adhik pakistan ki sabhi bhashaoan- panjabi, siandhi aur pashtoan ke kshetroan mean hindi ke lie sahaj anukoolata hai. bharat ke hindi bhashi ko pakistan banane ke pahale se in bhasha-bhashiyoan ke sath atmiyata sthapit karane mean jo asani hoti thi, usamean bhi koee phark nahian p da. videshoan mean hindi bhashi bharatiy aur pakistan ke bich bhasha ka koee aantar nahian rahata. phir bhi, hindi aur urdoo nam se do bhashaoan vale deshoan ki ye bhashaean aantarrashtriy vyavahar ki bhashaean kahi ja sakati haian. itana hi nahian, bharat ke pas-p dos ke deshoan nepal, afaganistan, barma aur shrilanka mean hindi ke saral roop ka samany vyavahar kisi n kisi star par kamobesh sima mean prachalit hai. hindi ke is saral roop ko hindustani kahana adhik upayukt hai. vishesh roop se urdoo ke sath adhik nikatata prakat karane ke lie. bharat aur pakistan donoan ki is sammilit bhasha ki aantarrashtriy vyavahar ki sanbhavanaean asim haian. pashchim eshiya ke deshoan mean jahaan par is samay bharatiyoan aur pakistaniyoan ke avagaman ka kram badhata ja raha hai, isaka spasht sanket mil raha hai. jyoan-jyoan hindi, urdoo bhashi vyapar, karobar mazadoori aur takaniki aur gair takaniki peshoan ke silasile mean phailate jaeange, hindi-hindustani ka vyavahar jor pak data jaega. pashchim eshiya ke deshoan mean hindi-hindustani mean arabi-farasi mool ke shabdoan ki apeksha bahulata rahegi. bharat badhane par donoan deshoan ki nikatata mean bhi vriddhi ho sakati hai. hindi-hindustani ke aantarrashtriy prasar mean filmoan ka yogadan atyant mahattvapoorn hai. hindi filmoan aur sugam sangit ki lokapriyata pakistan aur pashchim eshiya ke deshoan mean nirantar badh rahi hai. bhasha ke prasar mean isamean anayas sahayata milati hai.
bharatiy sanskriti ka prasar kisi samay dakshin aur dakshin-poorv eshiya mean hindeshiya, maleshiya, kamboj, hind-chin se lekar japan, koriya aur mangoliya tak tha. chin mean bhi bauddh dharm ka prachar hua tha. is saanskritik abhiyan ki adhar bhashaean sanskrit aur pali thian. in deshoan ki bhashaoan mean sanskrit aur pali ka prabhav aj tak maujood hai. shrilanka ki sianhali bhasha usi varg ki hai, jisaki hindi. sanskrit aur pali ke madhyam se sianhali aur hindi ki nikatata hai. is prachin saanskritik aur bhashik day ko hindi hi vahan kar sakati hai. in deshoan mean hindi-hindustani ka aantarrashtriy roop apekshakrit sanskritanishth hoga.
pravasi bharatiy duniya ke anek bhagoan mean kafi b di sankhya mean phaile hue haian. inamean hindi ke alava any bhasha-bhashi bhi haian. par adhikaansh mean unaki saman sanpreshan bhasha hindi ban gee hai. marishas, phiji, trinidad, guyana adi bhootapoorv british upaniveshoan mean bahut b di sankhya hindi kshetr ke bhojapuri boli bolane valoan ki hai. any boliyoan aur bhashaoan ke bolane vale bhi haian aur hinduoan ke alava musalaman bhi haian. samany sanpreshan ke lie in sabane hindi-hindustani ko hi apanaya hai. aphrika ke kuchh deshoan dakshin aphrika, keniya, yugaanda adi mean bhi jahaan gujarati bhashiyoan ki sankhya adhik hai hindi bhasha bharatiyoan ke samany vyavahar mean adhik ati hai. in deshoan mean ary samaj ne hindi ke prachar mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika ada ki hai. bharat mean hindi ki poorv pratishtha hone par in deshoan ke mool nivasi bhi adhikadhik sankhya mean hindi ko apanayeange.
bharat ki janasankhya badhati ja rahi hai. isake parinamasvaroop any bhasha-bhashiyoan ki tarah hindi bhashiyoan ki pravasabhiruta kam hoti jaegi. tamil bhashi to kee shatabdiyoan pahale dakshin-poorv eshiya ke deshoan mean ja base the. malayalam bhashi keraliy bhi hal mean hi videshoan mean jane lage haian. idhar kuchh dinoan se ve hazaroan ki tadad mean pashchim eshiya ke deshoan mean bharate ja rahe haian. panjabi bhashi duniya mean har jagah phail ge haian. amarika ke pashchimi tat par keliphorniya mean unhoanne b de-b de pharm banae haian. in sab ki tulana mean hindi bhashi shayad samudr tatoan se bahut door sthal mean simate rahane ke karan aur panjabiyoan ki tulana mean sahasikata aur karmathata ki drishti se pichh de hone ke karan adhik santoshi pravasabhiru haian. parantu abadi ka dabav aur berojagari jaise unhean kalakatta aur banbee jane ke lie vivash karati hai. videshoan ki or se akrisht karegi aur bhavishy mean jab bharat ki vibhinn bhashaoan vale videshoan mean baseange, tab apane samany apasi vyavahar ke lie hindi-hindustani ka hi sahara leange. ianglaiand mean ja base bharatiyoan aur pakistaniyoan ka vyavaharik bhasha-sarvekshan kiya jae to kul milakar nishkarsh hindi-hindustani ke paksh mean hi nikalega. yah sthiti ianglaiand ke alava yoorop ke any deshoan mean, amarika mean aur anyatr bhi hogi. is sanbandh mean uchch shiksha prapt bharatiyoan, vishesh roop se hindi bhashiyoan ka aangrezi ke prati dasabhav jaisa lagav bahut b di badha hai. padhe-likhe, yani aangrezidaan hindi bhashiyoan ki apani bhasha ke prati vishesh udasinata vastav mean chianty hai.
samany vyavahar ki bhasha ke roop mean hindi-hindustani ka prasar hindi ki aantarrashtriy bhoomika ka prabal aur moolabhoot aang hai. is sanbandh mean bharat ke vibhinn bhasha kshetroan mean hindi-hindustani ke vyavahar roopoan ki vividhata ko dhyan mean rakhate hue aantarrashtriy kshetroan mean bhi aangreziya hindi ki n to lipi alag hai aur n isaka samarthak rahi dakshin bharat mean aandhr pradesh, tamilanadu, karnatak aur keral, poorv bharat ke bangal, asam aur u disa, uttar bharat ke kashmir aur pashchim bharat ke panjab, gujarat aur maharashtr ke anek muslim bahut chhote-chhote kshetroan ki hindi, kalakatiya hindi, banbiya hindi, kuchh filmoan ke mazak ke taur par prayukt dakshini bharatiyoan ki hindi, panjabi hindi, gujarati hindi, bangali hindi adi ki tarah bhinn-bhinn deshoan mean prayukt hindi-hindustani mean un-un deshoan ki bhashaoan ka rang ana anivary hai. manak hindi mean bhi dach, phreanch, purtagali aur arabi, farasi-turki bhashaoan ke n jane kitane shabd aur kuchh bhashik tattv bhare p de haian. vartaman samay mean hindi ke desh vyapi prasar ke sath bharatiy bhashaoan ke prabhav se usake roopoan mean vividhata ati ja rahi hai. isamean bhi adhik vividhata usake samany vyavahar ke aantarrashtriy prayogoan mean ayegi. usake lakshan aj bhi dekhe ja sakate haian. hindi ki yah aitihasik udarata bani rahegi. aantarrashtriy bhashaoan mean is tarah ki udarata aangrezi mean sabase adhik hai aur shayad phreanch mean sabase kam. jis tarah ianglaiand jaise chhote se desh mean kshetr bhed ke anusar bhasha ka prayog bhed paya jata hai, aur jis prakar amarika ke bhinn-bhinn yooropiy bhashaoan ke bolane valoan ki amariki aangrezi mean vividhata paee jati hai, usi tarah bhootapoorv aangrezi samrajy ke adhin deshoan ki aangrezi mean sanbandhit bhashaoan ka rang lie aangrezi ke tarah-tarah ke roop dekhe jate haian. aantarrashtriy vyavahar ki hindi-hindustan ki bhi kuchh-kuchh aisi hi sthiti rahegi. ek aantar is karan avashy rahega ki aangrezi ka prasar shasan ke bal par hua, isalie sabhi deshoan ki aangrezi ko usake staiandard roop ki or unmukh banae rakhane ke prayas kie jate rahe. hindi-hindustani ke vividh roopoan ko hindi ke parinishthit roop ki or unmukh hone ki us tarah ki majaboori kabhi nahian ho sakati. rajabhasha hindi ke parinishthit roop ki aantarrashtriy manyata aur usaki rajanitik pratishtha hi is sanbandh mean niyamak adhikaran ki bhoomika nibha sakati haian.
vyavaharik hindi ki ek aur pravritti gat pachas-sath varshoan se tezi se badhati ja rahi hai. vah hai, aangrezi shabd hi nahian padabandhoan tak ki jyoan ka tyoan hindi vakyoan mean thooansane ki pravritti. bhasha vyavahar ke sabhi staroan par aangrezi se parichit hindi bhashiyoan ki hindi-hindustani mean mishran ki yah pravritti itani badhati ja rahi hai ki aksar kriya roop aur usamean bhi keval sahayak kriya ke roop, parasarg aur shayad kriya visheshan rto hindi ke rahate haian, vaky ke any sabhi ghatak aangrezi se lekar prayukt hote haian. hindi ke is roop ko us tarah ka abhi koee nam nahian diya gaya, jis tarah arabi-farasi shabdavali ke atishay bojh se ladi hindi ko urdoo nam se alag kar liya gaya tha. isaka karan shayad yahi hai ki urdoo ki tarah is aangrezi hindi ki n to lipi alag hai aur n isaka samarthak koee alag saanskritik ya dharmik samuday. parantu bhasha prayog ke adhar par samaj mean varg vibhajan to is pravritti ke karan badh hi raha hai. azadi ke bad aangrezi ka prabhav aur usaki atankapoorn pratishtha ghatane ke bajae badhati hi gee hai. is karan is asvasth aur kuanthajanak bhasha mishran ko rokana kathin jan p data hai. hindi hi nahian bharat ki sabhi bhashaean is rog ki shikar ho rahi haian. koee deshavyapi jan aandolan hi is pravritti ko nirutsahit kar sakata hai. hindi mean aangrezi ka yah mishran usake aantarrashtriy star par aangrezi ki takaniki shabdavali avashy ek sima tak hindi ke maukhik vyavahar mean sahayak hogi. balki uchch shiksha prapt vibhinn vyavasayik vargoan ke paraspar sanvad ki aantarrashtriy hindi mean nishchay hi mukhy roopoan se aangrezi aur samany roop se any yooropiy bhashaoan ki takaniki shabdavali ka prayog adhik suvidhajanak aur pray: anivary hoga.
samany vyavahar ki hindi-hindustani vividh roopoan ki sthiti desh mean prachalit usake vividh roopoan ke saman staiandard hindi se niche ke star ki hogi. uchch star ki hindi ke aantarrashtriy prayog ke do mukhy sandarbh haian aur aantarrashtriy hindi par vichar karate samay pray: unhian par adhik dhyan jata hai. pahala sandarbh shaikshanik prayogoan ka hai aur doosara rajanaitik manyata ka. shaikshanik sandarbh mean shiksha aur usake vibhinn star aur jnan-vijnan sanbandhi vividh vidvat kary ate haian. bhasha ki vastavik pratishtha mukhy roop se is par nirbhar hoti hai. rajanitik sandarbh ke aantargat vah sab aantarrashtriy kary ata hai, jisaka sanbandh vibhinn deshoan ke sath kootanitik sanpark aur vanijy vyavasay se hai. rashtrasangh aur usake aantargat vibhinn rajanitik, shaikshik, samajik aur saanskritik sangathan bhi isi se sanbandhit haian. bhasha ke aantarrashtriy vyavahar ki yah sarvochch sthiti hai aur shaikshanik manyata bahut kuchh us par nirbhar hoti hai.
shaikshanik drishti se hindi ke aantarrashtriy prasar ki kee sthitiyaan haian. un deshoan mean, jahaan bharatamool ke nivasi adhik sankhya mean haian, jaise, fiji, marishas, trinidad, surinam, guyana, vahaan pravasi bharatiyoan ke bich hindi sikhane-sikhane ki aupacharik vyavastha kafi arse se chal rahi hai. dakshin aphrika jaise deshoan mean bhi jahaan bharatiy abadiyaan ek sath basi huee haian, yah vyavastha paee jati hai. adhikatar yah kary svaichchhik sansthaoan ke dvara hota hai. par kahian-kahian shasan dvara bhi sahayata aur manyata prapt huee hai. parantu yah shikshan shiksha ke uchch star par nahian hai, kyoanki hindi ki uchch shiksha prapt karane se kisi prakar ki unnati ki asha nahian ki ja sakati. ise hindi ke shaikshanik vyavahar ka ek simit aang hi kah sakate haian, kyoanki isaka upayog vahi karate haian, jo hindi ko apani bhasha manate haian. jab in deshoan ke mool nivasi bhi isaka labh uthane lageange, tabhi ise vastavik aantarrashtriy vyavahar kaha ja sakega. vartaman roop mean ise hindi ki bhavi aantarrashtriy bhoomika ka prabal sadhan avashy kaha ja sakata hai. kyoanki isaka asar hindi-hindustani ke samany vyavahar par p data hai aur usase gair hindi bhashi mool nivasi bhi hindi ko apanane ki or unmukh hote haian. hindi shikshan ki vyavastha ke sath-sath any shaikshanik kary, sahityik kriyakalap, samayik sahity, sahityik saanskritik sansthaean, prakashan kary adi ke dvara bhi hindi ke lie anukool vatavaran banata hai aur usaki aantarrashtriy pratishtha ki prishthabhoomi taiyar hoti hai. ham asha kar sakate haian ki bhavishy mean in deshoan mean hindi ko rajanitik manyata milegi aur shasan ki sahabhasha ke roop mean usaka prayog hone lagega. abhi keval fiji ke sanvidhan mean sansad mean bhashan dene ke lie hindustani ki chhoot mili hai. uchch shiksha ki lalasa poori karane ke lie in deshoan ke navayuvak achchhi sankhya mean hindi sahity sammelan prayag aur rashtrabhasha samiti vardha ki parikshaoan mean baithate haian.
shaikshanik hindi ka vastavik aantarrashtriy prasar yoorop, amarika aur eshiya ke kuchh deshoan mean hua hai. pashchimi aur poorvi yoorop mean milakar kam se kam ek darjan deshoan mean tin darjan vishvavidyalay aur sansthanoan mean hindi shikshan ki vyavastha hai. kanada aur sanyukt rajy amarika mean lagabhag char darjan vishvavidyalayoan mean hindi padhaee jati hai. aangrezi, freanch, jarman aur roosi mean hindi ki anek kritiyoan ke anuvad hue haian. in bhashaoan mean hindi ke dvibhashi kosh, vyakaran, itihas aur samiksha sanbandhi mahattvapoorn shodhaparak aur parichayatmak prakashan bhi hue haian. prachy shiksha aur bharatiy vidya sammelanoan mean hindi aur urdoo ko bhi sthan milane laga. eshiya mean nepal hi aisa desh hai, jahaan hindi ko uchchatam shiksha tak sthan mila hai. tribhuvan vishvavidyalay mean hindi vibhag ki pratishtha hai. shrilanka ke kolambo vishvavidyalay mean bhi is tarah ki vyavastha huee hai. japan mean bhi kam se kam adhe darjan vishvavidyalayoan aur sansthanoan mean hindi ke pathyakram chalate haian, jinamean kee mean uchch shiksha ki vyavastha hai. videshoan ke anek vishvavidyalayoan aur sansthanoan mean hindi-urdoo ke sammilit vibhag haian. kuchh deshoan mean hindi ki patr-patrikaean bhi mudrit ya hast likhit roop mean prakashit hoti haian. parantu roos aur poorvi yoorop ke any deshoan ko chho d sabhi pashchimi deshoan mean hindi shikshan ya to dakshin-poorv eshiya sanbandhi adhyayanoan ya bhasha vijnan vibhagoan ke ek aang ke roop mean hota hai. nishchay hi hindi ko unnat deshoan ki bhashaoan ke saman adar nahian mila hai. chini aur arabi bhashaoan ki bhi aantarrashtriy shaikshanik sthiti hindi se behatar hai. jab tak shaikshanik, prashasanik aur rajanitik drishti se svayan desh mean aangrezi ka sthan hindi se ooancha rahega. abhi to yahi asha ki ja sakati hai ki hindi bhasha aur sahity svayan apane bal par, arthath samriddhi aur gaurav arjit karake samman prapt karata jaega. yahi vastav mean sthayi pratishtha ka mool adhar hai.
aantarrashtriy bhoomi ka aantim lakshy hindi ke vishvavyapi rajanitik aur kootanitik vyavahar aur rashtr ki vastavik many bhasha ke roop mean videshoan dvara use svikar kiya jana hai. rashtrasangh ki aangrezi, roosi, freanch, spenish, chini aur arabi bhashaoan ke sath use satavian bhasha ke roop mean manyata milana, usi vyavahar ka tark sammat pratiphal ho sakata hai. parantu uparyukt chhah bhashaoan mean aantim do chini aur arabi ka rashtrasangh ke karyoan mean apekshakrit kam prayog hota hai. pradhanata keval pahali tin aangrezi, roosi aur freanch ki hai. kahana n hoga isaka karan rajanitik, arthik, audyogik aur samarik shakti hi hai. pratham vishvayuddh ke pahale freanch aur jarman ka jo mahattv tha, vah bad mean nahian raha. aangrezi ko freanch ke barabar ka darja mil gaya aur jarmani ki parajay jarmani bhasha ke rajanitik parabhav ka karan ban gee. dvitiy vishvayuddh mean phir parajit hokar jarmani ke do khandoan mean vibhajit hone par jarman bhasha vishv ke rajanitik manch se vida ho gee. isake viparit aangrezi ne freanch ko bhi pichhe dhakelakar vishv bhashaoan mean pahala sthan prapt kar liya. isaka karan amarika ka rajanitik prabhutv hai, yadyapi aangrezi ke pichhe khisakati ja rahi hai. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke pahale duniya ke bhasha manachitr par roosi ka mahattv nahian tha, par dvitiy yuddh ke vijetaoan mean amarika ke sath roos ka barabari ka sthan ho gaya aur roosi bhasha bhi duniya ki do mahanh bhashaoan mean gini jane lagi. freanch bhasha ki mahatta banae rakhane ke anek karan haian. freanch ki apani bhashik, visheshataean vishesh roop se usaki arthabhram se rahit apekshakrit sunishchit abhivyakti kshamata usaki aantarrashtriy upayogita ko kayam rakhane ka bahut b da karan hai. sath hi rajanitik drishti se yoorop mean fraans ka mahattv advitiy raha hai. adhunik kal mean usaka gauravapoorn itihas jarmani ki vishvavijay ka mahattvakaanksha ki poorti mean usake dvara upasthit ki gee badhaean aur adamy sahas ke sath jarmani ka mukabala karate rahane ki usaki sankalp shakti adi anek karanoan se fraans ki rajanitik pratishtha sthir bani rahi. usaki bhasha ki pratishtha ke pichhe in rajanitik ghatakoan ka bahut b da hath hai. spenish bhasha ki manyata ke pichhe jo aitihasik karan haian, unamean dakshin amarika ke anek deshoan mean usake ekaki prabhutv ka sabase adhik mahattv hai. dvitiy vishvayuddh mean japan ke viruddh chin ke amarika-roos ke mitr paksh mean rahakar vijayi hone se chin ka rajanitik mahattv badhane ke sath chini bhasha ko bhi mahattv mila. sath hi bhaugolik vistar aur janasankhya ki drishti se bhi chin ka pahala sthan raha hai. arabi bhasha apane prachin gaurav ke bavajood sadiyoan tak dabi rahi, kyoanki adhunik kal mean arab deshoan ki rajanitik sthiti durbal aur paradhinatapoorn thi. par tel bhandaroan ke dhan se araboan ke bhagy palat ge aur achanak unaka mahattv badh gaya. dhan ke jor se hi arabi bhasha rashtrasangh ki chhathi adhikrit bhasha ho gee.
bhashaoan ki sarvochch aantarrashtriy manyata ki uparilikhit paristhitiyoan ke pariprekshy mean bharat aur usaki rajabhasha-rashtrabhasha hindi ko dekhane par donoan ke aantarrashtriy man aur mahattv ka moolyaankan asani se kiya ja sakata hai. svatantrata prapti ke pahale hi bharat ne duniya ki b di shaktiyoan ka dhyan akarshit kar liya tha. bharatiy rajanetaoan mean mahatma gaandhi aur javahar lal neharoo ke nam vishesh roop se vishv vikhyat hone lage the. british samrajy ke viruddh usaka rajanitik, arthik svadhinata ka sangharsh vishv ke itihas mean advitiy tha. azadi ke bad usaki rajanitik susthirata, vaijnanik aur audyogik pragati vishv ki paraspar sangharshashil shaktiyoan ke rajanitik, samarik prabhavoan se mukt usaki svatantr videsh niti aur eshiya aur hindi mahasagar ke deshoan mean usaki bhaugolik sthiti adi anek karan haian, jinase aantarrashtriy jagat mean bharat ka samman ooancha hua. kshetriy vistar aur janasankhya ki drishti se duniya mean vah doosare sthan par hai. lokataantrik vyavastha vala vah sabase b da desh hai. nav svatantrata prapt vikasashil deshoan ko gutanirapeksh videsh niti ke adhar par sangathit karane aur unake sath milakar samoohik roop mean vishvashaanti, samata, bandhutv manavata aur arthik nyay ka prabal aandolan chalane mean usaki shanadar bhoomika rahi hai. vishv ki rajaniti mean usaki bat ka vajan hai. aise mahanh desh ki bhasha adar hona avashyanbhavi hai. is pratishtha ke karan svatantr bharat ki sanvidhan svikrit rajabhasha hindi ka samman bhi aantarrashtriy kshetr mean badha hai. yah samman kahian adhik badh gaya hota, agar hindi ko poore taur par rajabhasha ka dayitv nibhane ka avasar mil jata. rajakiy karyoan mean aangrezi ka samrajy ab bhi kayam hai. videsh niti aur kootaniti sanbandhi sabhi kary aangrezi mean hote haian. bharatiy dootavasoan mean aangrezi hi chalati hai. hindi ka prayog keval aupacharik pratik roop mean hota hai. parantu yah asha niradhar nahian hai ki hindi aangrezi ke dvara apahrit apana pad avashy prapt kar legi. jab kabhi aisa ho sakega, hindi vishv bhashaoan ke manch par ooancha sthan paegi aur tab vah din door n rahega, jab rashtrasangh mean usaka vahi sthan hoga, jo aangrezi, roos aur freanch ko prapt hai. chini aur araboan ki tulana mean eshiya ke deshoan mean usaka prasar aur samman adhik hoga. isaka sanket usake saral hindi-urdoo ke mool roop hindustani ke sanpoorn bharatiy upamahadvip aur usake pas-p dos ke deshoan mean vyapak prachalan mean milata hai. isaki aparichit sanbhavanaoan ka ullekh pichhe kiya gaya hai. parantu bharat ko apani bhasha niti ke nirdharan, niyojan aur rajakiy hindi ke svaroop par vyavaharik aur pragatishil drishtikon se satat vichar aur punarvichar karate rahana zaroori hai.
yah barambar samajhate rahane aur smaran rakhane ki bat hai ki hindi gat ath sau varshoan se desh vyapi sanpark ki bhasha rashtrabhasha ke path par agrasar hoti rahi hai. aupacharik rajakiy manyata bhi use mili aur yah marke ki bat hai ki ise manyata door dakshin ke musalamani rajyoan mean madhy yug mean hi mil gee thi. lagabhag tin sau varsh tak bahamani saltanat mean vah pad par asin rahi. lipi avashy usaki devanagari nahian thi aur usaka nam dakani ya dakkhini hindi tha. parantu usi bhasha ka uttar bharatiy adhunik roop samany sanpark bhasha ki tarah kamobesh desh bhar mean prachalit raha. isi aitihasik anivaryata ke karan use raja ram mohan ray, svami dayanand sarasvati, keshavachandr sen, mahatma gaandhi aur anek gair hindi kshetr ke samajik netaoan ne akhil bharatiy bhasha ke roop mean pahachana. age chalakar vah svadhinata sangram ki mukhy madhyam bhasha bani aur aant mean svatantr bharat ki rajabhasha chuni gee. hindi usaka prachinatar nam hai, jo madhy yug mean usake adhik prachalit nam hinduee ya hindavi jitana hi purana hai. farasi-arabi ki shabdavali aur usaki sahityik-saanskritik paranpara ke adhik mishran se hindi ki jo shaili atharahavian sadi mean alag ubhar kar aee, usaka nam urdoo ho gaya. lipi ki bhinnata ke karan bhasha ke do roopoan ka alagav adhik spasht aur sthayi jaisa ho gaya. parantu donoan ke mool mean bhasha ka jo ek hi samany roop vidyaman hai, use hindustani nam dena svabhavik hi hai. poore hindustan mean vahi prachalit hai. usake dvara hindi ka bharat ki bhashaoan visheshakar urdoo ke sath sammilan sahaj ho jata hai. sath hi vah bharat aur pakistan ke bich bhavanatmak ekata sthapit karane ka sadhan bhi hai. sanvidhan ki 351 vian dhara mean hindi ke vikas ke lie diye ge nirdesh mean hindustani shaili ka ullekh bharat ki mili-juli sanskriti ke sandarbh mean kiya jana mahattvapoorn hai. hindustani us sanskriti ki vahak, sanrakshak aur unnayak hai. usaki grahan shilata use eshiya ki anek bhashaoan se apani bhasha sanpada badhate hue b de vistar mean grahy banane mean sahayak hoti rahegi.
parantu hindustani koee alag bhasha nahian hai. isi karan sanvidhan ki ashtam anusoochi mean use nahian dikhaya gaya. hindustani ek bhavana hai. desh ke vibhajan ko us bhavana dvara bachane ke uddeshy se hi us par adhik jor diya gaya tha aur bhavanatmak uddeshy se hi sanvidhan mean hindi ke sthan par rajabhasha hindustani nam se aankit karane ke prayas kiye ge the. rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi is bhavana ke prerana srot the, parantu use poorn bhasha ke roop mean vikasit karana sanbhav nahian tha. hindi aur bharat ki sabhi vikasashil bhashaoan ka sanskrit ke sath aisa svabhavik sanbandh hai ki use to dane ka prayas karana bhasha pravah ke srot par hi baandh banane ke saman hai. sanskrit ka mukhy uttaradhikar hindi ko hi mila hai. mahatma gaandhi ki hindustani bhavana ko bhasha roop dene ke uddeshy se sanskrit ki tatsam shabdavali ko arabi-farasi ki shabdavali ke sath barabari ka sanbandh jo date hue hindi se door rakhane ke jo prayas kiye ge unaki parinati hasyaspad hi rahi. adhunik yug mean hindi ke naye path par chalane ke shuroo mean 1800 ke as pas muanshi iansha alla khaan ne 'hindavi chhut kisi aur boli ka put' n ane dekar arabi, farasi, sanskrit aur brajabhasha adi ke prabhavoan se mukt bhasha gadhane ka jo prayog 'udayabhan charit' mean kiya tha, vah bhi viphal raha tha. isake bad bisavian sadi ke doosare dashak mean sanskrit ki ghanaghor tatsamapradhan shaili mean rachit 'priyapravas' ke prasiddh kavi pandit ayodhyasianh upadhyay ne 'theth hindi ka thath', 'chaukhe chaupade' aur 'chubhate chaupade' likhakar isi prakar ke jo namoone pesh kie unhean bhi ganbhirata se nahian liya gaya. bhasha ki jimanastik kabhi saphal nahian ho sakati.
bhasha ko usaki parampara se kata nahian ja sakata. hindi ne apabhransh ki god se uthakar chalana shuroo karate hi sanskrit ki sanchit sanpada se poshan pana aranbh kar diya tha. madhy yug ke sanpoorn sahity mean kabir se lekar padmakar tak sanskrit ki shabd sanpatti ka jo prayog hua, usake bagair sahity ki rachana aur bhasha ka vikas ho hi nahian sakata tha. arabi aur farasi ke prabhav se bhi usane bahut labh uthaya. parantu kisi bhasha ke vikas mean svayan usaki aitihasik paranpara aur agat videshi prabhavoan ki barabari nahian ho sakati. arabi aur farasi ke atishay prabhav grahan karane ka parinam bhasha vibhajan aur urdoo nam se ek nee bhasha ke uday mean hua. jis tarah madhy yug ke punaroday aur nav jagaran ko prabhavashali vani dene ke lie sanskrit ka ashray avashyak tha, usi prakar unnisavian-bisavian sadi ke adhunik nav jagaran ki abhivyakti ke lie vahi akshay kosh kam aya. svatantr bharat ki anekavidh maangoan ki poorti bhi usi srot se ho sakati hai. yahi anubhav karate hue sanvidhan ki 351 vian dhara mean hindi ke vikas ke lie mukhy roop se sanskrit se labh uthane ka nirdesh kiya gaya hai. is anivaryata ki upeksha nahian ki ja sakati. sath hi, yah bhi sahaj anivaryata hai ki sanpoorn desh ki nee avashyakataoan ki poorti ke lie hindi sabhi sahabhashaoan ke sanpark sahayog se labh uthae. parantu apane vikas kram mean sahajabhav se sanskrit ke srot aur any bhashaoan ke sahacharajany prabhavoan ka upayog karate hue hindi ko apani atma-asmita ya nijata ko surakshit rakhana zaroori hai.
hindi ki nijata ko sabase b da khatara aangrezi ke atyadhik dabav se paida hua hai. aangrezi ki anuvad bhasha ke roop mean usake prayog mean sanskrit ki shabdavali ka bojh ladata ja raha hai. is kram mean usake samany jan se kat jane ka bhi khatara hai. apani boliyoan se bhi vah alag hoti chali ja rahi hai. isilie yah zaroori hai ki use apane saral sahaj roop mean vikas karane diya jae. use apane adharabhoot samany bhasha roop se, jisaka ullekh sanvidhan mean hindustani shaili nam se kiya gaya hai, lagav banae rakhana zaroori hai. takaniki aur paribhashik shabdavali ke prayog ke alava anavashyak sanskrit tatsamata se bhasha ko bojhil n banakar agar use jahaan tak sanbhav ho saral, sahaj roop mean hindi-hindustani ke nazadik rakha jae to vah urdoo ka bhi bahut sa sahity atmasat kar sakati hai. isase desh mean hindi-urdoo ke vartaman bhasha vibhajan se utpann tanav ko door kiya ja sakata hai. yah bhi sanbhav hai ki pakistan ke sath bhasha sanpark sthapit ho jae aur bhavishy mean bharat aur pakistan is upamahadvip ki do pradhan bhashaoan hindi aur urdoo ki aantarrashtriy manyata ke lie milakar prayas karean. kam se kam tin aur rashtr nepal, fiji aur marishas is prayas mean shamil ho sakate haian.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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