राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संदर्भ में देवनागरी लिपि -पं. रामेश्वरदयाल दुबे
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
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- lekhak- pan. rameshvaradayal dube
manushy samajik prani hai. samaj mean rahakar use apane nity ke kary karane p date haian aur unake lie use any vyaktiyoan ke sath vichar vinamay karana hota hai. vichar vinamay ke madhyam anek haian, jinamean bhasha sabase pramukh aur sabase saral madhyam hai. vibhinn sanketoan dvara bhi bhav prakat kie jate haian. sir ko age hilana svikriti ka soochak hai, daean baean hilana inakar ka dyotak hai. aankhean tarer kar dekhana athava mutthi baandh kar tanana krodh ka soochak hai. in vibhinn sanketoan se bhav prakat kie jate haian aur doosare log unhean samajh bhi lete haian.
pratikoan dvara bhi sandesh bhejane ki pratha to ati prachin kal se vibhinn deshoan mean prachalit hai. sanketoan dvara athava pratikoan dvara bhav ya vichar prakat kie jate haian, phir bhi yah kahana hi hoga ki bhav aur vichar prakat karane ka sabase saral sadhan bhasha hai.
bhasha ka janm kaise hua, kab hua, kaise bhasha vikasit huee is sabaki kahani kam rochak nahian hai, kiantu yahaan usaki charcha karana vishayaantar ho jaega. nishchit prayatnoan ke phalasvaroop manushy ke mukh se nikali huee dhvani samashti bhasha se bahut dinoan tak kam chalata raha hoga. lipi ka janm bhasha ke janm ke bahut samay bad hua hoga. aj bhi aise anek jan samaj haian, jinake pas unaki apani bhashaean haian, kiantu lipi nahian hai.
bhasha se apana kam chalate rahane ke bad age chalakar aisi avashyakata anubhav huee hogi ki koee aisa madhyam mile, jisake dvara manushy mukh se nikali vani, sthan aur kalagat doori ko par kar sake.
manushy ki vani ek nishchit doori tak hi suni ja sakati hai. adhunik yug mean aur vah bhi abhi abhi vaijnanik anveshakoan ne laudaspikar ka avishkar kar dhvani ko kuchh adhik door tak pahuanchane ka prayas kiya hai. eethar ki laharoan ka sahara lekar rediyo kafi door ki dhvaniyoan ko khianch lata hai. is tarah dhvani ke lie sthanagat doori simat rahi hai. kalagat doori ki samasya ab bhi bani huee.
prachin kal mean is sthanagat aur kalagat doori ko samapt karane ke lie, doorasth vyakti tak apani bat pahuanchane ke lie tatha apani agali pidhiyoan ke lie apane anubhav, apani man rashi sthir karane ke lie ek madhyam ki khoj shuroo huee hogi. is disha mean jo prayatn hue, jo saphalata mili usi se lipi ke janm aur usake vikas ki kahani shuroo hoti hai. aj ham balmiki ke kathan ko padh sakate hai, tulasi ki ramakatha ka rasasvad le sakate haian, sheksapiyar ke natakoan se parichit ho sakate haian. yah sab lipi ka hi prasad hai.
lipi ki utpatti ke vishay mean sabaka mat ek sa nahian hai. kuchh log manate haian ki lipi bhi bhagavan ki hi kriti hai. yah manyata keval bharat mean hi nahian, varanh videshoan mean bhi paee jati hai kiantu manana hoga ki is mat mean sar nahian hai. tathy yah hai ki manushy ne apani avashyakata ki poorti ke lie lipi ko janm diya hai.
lipi ke janm ki khoj karate karate ham vahaan pahuanchate haian, jahaan manushy jadoo tone ke lie, athava kisi devata ka pratik banane ke lie, athava smaran rakhane ke lie kuchh chinhoan ka prayog kiya karata tha. aj bhi anapadh dhobi bhinn bhinn gharoan ke kap doan par bhinn prakar ke chinh bana dete haian, taki unhean asani se khoja ja sake.
lipi ka adi roop chinh ya chitralipi hi hai. chitralipi mean kisi vastu ka bodh karane ke lie usaka chitr banaya jata hai. chitralipi ka apana mahatv hai. usake dvara dhvani bodh bhale n ho, arth bodh ho jata hai. kisi bhi desh ke samachar patr mean chhape kartoon chitr ke arth ko us desh ki bhasha n janane par bhi sahaj hi samajha ja sakata hai. is arth mean lipi ko ‘aantarrashtriy lipi’ kah sakate haian. chitralipi ka prayog prayah pratyek desh mean paya jata haian.
chitralipi apane mean saral lipi nahian hai. bhavoan aur vicharoan ko prakat karane ke lie saral madhyam ki khoj hoti rahi. phalasvaroop dhvanyatmak lipi samane aee. is lipi mean chinh ka sanbandh dhvani se ju da rahata haian dhvanyatmak lipi mean chinh koee chitr nahian banate, ve matr dhvaniyoan ko prakat karate haian. parinam yah hota hai ki ek vyakti jin shabdoan ko kahana chahata hai, unhean vah us lipi mean likh deta hai, isalie padhane vala padhate samay unhian dhvaniyoan ko karata hai. ‘ram’ likha jata hai, ‘ram’ hi padha jata hai. dhvanyatmak lipi mean aksharoan ka sanbandh dhvani se hota hai, isalie kisi bhi bhasha ko usamean likha ja sakata hai.
bharatiy lipiyoan ka itihas kafi purana hai. aisa mana jata hai ki bharat mean lekhan paddhati ka prachar chauthi shatabdi ke pahale bhi maujood tha. prachin kal mean bharatavasi apane vicharoan ko kisi n kisi lipi mean shilaoan par, dhatupatroan par, ta dapatroan par, bhojapatroan par prakat kiya karate the. prachin sootragranthoan mean lekhan kala ka spasht ullekh milata hai.
vidvanoan ka mat hai ki prachin kal mean bharat mean brahmi, kharoshthi aur siandhu ghati ki lipiyaan prachalit thi. pahali do lipiyoan ki janakari to vidvanoan ko pahale se hi thi, kiantu mohan jod do ki khudaee mean prapt mudraoan se tisari lipi ka bhi pata chala hai.
brahmi or kharoshthi lipiyoan ki janm bhoomi bharat hi hai athava koee any desh, is sanbandh mean vidvanh ek mat nahian haian. bharat ke prasiddh viddhan shri gaurishankar hiranand ojha ka spasht kathan hai ki ‘brahmi lipi aryoan ki apani khoj se utpann kiya hua maulik avishkar hai. isaki prachinata aur sarvaang suandarata se isaka karta brahma devata manakar isaka nam brahmi p da. chahe sakshar brahmanoan ki lipi hone se yah brahmi kahalaee ho, par isamean sandeh nahian hai ki isaka janm bharat mean hi hua tha’ sarvashr tamas, dasan aur kaniangham adi vidvanh shri ojha ji ke vicharoan se sahamat haian.
kharoshthi lipi ke jo prachinatam lekh mile haian, unase pata chalata hai ki isaka prayog bharat ke kuchh hissoan mean chauthi sadi (ee0 poo0) se lekar hota raha hai. kharoshthi lipi nirdosh nahian hai isamean svaroan ki avyavastha hai aur dirgh svaroan ka abhav hai. sadosh hone ke karan kharoshthi lipi bharat mean vyapak n ban saki aur n sthayi ban saki. usaka shighr lop ho gaya kharoshthi ki apeksha brahmi adhik vyapak huee aur vikas karati huee age badhi. kharoshthi ki apeksha brahmi lipi adhik suandar aur adhik gathi huee thi isalie vah lokapriy hoti gee. brahmi mean golaee ka aur chhoti lakiroan ka prayog hota hai jisase yah lipi suandar lagati hai.
brahmi lipi ke prachinatam namoone 5vian sadi (ee0 poo0) ke mile haian. yah lipi apane gunoan ke karan phailati huee vikasit hoti gee aur lokapriy hoti gee. uttar bharat se dakshin bharat tak is lipi ka prayog hota tha. age chalakar uttar bharat aur dakshin bharat ki brahmi mean bhinnata a gee aur yah bhinnata itani b di ho gee ki donoan ki samanata mean bhi sandeh hone laga. brahmi lipi pradeshoan mean pahuanchakar kuchh kuchh bhinn roop dharan karane lagi aur bhinn namoan se jani jane lagi.
uttar bharatiy brahmi lipi ka vikas hota gaya. guptalipi, kutil lipi ka roop dharan kar aant mean vah nagari lipi kahalaee. sanpoorn uttar bharat mean isaka prachar tha, maharashtr mean bhi isi ka vyavahar hota tha. itane b de bhoo-bhag ki lipi hone ke karan bharat ki lipiyoan mean isaka mahatvapoorn sthan tha. isamean likhit jo prachinatam lekh prapt hua hai, vah satavian sadi ka hai.
bharat ke poorvaanchal mean chalane vali lipiyaan bangala, asamiya, manipuri, u diya devanagari se bahut hi adhik milati hai. u diya lipi ke anek akshar to devanagari lipi jaise hi haian. bhed keval shiroerekha ka hai. jab kagaj upalabdh nahian hota th, tab utkal pradesh mean ta dapatroan ka upayog kiya jata tha. ta dapatr par likhate samay yadi shirorekha sidhi khianchi jae to ta dapatr phatane ka dar rahata hai isilie vahaan shirorekha golakar lagaee gee.
do tin aksharoan ko chho dakar gujarati ki sanpoorn lipi shirorekha vihin devanagari hi hai. siandhi bhasha ki lipi pahale devanagari hi thi. musalamani shasan ke prabhav ke karan usane sudhari huee pharasi lipi apana li thi. desh vibhajan ke pashchath usane phir devanagari ko apana liya hai. lagabhag 500 siandhi ke sahityik granth devanagari lipi mean laea ja chuke hai. ajamer ki siandhi devanagari pracharini sabha tatha banbee ki ek siandhi sanstha ne is disha mean mahatvapoorn kary kiya hai. pathy pustakean devanagari mean chhapi gee hai, kee patr devanagari lipi mean nikal rahe hai.
itihas batata hai ki gupt samrajy bangal se lekar dakshin tak phaila tha, atah gupt lipi, jo ki brahmi lipi ka hi vikasit roop tha, dakshin mean bhi vyavahar mean ati thi. dakshin mean pallav rajaoan ke shilalekhoan mean granth lipi aur tamil lipiyoan ke atirikt nagari lipi ka bhi prayog hota tha. pallavoan ke paravarti chol rajaoan ne bhi apane sikkoan par nagari lipi ka prayog kiya tha. dakshin mean is lipi ka itana prabhav tha ki chol rajy se age un dvipoan mean bhi yah lipi chalaee gee, jinhean chol rajaoan ne jita tha.
pashchimi chaluoan ne bhi apane shilalekhoan mean kann d lipi ke sath sath devanagari lipi ka prayog kiya tha. dakshin ke rashtrakoot ke adhikaansh shilalekh nagari mean hi milate haian.
dakshin ke vijayanagar rajy mean bhi devanagari ka prayog hota tha. 15vian shatabdi ke bad to us pradesh ki pradhan lipi devanagari hi thi. 18vian sadi mean tanjaukar ke pahale raja shivaji ke sautele bhaee vyankoji ne praja ke sath samaras hone ke lie apani matribhasha marathi ke sath sthaniy bhashaoan ko sikha tha aur apani matribhasha marathi ke sath sthaniy bhashaoan ko sikha tha aur unamean sahity ki rachana ki thi. ye sanpoorn granth devanagari mean prakashit kie ge. jo tanjaur ke sarasvati mahal granth sangrahalay mean dekhe ja sakate haian. ‘panchabhasha vilas’ namak natak mean to telugu, tamil, marathi, hindi tatha sanskrit, paanch bhashaoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai. sabhi bhashaoan ke lie devanagari lipi ka prayog kiya gaya hai.
uparokt vivaran se spasht hai ki bharat ke dakshin pradeshoan mean bhi devanagari lipi ka prachalan tha aur vahaan ki prabuddh janata devanagari se parichit thi. dakshin ki padhi likhi janata ek doosare madhyam se bhi devanagari lipi se parichit hai. sanskrit bhasha ki lipi devanagari hai. dakshin mean devanagari janane vale aur usake vidvanoan ki sankhya uttar bharat ki apeksha kahian adhik hai. dakshin mean sanskrit ka itana prachar hai ki vahaan ‘sudharma’ nam ki ek dainik patrika tak nikalati hai. atah dakshin mean devanagari lipi janane valoan ki sankhya kam nahian hai.
bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie jab ek lipi ka samarthan kiya jata hai tab usamean ek aur bat poorn roop se sahayak hone vali hai. bharat mean bhashaoan ki lipi bhinnata hone par bhi sarvatr varnamala ki ekata vidyaman hai. bharatiy varnamala ke sabhi svar aur vyanjan b de vaijnanik dhang se uchcharan sthan ke anusar rakhe ge haian. bharatiy varnamala ko sarvashreshth kaha gaya hai. bharat ki sabhi bhashaoan ki varnamala mean dhvaniyoan ko vyakt karane vale svaroan aur vyanjanoan ki sankhya aur usaka kram bhi ek sa hi hai, atah yah samy devanagari lipi ke sikhane mean sahayak hota hai.
bharatiy varnamala to desh ke bahar bhi kahian kahian par kuchh aansh mean prachalit hai. ‘akar’ se lekar ‘hakar’ tak chalane vali bharatiy varnamala nepal, bhootan, tibbat, barma, shyam, lanka adi deshoan mean kisi n kisi roop mean prachalit hai. madhy eshiya, kochin, malaya,, yavadvip, baladvip, sumatra, philipins, mahachin adi deshoan mean bharatiy varnamala ka aanshik roop mean prachar hai. atah yah varnamala videshoan mean bhi devanagari ke prachar mean sahayak ho sakati hai.
aj bharat rashtr ka sabase b di avashyakata yadi kisi vastu ki hai, to yah vah hai rashtriy ekata ki. vikas ki sabhi sidhiyoan ka adhar rashtriy ekata hai. atah pratyek deshabhakt ka yah kartavy ho jata hai ki vah un sabhi margoan ka avalanban kare, jo ekata ki sthapana mean sahayak siddh hote hoan.
rashtrapita gaandhi ji itane dooradarshi thea ki unhoanne un sabhi samasyayoan par bahut pahale vichar kiya tha, jo aj hamara dhyan akarshit kar rahi hai. rashtrabhasha hindi ke prachar prasar ka bahut kuchh shrey unhian ko hai. kiantu isi ke sath unhoanne ek doosare vishay ki or bhi sanket kiya tha, jo kam mahatv ka nahian hai. vah tha devanagari lipi ka prachar.
gaandhi ji chahate the ki bharat ki sabhi praantiy bhashaoan ki ek hi lipi ho jae. gaandhi ji ne ek sthan par likha tha-
‘lipi-vibhinnata ke karan praantiy bhashaoan ka jnan aj asanbhav sa ho gaya hai. bangala lipi mean likhi huee gurudev ki gitaanjali ko siva bangaliyoan ke aur kaun padhega ? par yadi yah devanagari mean likhi jae, to use sabhi log padh sakate haian.
‘hamean apane balakoan ko vibhinn praantiy lipiyaan sikhane ka kasht nahian dena chahie. yah nirdayata nahian to aur kya hai ki devanagari ke atirikt tamil, telugu , malayalam, kann d, u diya aur bangala in chhah lipiyo ko sikhane mean dimag khapane ko kaha jae. aj koee praantiy bhasha sikhana chahe to lipiyoan ka yah amed pratibandh hi unake marg mean kathinaee upasthit karata hai.
spasht hai ki gaandhi ji devanagari lipi ke pakke himayati the aur bharat ki rashtralipi ke sthan par use baithana chahate the. itana hi kyoan praantiy bhasha ke lie devanagari lipi ke prayog ki disha mean kuchh kary bhi kiya tha. unaki hi preran se ‘navajivan prakashan, ahamadabad’ ne unaki atmakatha ‘samyano prayog’ ko gujarati bhasha aur devanari lipi mean prakashit kiya tha.
gaandhi ke pahale bhi svami dayanand sarasvati, bankim chandr chatarji, gopal krishna gokhale, raviandranath thakur, jastis sharadacharan mitr, lokamany tilak adi sudhi purushoan ne desh ke lie ek samany lipi ke roop mean devanagari ki svikar kiya tha
svami dayanand ki matribhasha gujarati thi, phir bhi unhonean apane ‘satyarth prakash’ ki kiranean hindi aur devanagari ke dvara bikheri thian. devanagari lipi ke samarthakoan mean mahatvapoorn nam hai jastis shri sharada charan mitr ka aur usake janak the shri sharadacharan ji. unhoannean ek lipi vistar parishad ki sthapana ki aur ‘devanagar’ nam ki ek patrika nikali. shri sharada charan mitr ne isamean likha tha.
jagat vikhyat bharatavarsh aise mahadesh mean, jahaan jati paanti, riti niti, mat adi ke anek bhed drishtigochar ho rahe hai, bhav ki ekata rahate hue bhi bhinn bhinn bhashaoan ke karan ek praantavasiyoan ke vicharoan sedoosare praantavaloan ka upakar nahian hota. isalie ek aisa vriksh ropana chahie jisamean sarvapriy phal lage bharat ke bhinn bhinn praantoan ki bhinn bhinn boliyoan ko ek lipi mean likhana hi us ashanuroop phal ko dene vala pradhan aankur hai.
ek bangal kya, sabhi praantoan ke vidvanoan ne bharat ki sabhi bhashaoan ke lie devanagari lipi ka samarthan kiya tha. dakshin ke shri krishnaasvami ayyar ne ek bar kaha tha ki vibhinn lipiyoan ka vhavahar karane se ham kitani b di hani utha rahe haian, kyoanki ve janata ke ek bhag ko doosare bhag se prithakh karati hai. bhasha alag alag ho bhi, kiantu yadi unaki lipi ek hi ho, to logoan ko shabdoan vakyoan ki abhivyakti ke dhang ki samanata ke karan apani bhasha ke atirikt any bhashao ka samajhana bhi saral hoga.
daॅ. shyamaprasad mukharji, lokamany tilak, daॅ. suniti kumar chatarji, daॅ. rajendr prasad, achary vinova bhave adi sabhi ne rashtralipi ke roop mean devanagari ka samarthan kiya hai. daॅ. rajendr prasad ne ek sthan par likha hai ‘vartaman yug mean bharatiy sanskriti ke samanvay ke prashn ke atirikt yah bat bhi vicharaniy hai ki bharat ki pratyek pradeshik bhasha ki suandar anandaprad kritiyoan ke svad ko bharat ke any pradeshoan ke logoan ko kaise chakhaya jae ? is bare mean yah uchit hi hoga ki pratyek bhasha ki sahityik sansthaean us bhasha ki kritiyoan ko sangh lipi arthath devanagari mean bhi chhapavane ka ayojan karean.
ek lipi ke ho jane par kisi desh ya kinhian deshoan ko kitana labh prapt hota hai isaka pratyaksh udaharan chin, yoorop ke desh haian. chin ek vishal desh hai. isaki abadi sava sau karo d se bhi jyada hai. jagah-jagah ke uchcharan ke karan bhasha bhed paida ho jata hai. chin mean bhashaean to anek haian kiantu sare chin mean ek hi lipi (chitralipi) prachalit hai. isalie is lipi ko padhakar pratyek chini apani bhasha mean use samajh leta hai.
yoorop mean bahut chhote-chhote anek rashtr haian aur pratyek rashtr ki apani prithakh bhasha hai, kiantu sampoorn yoorop mean ek hi lipi ‘roman’ ka prayog hota hai. is suvidha ka sabase adhik labh skool ke bachche uthate haian. skool mean padhate samay hi bachche char paanch bhashaean asani se sikh lete haian, kyoanki doosari bhashao ko sikhate samay unaki bhinn bhinn lipiyoan ke sikhane ka kasht unhean uthana nahian p data.
achary vinoba bhave ne nagari lipi ke prachar prasar par bahut jor diya hai. ek sthan par unhoanne likha hai.
‘sare bharat ko ek rakhane ke lie use jitane sneh bandhanoan se baandh sakate haian, utane sneh bandhanoan ki aj zaroorat hai. jaise hindi ek sneh tantu hai, utane hi mahatv ka sneh tantu devanagari lipi hai. aj log apani bhinn-bhinn bhashaean bhinn-bhinn lipiyoan mean likhate haian. sath sath nagari mean bhi likhate to kitana labh hota. unaki lipi achchhi hai suandar hai. ham usaka virodh nahian karate, parantu usake sath sath aichchhik taur par nagari mean bhi vah bhasha likhana shuroo karate haian, to sare bharat ki bhinn-bhinn bhashaean ek doosare ko sikhana sulabh hoga.
devanagari ka samarthan karate hue achary vinova ne doosare sthan par kaha hai-‘hindustan ki ekata ke lie hindi bhasha jitana kam degi, usase adhik kam devanagari lipi degi. isalie maian chahata hooan ki hindustan ki samast bhashaean devanagari mean likhi jaean. sab lipiyaan chalean, sath sath devanagari ka bhi prayog kiya jae.
devanagari ke prachar prasar ko vinoba ji ek aandolan ka roop dena chahate the. is disha mean ve anek varshoan se prabhavashil the. aur unaki prerana se unaka lokapriy granth ‘gita pravachan’ terah chaidah bhashaoan mean prakashit ho chuka hai. in sabaki lipi devanagari hi hai. unaki prerana se anek bhashao me, kiantu devanagari lipi mean prakashit hone lage haian.
bharat mean do varnamalaean haian, jinaki do bhinn lipiyaan haian. ye haian: pharasi (urdoo) lipi aur roman lipi. in donoan ko kuchh vishesh karanoan se tho da mahatv mil gaya hai. ye donoan lipiyaan videshi haian. bharat mean roman lipi ka to rashtriy drishti se koee sthan nahian hai. aangreji ke sath vah banian rah sakati hai, kiantu use apanane ka prashn hi nahian uthata.
saral hindi aur saral urdoo ek hi bhasha hai. haan lipiyoan ki bhinnata unhean alag kar deti hai. agar urdoo ke samarthak rashtriy bhavana se prerit hokar urdoo ke lie devanagari lipi ko svikar kar lean, to n jane desh ki kitani samasyaean apane ap sulajh jaean. pichhale dinoan mean urdoo ka bahut kuchh sahity devanagari lipi mean a chuka hai. kitana achchha ho yadi urdoo ke lekhak apani kritiyoan ko devanagari mean prakashit karaya karean. dekha gaya hai ki urdoo lekhakoan ki jin jin kritiyoan ko devanagari mean prakashit kiya gaya hai, unaka prachar vishesh hua hai kyoanki hindi ka kshetr urdoo ki apeksha bahut b da hai.
gaandhi ji ne musalaman bhaiyoan se bhi yah apeksha rakhi thi ki ve devanagari lipi ko bhi sikh lean. hinditar pradeshoan ke musalaman apane apane pradesh ki lipiyoan se parichit haian. ye lipiyaan devanagari se milati julati haian. lipi, bhasha ka paridhan matr hai. isalie lipi ke sath dharmik athava bhavanaparak sanbandh jo dana uchit nahian hai. aisa karane se lipi prachar aur usake parishkar karane ke marg mean badhaean upasthit ho jati haian.
urdoo ke anek vidvanoan aur rashtriy musalamanoan ne khule dil se devanagari lipi ka samarthan kiya hai. hajarat tarashah chishti samiti agara ke adhyaksh shri maulana haphij ramajan ali kadari ne ek patr mean spasht shabdoan mean likha hai ‘ham v hamare muridoan v shishyoan ki nigah mean devanagari prachar ka ek sachcha aandolan hai. isamean koee shak-shubah nahian hai ki devanagari hi ek aisi lipi hai jo eshiya ko aur kam se kam hindustan ko ek dhage mean baandhane ki takat rakhati hai. is aandolan ko saphal banane mean hamari khidamat mean apake sath haian.’
maharashtr rajy ke bhootapoorv rajyapal shri ali yavar jang ne apana vichar in shabdoan mean prakat kiya hai-‘mera mat yah hai ki urdoo sahit pratyek bhasha ko apani lipi mean svatantrata honi chahie, lekin devanagari lipi ko desh mean jo d lipi ke roop mean prayog kiya jana chahie.
keandriy sarakar ke bhootapoorv shikshamantri shriyut nurool haman ne nagari lipi parishad ko jo sandesh bheja tha, usase devanagari ke sanbandh mean bharat ki keandriy sarakar ka rukh spasht hota hai. unhoanne likha tha - ‘hamare desh ki vibhinn bhashao ka sahity vishal aur samriddh hai lekin abhi yah sahity sirph in bhashaoan ki paranparagat lipiyoan mean hi hai. in paranparagat lipiyoan ki raksha aur unnayan to karana hi hai, lekin usake sath sath vibhinn bhashaoan ke sahity ka kuchh aansh yadi ek sanpark lipi mean bhi upalabdh ho sake, to vibhinn pradeshoan ke log doosare pradeshoan ke vikasit sahity ko asani se padh sakeange aur is prakar rashtriy ekata ke drishtikon se yah ek spasht labh hoga. yah sanpark keval devanagari mean hi ho sakata hai.
is sandarbh mean bharat sarakar ek jo d lipi ki avashyakata ke prati sadaiv sajag rahi hai. isi avashyakata ko 1961 mean mukhy mantriyoan ke sammelan mean bhi aupacharik roop se svikar kiya gaya tha. atah keandriy sarakar dvara vibhinn bharatiy bhashaoan ke kuchh sanket chinh jo de ge haian. is prakar se vikasit lipi ab ‘parivartit devanagari kahalati hai.
abhi to sujhav itana hi hai ki pradeshik bhashaean apani lipi ke sath sath devanagari lipi ka bhi prayog karean. door bhavishy mean yah sujhav bhi a sakata hai ki bharat mean ek lipi devanagari rahe. aisa sujhav ane par kuchh maulik prashn uth kh de hote haian.
pahala prashn yah uthata hai ki yadi devanagari ko svikar kar liya jae to, kya vartaman lipiyo ko lupt hon diya jaega ?
doosara prashn yah uthata hai ki praantiy lipiyoan mean jo asim suandar sahity p da hai, lipi ke lupt hote hi usaka kya hoga ?
tisara prashn yah ki vartaman samay mean bhasha ko lekar itani tana tani hai, tab kya yah uchit hoga ki ek naye lipi andolan ko aankurit kiya jae ?
tinoan hi prashn ganbhir haian aur un par vichar karana haga.
yah to svikar karana hi hoga ki bharat rashtr mean avashyakata se adhik lipiyaan haian jo praant praant ke bich tho da vyavadhan upasthit karati haian. lipi parivartan ka kam jaldi nahian ho sakata. pratyek sudhar aur pratyek parivartan ka sahi roop hona chahie yadi is disha mean dhire dhire badha jae, to yah parivartan bhi sahaniy ho jaega.
sahity ke sanbandh mean bhi yahi kaha ja sakata hai. uchit hoga ki praantiy sahity ko dhire dhire devanagari lipi mean bhi ham prakashit karate chalean. devanagari mean prakashit praantiy sahity ka kshetr sanbhavatah vyapak hoga. atah arthik drishti se yah labhaprad hi hoga. jahaan tak prachin sahity ka prashn hai, usaka jitana aansh suandar hai, shaktishani hai, samriddh hai, devanagari mean apane ap sthan bana lega. ravibaboo, sharat, premachand, prasad, medhani, ballatol, tamil kavi bharati jaise sahityakaroan ki rachanaean bhasha aur lipi ki simaean par kar desh mean aur videshoan mean pahuanch hi rahi haian. suandar samriddh sahity nasht nahian ho sakata. usamean amar rahane ki arvananiy shakti rahati hai.
tisare prashn ka uttar aur bhi saral hai. jyoan jyoan hamamean rashtriy bhavana ka uday hoga, usaka vikas hoga, tyo tyoan ham apani kshudr simaoan se oopar utheange. jyoan jyoan rashtriy gaurav ka bhar hoga, vibhedi vichar svayan hi nasht ho jaeange.
devanagari lipi ke prachar prasar ka kam shuroo ho chuka hai. aur is disha mean kafi kam ho chuka hai, ho raha hai. lakhanoo nivasi bhuvan vani trast ke sanchalak shri nandakumar avasthi dvara pradeshik bhashaoan ka vipul prachin sahity hindi anuvad ke sath devanagari lipi mean prakashit ho chuka hai. dilli vishvavidyalay aur keandriy sahity akadami ne bhi is disha mean sarahaniy kary kiya hai. bardha ki rashtrabhasha prachar samiti ne ‘kavishrimala’ nam se pradeshik sahity ke 25 granth devanagari mean prastut kie haian.
bharat ke poorvaanchal mean rahane vali paha di jatiyoan ki bhashaoan ki koee lipi nahian thi. mishanari padariyoan ne unaki bhashaoan ko roman lipi di hai. in bhashaoan ko devanagari lipi dene ka prayatn kiya ja raha hai. jin paha di aur adivasiyoan ki bhashaoan ki koee lipi hi nahian thi, unhean devanagari lipi di ja rahi hai. arunachal ki vibhinn bhashaoan ki pustakean devanagari mean chhani gee haian. pune ki ‘jnan prayodhini’ sanstha ne to aangreji bhasha ki ridarean devanagari lipi mean prakashit ki haian.
devanagari prachar ke isi prakar ke kam vibhinn sthanoan par vibhinn sansthaoan aur vyaktiyoan dvara ho rahe haian. jo lipi abhi sanpoorn bharat ke lie jo d lipi bhi n ban saki ho, use poorvi eshiya ki lipi, ya ‘vishvalipi’ banane ki bat ek svapn hi samajhi jaegi, parantu yah manushy ka hi saubhagy hai ki manushy pahale svapn dekhata hai phir apane purusharth ke bal par use saty mean roopaantarit karata hai. lekin yah matr kalpana ki hi bat nahian hai. aantarashtriy sandarbh mean bhi devanagari lipi ka mahatv hai hi.
pahale hi likha ja chuka hai ki poorv eshiya ke deshoan aur dvipoan mean dakshin ke aryoan ke dvara jo saanskritik abhiyan hue unamean bahut b di sankhya mean log, jinamean vyapari bhi the, un deshoan aur dvipoan mean pahuanch aur bas gaye. ve apane sath apani bhasha aur lipi jo brahmi se udbhoot thi, lete gaye in deshoan mean bharatiy sanskriti ka spasht prabhav vahaan dekha ja sakata hai. isaliye barma, thailaiand, syam adi deshoan mean devanagari ka prachar asani se ho sakata hai.
shrilanka mean bauddh dharm bharat se hi gaya tha. sanskrit aur pali ke jo granth vahaan pahuanche, devanagari mean the. isalie shrilanka nivasi devanagari se aparichit nahian haian. daॅ. sher sianh ne apane ek lekh mean likha hai. ki brahmi lipi ne is desh ke bahar bhi prachar prasar paya tha. bharat se lekar madhy eshiya aur chin japan tak dharmik granthoan ke lie devanagari ka prayog hota tha. satavian shatabdi ke madhy mean tibbat ke raja sumitann gappa ne apane anek vidyarthiyo ko nalanda bhojakar tibbat mean is lipi ka ayat kiya tha.
chin mean jo chitralipi prachalit hai vah apani duroohata ke karan priy nahian ho rahi hai. vahaan ke vidvanh apani chini bhashaoan ke lie ek lipi ki talash mean hai. achary vinoba ka manana hai ki agar sahi dhang se seva bhavana se nagari lipi ko chin ke vidvanoan ke samane pesh kiya jae, to chini bhashaoan ke lie devanagari lipi ko apanaya ja sakata hai.
yah dekhakar ashchary aur prasannata hoti hai ki japani bhasha aur hindi bhasha ka vaky vinyas lagabhag ek sa hi hota hai. hindi mean jaise pahale karta, phir karm, phir kriya hoti hai. (jaise ram ne am ko khaya) japani bhasha mean bhi thik yahi kram hota hai. bauddh dharm ke anuyayi hone ke karan, dharmik granthoan ke karan japani log devanagari se parichit hi haian. yadi japani bhasha devanagari ko apana le, to japani aur hindi ek doosare ke nikat a jaeangi.
sansar ke kee aise desh aurar dvip haian, jahaan bhinn bhinn karanoan se lakhoan bharatiy visheshatah hindi bhashi log pahuanche haian aur vahian bas ge haian. unake sath unaki bhashaean gee, devanagari lipi gee. aise deshoan mean soorinam, maॅrishas, gayana, trinidad, phiji adi ka nam asani se liya ja sakata hai, in deshoan mean hindi bhasha aur devanagari ka khoob prachar hai. kahian kahian rajabhasha hindi hai, rajalipi devanagari hai.
svatantr ho jane ke pashchath vishv mean hindi bhasha ka man badha hai. sansar ke 74 vishvavidyalayoan mean hindi ka adhyayan adhyapan vidhivat hota hai. hindi ke sath devanagari vahaan pahuanchi. devanagari lipi apane sahaj svabhavik gunoan ke karan sabhi jagah lokapriy ho rahi hai. usaki vaijnanik prishthabhoomi ko samajha ja raha hai, isalie ashchary nahian hoga, yadi kabhi bhavishy mean devanagari lipi aantarrashtriy kshitij par chamak uthe.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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