देवनागरी लिपि (कश्मीरी भाषा के संदर्भ में) -मोहनलाल सर
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- lekhak- shri mohanalal sar
lipi bhasha ki anivaryata nahian hai. yah matr ek drishyatmak sadhan hai aur bhasha ko surakshit rakhane ka bhi ek madhyam hai. isake atirikt yah bhasha ke aitihasik lekha ka bhi ek sadhan hai kuchh bhashaoan me lekhan lipi ki paranpara hajaroan varsh purani hai aur kuchh bhashaoan ne is vartaman shatabdi mean hi apanaya hai. abhi sansar ki anek adivasi bhashaoan ki koee lekhan vidhi nahian hai, halaanki eesaee mishanariyoan ne is kshetr mean kafi kary kiya hai aur anek adivasi bhashaoan ko roman lipi mean likhana shuru kiya. jin bhashaoan mean lekhan vidhi ki purani paranpara hai, unamean bhi ve log jo padhana likhana nahian janate, apani bhasha bolane me poori tarah se daksh hote hai. anubhav kshetr ko dhyan mean rakhate hue aise bhasha samudayoan ke niraksharoan ki bhasha saksharoan ki bhasha se hin nahian hoti. un ki bhasha bhi saksharoan ki bhasha jitani sthir, vyavasthit aur sanpann hoti hai.
- bhasha aur lipi
bhasha aur lipi ka koee anyonyashrit sanbandh bhi nahian hota. agar lipi badali jati hai to bhasha mean koee parivartan nahian ata. turki ne 1926 mean arabi lipi ke badale roman lipi apanaee. logoan ki bhasha par isaka koee prabhav nahian p da. bloomaphild is bat ko samajhate hue kahate haian, ‘bhasha nahian badalati chahe use kisi bhi lekhan vidhi se lipibaddh kiya jae, jaise vyakti nahian badalata, chahe usaka chitr kaise bhi khiancha jae.’ (1933: 21) bhashaoan ka itihas to manav ke itihas se ju da hua hai. manav jitana purana hai bhasha bhi utani purani ho sakati hai, lekin lipiyoan ka itihas paanch-chhah hajar varsh purana hi hai. bhasha vyakti ke svabhav se ju di hoti hai jabaki lipi ek aupacharik avashyakata hai. ek hi lipi mean anek bhashao ko likhane ki paranpara bhi kafi samay se chali a rahi hai. roman lipi isaka ek udaharan hai. pashchimi deshoan ki adhikaansh bhashaean roman lipi mean hi likhi jati haian isi prakar ek bhasha ko anek lipiyo mean likhane ki paranpara bhi vartaman hai. sanskrit hajaroan varshoan se vibhinn bharatiy lipiyoan mean likhi jati rahi hai.
- lipi ki avashyakata
lipi chinh bhasha ki dhvani ka ek drishyatmak pratik hota hai. yadi bhasha ki dhvaniyoan ko in drishyatmak pratikoan mean utarane ki vyavastha n ho to bhasha prayojan ke kshetr simit ho jate haian, bhasha ki prayojan parakata ka vikas nahian ho pata hai. udaharan ke lie, agar bhasha ki koee lekhan vyavastha nahian hai to usako shiksha ke madhyam ki bhasha banana asanbhav hai. vibhinn kary kshetro mean bhasha ke prayog se hi bhasha ki vibhinn prayuktiyoan ka vikas hota hai. prayuktiyoan ka vikas bhasha vikas ke lie anivary hai. isalie bhasha ke sandarbh mean lipi ki avashyakata nirvidad ho jati hai.
- bharatiy sandarbh
bharatiy bhashaoan ki vikas prakriya mean lipi chayan ka mahatvapoorn sthan raha hai. lipi ke nishchit ya sthir n hone ki sthiti mean bhasha niyojakoan ne bhasha ki isi samasya ko prathamikata di aur bhasha ki dhvani vyavastha ko dhyan mean rakhate hue lekhan vyavastha ka chayan kiya. bharat mean bhashaoan ki tarah hi lipiyoan ki bhi anekata hai. halaanki yah bat bhi spasht hai ki vibhinn bharatiy lipiyoan mean chinh vyavastha alag alag hote hue bhi, moolatah inamean samanataean haian. ek samanamata yah hai ki, urdoo aur tamil ko chho dakar shesh sabhi lipiyoan ka varnakram ek jaisa hai. pahale svar ate haian aur phir vyanjan. in sabhi lipiyoan mean vyanjan usi prakar vargoan mean vibhakt haian; jaise devanagari mean. tamil ki varnamala ka kram bhi devanagari ki tarah svaroan aur vyanjanoan mean vibhakt hai, par vyanjanoan ka kram bhinn hai.
urdoo ki varnamala mean svar aur vyanjan mile hue haian. urdoo varnamala mean varnoan ke nam bhi haian. udaharan ke lie agar dhvani ‘j’ hai to lipi chinh ka nam ‘jim’ aur agar dhvani ‘j’ hai to lipi chinh ka nam ‘dal’ hai. any bharatiy lipiyoan mean chinhoan ke namoan ki aisi spasht vyavastha nahian hai.
bharatiy lipiyoan ki ek aur samanata roman lipi se tulana karane par spasht hoti hai. roman lipi mean ek hi lipi chinh do asanddh dhvaniyoan ka pratik ho sakata hai. udaharan ke lie ‘b’ ‘k’ dhvanik ka bhi pratik ho sakata hai aur ‘s’ dhvani ka bhi. ‘banaj’ shabd mean yah ‘k’ ka aur ‘City’ shabd me yah ‘s’ ka pratik hai. dhvani shastr ki drishti se ‘k’ aur ‘s’ apas mean asanbaddh dhvaniyaan haian.
bharatiy lipiyoan mean yah samasya nahian hai. ek hi lipi chinh kabhi bhi do asanbaddh dhvaniyoan ka pratik nahian hota. doosari bat yah hai ki roman mean lipi bhinn hone par uchcharan ek hi hone ke anek udaharan haian. aise do vaky bhi ho sakate haian jinaki dhvani to ek hi hai par lipiyaan alag-alag. is sandarbh mean h aauket (1973: 16) ke do prasiddh vaky prastut haian:
(1) the sons raise meat
(2) the suns rays meet
yah samasya any lipiyoan me bhi ho sakati hai. kiantu is sima tak vyapak nahian ho sakati jaise ki roman mean hai. devanagari ka ek aisa hi udaharan ‘karta’ aur ‘karata’ ho sakata hai. jahaan donoan shabdoan ka uchcharan ek hi hai par lipiyaan bhinn haian.
bharatiy sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi mean jo 15 bhashaean di gee haian, uname keval siandhi aur kashmiri ke lie hi lipi nirdharan samasya adhik charcha ka vishay raha hai. sarakari taur par samasya sulajhaee gee hai aur yah nirnay liya gaya hai ki siandhi devanagari aur urdoo donoan lipiyoan mean likhi jaegi aur kashmiri keval urdoo lipi mean. siandhi ka apana koee pradesh nahian hai, isalie usake bare me keandriy star par hi nirnay lie jate haian. kashmiri kashmir ki bhasha hai. kashmir mean hindi ki apeksha urdoo ka adhik prabhav hai, isalie kashmir ke manakikaran ke lie urdoo par nirbhar rahana svabhavik hai. adhikaansh ne agat shabd bhi urdoo se hi lie jate rahe haian. phalatah kashmir ko urdoo lipi mean sikhane ka nirnay pradeshik sarakar ke lie svatah siddh ho gaya.
- kashmir ka lipi itihas
kashmir ke lipi itihas ka sianhavalokan karane se pata chalata hai ki atit mean kashmiri ko sharada lipi mean likhane ki paranpara thi. vartaman kal mean prasiddh kashmiri kavi gulam ahamad ‘mahajoor’ ne is lipi ke punarjivan ki joradar sipharish ki thi. ajakal is lipi ka prayog matr dharmik anushthanoan tak simit rah gaya hai.
sharada ke bad kashmiri ko urdoo aur devanagari donoan lipiyoan me likhane ke praman haian, halaanki adhikaansh sahity urdoo lipi mean hi likha jata raha hai. us samay kashmiri ki vishisht dhvaniyoan ko prakat karane ke lie urdoo lipi mean koee atirikt chinh nahian banae jate the. anuman matr se hi un dhvaniyoan ka uchcharan kiya jata tha. devanagari mean in dhvaniyoan ke lie kuchh chinh nishchit the. 1881 mean prakashit ‘kashmiri shabdamritam’ me in chinhoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai.
svatantrata ke bad urdoo ko aupacharik roop se kashmiri ki lipi svikar karane par in vishisht dhvaniyoan ke chinhoan ka bhi nirdharan kar liya gaya. ab lagabhag 35 varshoan se in chinhoan ka prayog ho raha hai, kiantu lipi lokapriy nahian ho saki hai. rediyo kashmiri, bhasha akadami aur kashmir vishvavidyalay ke kashmiri vibhag ke atirikt is lipi ka bahut kam prayog hai. kashmir ke sarvajanik sthanoan par is lipi mean soochanaoan ka sarvatha abhav rahata hai. shayad lipi ki kathinaee ke karan hi ye soochanaean kashmiri ke badale urdoo mean likhane ki pratha hai. kashmir ke sarvajanik parivahan addoan par pratidin hazaroan kashmiri ate haian. in addoan par koee bhi soochana kashmiri mean nahian likhi jati. lipi ki duroohata ke karan hi kashmir ke vibhinn sthanoan ke namoan ko urdookaran athava hindikaran kiya jata hai aur yahi parivartit nam sarvajanik vahanoan adi par likhe jate haian. kuchh udaharan is prakar haian:
prachalit nam urdoo-hindikrit nam
huduvor handava da
booanthyapor avantipor
banrdupur baandi pora
varrumul baramulla
kashmir mean saksharata ki bhasha bhi kashmiri nahian ho saki hai. jammoo kashmir rajy ki rajabhasha urdoo hone ke karan is rajy ki saksharata ki bhasha bhi urdoo hi hai. matribhasha aur saksharata ki bhasha ek n hone se saksharata ke aandolan ki samasya adhik pechida ho jati hai.
saksharata ki bhasha banane ke lie bhi lipi ke prachur prachar ki avashyakata hoti hai. jahir hai ki kashmiri ko is sandarbh mean abhi kafi saphar tay karana hai aur raste ko aur adhik pusht banane ki bhi zaroorat hai. arthath lipi chinhoan par punarvichar ki avashyakata hai. lipi chinh tabhi lokapriy aur sarvamany ho jate haian jab ve bhasha ki dhvani vyavastha ka jayaja lena sangat hoga.
- kashmiri ki dhvani vyavastha
kashmiri svar vyavastha ko dekhane se pata chalata hai ki yah vyavastha urdoo hindi se bhinn hai. pahali bat kashmiri mean pashch svar aise bhi hai jo vartulakar nahian hai. hindi urdoo ke sabhi pashch svar vartulakar haian. jaise ‘u’, ‘oo’, ‘o’, ‘au’ in svaroan ko bolate samay hothoan ka akar gol ho jata hai. kashmiri me ‘au’ ko chho dakar ye svar to haian hi, inake atirikt aise pashch svar bhi haian jinake uchcharan mean othoan ka akar gol nahian hota. devanagari mean in svaroan ko is prakar aankit kiya jata hai - u, oo, a. doosari bat hai ki kashmiri mean sabhi svaroan ke hrisv aur dirgh dono roop haian. urdoo hindi mean ‘e’ aur ‘o’ ke bhi hrisv roop nahian haian. kashmiri mean in donoan ke hrisv roop haian jin ko devanagari mean ‘e’ aur ‘a’ dvara aankit kiya jata hai.
vyanjanatk dhvaniyoan mean hindi ki varg chaturth dhvaniyaan arthath ‘dh’, ‘jh’, ‘dh’ aur ‘bh’ kashmiri mean nahian haian. kashmiri mean ‘ch’ varg ki any dhvaniyoan ke atirikt aisi sparsh sandharshi dhvaniyaan bhi haian jin ka uchcharan sthan dant mool ke as pas hai. devanagari mean in dhvaniyoan ko ‘ch’ aur ‘chh’ lipi chinhoan dvara likha jata hai.
kashmiri mean sanyukt vyanjanoan ki vyavastha nahian ke barabar hai. ek hi vyanjan sath sath kabhi nahian ata. hindi urdoo ke aise vyanjanoan vale shabd yadi kashmiri mean prayukt hote haian to inaka roop kashmiri dhvani vyavastha ke anukool ho jata hai jaise:
urdoo hindi kashmiri
adda ardu
khaddar rkhardur
doosare prakar ke sanyukt vyanjan bhi kashmiri mean bahut kam hote haian. ‘r’ ke sath pahale vyanjan ke roop mean sanyukt hone vale sanyukt vyanjan bhi keval shabd ke adi mean a sakate haian. any sthanoan par nahian. any bhashaoan se ae hue aise sanyukt vyajanoan vale shabd kashmiri mean sanyukt vyanjanoan ke roop mean nahian rahate. udaharan ke lie kuchh shabd prastut haian:
shukr rshakur
ardr adur
bhasm barsum
khatm khartum
hukm rhakum
- talavyakaran
kashmiri mean talavyakaran ek vishshti aur vyapt svanimik prakriya hai. shabd saghana me prakriya ka mahatvapoorn sthan hai. talavy dhvaniyaan ‘ch’, ‘chh’, ‘j’, ‘sh’ aur ‘y’ ko chho dakar shesh sabhi vyanjanatmak dhvaniyoan ka talavy karan sanbhav hai. vyutpann roop yadi pulliang bahuvachan hai to aantim vyanjan ka talavyakaran ek samany niyam hai-
ekavachan bahuvachan
gur ‘gho da’ guiy ‘gho de’
sin ‘gahara’ sainy ‘gahare’
tul ‘uthaya’ tuly ‘uthaye’
dhvani vyavastha ki in batoan ko dhyan mean rakhane se chinhoan ke anavashyak vistar se bacha ja sakata hai aur lipi ko svikarana sahaj ho jata hai. agar kashmiri ke lie devanagari lipi ko bhi aupacharik svikriti di jae to samasya kafi saral ho jaegi. devanagari mean chinhoan ki itani jatilata nahian hai jitani ki urdoo mean anubhav ho rahi hai.
jammoo kashmir sarakar ne bhasha niyojan ki drishti se samay samay par prabhavashali kadam uthae haian. svargiy mukhyamantri shekh muhammad abdulla ne rajy ke sabhi adhyapakoan ke lie urdoo aur hindi ka jnan anivary kar diya tha, arthath urdoo lipi aur devanagari lipi janana rajy ke har adhyapak ke lie avashyak hai. yahi niti kashmiri bhasha ki lipi ko sahaj svikary banane ke lie apanaee jani chahie. kashmiri ke lie devanagari aur urdoo donoan lipiyaan svikar ki jani chahie. isase kashmiri sahity rachana mean nishchit abhivri़ddhi hogi.
dogari jammoo ki bhasha hai. yah bharatiy sanvidhan ki athavian anusoochi ki bhasha nahian hai. kashmiri ki apeksha dogari ka kavyakarm adhik vyapak hai. karan yah hai ki dogari bhasha ki lipi devanagari hai jisamean likhane aur chhapane ki duruhata nahian hai. kashmiri kyoanki keval urdoo ki sanshodhit lipi mean hi likhi jati hai, isalie likhane aur chhapane donoan mean kafi kathinaiyaan haian.
agar kashmiri ki prayojanaparakata ka vikas kiya jana hai aur isako vibhinn bhashik karyakshetroan mean vyapak bhoomika nibhani hai. to is sandarbh mean prabhavashali kadam uthae jane avashyak hai.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- kacharu, braj bi. 1969, ai rephareans gramar aph kashmiri dipartameant aauph liangvistiks, yoonivarsiti aauph ilinay
- 1973, en iantrodakshan tu spokan kashmiri dipartameant aph ligvistik yoonivarsiti aph ilinay
- kelakar, ashok ar 1968 stadij in hindi-urdoo iantrodakshan eand vard phonalji dakkin kalej, post grejuet eand risarch ianstityoot, poona
- kaul, eeshvar 1897, kashmir shabdamritam sanpadit griyarsan, eshiyatik sosayati, kalakatta
- gosvami, krishnakumar 1981, shaikshik vyakaran aur vyavaharik hindi alekh prakashan, dilli.
- 1979, rivyoo-devanagari lipi, lekhak, shivashankar prasad varma, iandiyan liangvistik valyum 40 aank 2
- pattanayak di. pi. ‘sapark lipi devanagari’ smarika nagari lipi sammelan.
- prasad siddheshvar 1982, ‘vishv nagari lipi’ smarika nagari lipi sammelan,
- bahari, haradev 1982, ‘roman lipi kyoan nahian’ smarika nagari lipi sammalen, 1982 mean
- boolmaphalde, liyonaee 1933, leangvej elen eand anavin, shikago
- bhatiya, kailashachandr san. 2027, hindi bhasha ke akshar tatha shabd ki sima kashi nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi.
- machave, prabhakar 1962, ‘devanagari lipi’ smarika nagari lipi sammelan
- liyoan, jon 1969, iantrodakshan tu thiyoretikal liangvistiks keanbrij yoonivarsiti pres keanbrij.
- varma, siddheshvar 1964 ‘selebkishan in kashmiri leangvej in anar aph deniyal jonj landan
- shrivastav raviandranath 1975, ‘di soshyolaji aph phankshanal hindi, prayojanamoolak hindi, keandriy sansthan, agara.
- 1977 bhasha shikshan, maikamilan, nee dilli.
- sar, sushila 1977, kashmir shabdamritamityasy samalochanatmak kamadhyayanam pi. ech. di. thrisis sanpoornanand sanskrit vishvavidyalay varanasi (aprakashit),
- haket, si. eph. 1958, ek kors in madarn liangvistiks maikamilan, nyooyark.
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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