देश की एकता का मूल: हमारी राष्ट्रभाषा -क्षेमचंद ‘सुमन’

chitr:Icon-edit.gif

yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian.

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lekhak- kshemachand ‘suman’

adhunik hindi ke nirmata bharateandu baboo harishchandr ki bhasha ke sanbandh mean likhi gee ye panktiyaan aj ke din hamare lie ek abhootapoorv prerana ka sandesh de rahi haian:
nij bhasha unnati ahai, sab unnati ke mool.
binu nij bhasha jnan ke, mitat n tan ko mool..
vaise yadyapi hamare desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean anek bhashaean boli jati hai, phir bhi hindi hamare desh ki aisi bhasha hai, jo pray: sare desh mean saman roop se vyavahar mean laee jati hai. usake is vyapak roop ko samajhate hue hi sare desh ne ise ‘rashtrabhasha’ ke pavan abhidhan se abhishikt kiya hai. is sanbandh mean rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ne deshavasiyoan ko udbodhit karate hue ek bar yah thik hi kaha tha:

jaise aangrej apani matribhasha aangreji mean bolate haian aur sarvatha use hi vyavahar mean late haian vaise hi maian apase prarthana karata hooan ki ap hindi ko bharatamata ki ek bhasha banane ka gaurav pradan karean. hindi sab samajhate haian. ise rashtrabhasha banakar hamean apane karttavy ka palan karana chahie.

gaandhi ji ne hi hindi ko rashtr ki unnati ka mool samajhakar yah ghoshana nahian ki thi, pratyut unase poorv bhi desh ke sabhi aanchaloan ke samaj-sudharakoan, santoan aur netaoan ne isake mahatv ko samajh liya tha. maharashtr mean jahaan gyarahavian tatha barahavian shatabdi mean marathi ke adi-kavi mukuandaraj aur sant jnaneshvar ne isake mahatv ko samajha tha vahaan kalaantar mean gopal narahari deshapaande tatha keshav vaman pethe namak mahanubhavoan ne kramash: sanh 1875 tatha 1876 mean hindi ko rashtrabhasha ke roop mean pratishthit karane ka abhinandaniy prayas kiya tha. unhian dinoan mahadev govind ranade tatha lokamany bal gangadhar tilak ne bhi is disha mean prashansaniy kary kiya tha. is prakar jahaan maharashtr ke ye sant, sudharak aur neta hindi ke mahatv ko samajhakar usako rashtrabhasha ke pavan pad par pratishthit karane ka abhiyan kar rahe the vahaan gujarat bhi pichhe nahian tha. vahaan ke kachchh pradesh ke raja lakhapati maharaj ne atharahavian shati mean bhuj mean brajabhasha ki ek pathashala kholakar hindi ke prachar ki jo nianv dali thi, vah dhire-dhire vahaan itani saphal huee ki mahatma gaandhi tatha svami dayanand- jaise sudharakoan ko hindi ke mahatv ko samajhakar usake prachar mean lagana p da. jahaan ye sudharak tatha neta hindi ki mahatta ko samajhakar usake prachar mean lage hue the vahaan narasi mehata, malan, dayaram tatha dalapataray jaise gujarati kaviyoan ne bhi apani kavitaoan ke madhyam se hindi ki mahatta ko svikar kiya tha.

hindi ko yah mahatv isalie nahian diya gaya tha ki vah sari bharatiy bhashaoan mean ooanchi hai, balki use ‘rashtrabhasha’ isalie kaha aur samajha jata hai ki hindi ko janane, samajhane aur bolane vale desh ke kone-kone mean phaile hue haian. ye log chahe hindi n janate hoan, vyakaran ko bhoola karate hoan, ashuddh hindi bolate hoan; parantu bolate hindi hi haian aur usi mean apane bhav vyakt karate evan doosaroan ki bat samajhate haian. vastav mean hindi ki yah prakriti hi desh ki ekata ki parichayak hai aur is prakriti ne hi use itana vyapak roop diya hai. vah keval hinduoan ya kuchh mutthi-bhar logoan ki bhasha nahian hai; vah to desh ke koti-koti kanthoan ki pukar aur unaka hridayahar hai.
hindi ke sootr ke sahare koee bhi vyakti desh ke ek kone se chalakar doosare kone tak ja sakata hai aur apana kam chala sakata hai. desh mean phaili huee anek bhashaoan aur sanskritiyoan ke bich yadi bharatiy jivan ki udattata evan ekatmakata kisi ek bhasha mean dikhaee deti hai to vah hindi mean hi hai. chahe sab log hindi n janate hoan, lekin phir bhi isake dvara ve apana kam chala lete haian aur unhean isamean koee kathinaee nahian hoti. bharat ki bahubhashikata ke prashn ko uthakar jo log hindi ko rashtrabhasha ke gauravapoorn sthan par adhishthit karane mean rukavat dal rahean haian, ve yah kaise bhool jate haian ki aj vishv ke sarvadhik shakti-sanpann desh roos ne is samasya ka kis prakar samadhan kiya hai. unhean yah maloom hona chahie ki soviyat-sangh mean yadyapi 66 bhashaean boli tatha likhi jati haian, kiantu phir bhi vahaan ki rashtrabhasha roosi hi hai. soviyat sangh ki mangol aur turki bhashaoan ke shabdoan ka roosi bhasha se koee sanbandh nahian hai. isake viparit yahaan ki dakshin ki bhashaoan ke pray: 60 pratishat shabd mil jate haian. tamil ko ham apavad ke roop mean rakh sakate haian, kiantu usamean bhi kuchh shabd to aise mil ji jate haian, jinhean bharat ki doosari bhashaoan ke bolane vale saralata se samajh lete haian.
svatantrata-prapti se poorv hindi ke hi madhyam se bharat ke anek santoan, sudharakoan, manishiyoan aur netaoan ne apane vicharoan ka prasar evan prachar kiya tha. apani dooradarshita ke karan unhoanne aisi hi bhasha ko apani bhav-dhara ke prachar ka sadhan banaya tha, jo desh ke sabhi bhoobhagoan ke adhikaansh jan-samuday ko ekata ke sootr mean piro sakati thi, aur vah bhasha hindi thi. yahi karan tha ki jahaan uttar pradesh ke kabir, panjab ke nanak, siandh ke sachal, kashmir ke lalladyad, bangal ke baul, asam ke shankaradev adi santoan ne jis saanskritik ekata to adhar banakar apane kavy ki rachana ki thi, vahaan dakshin ke vemana alavar adi santoan ki kavita ki mool bhavabhoomi bhi vahi thi. inake sandesh mean kahian bhi bhashagat vighatan ka svar nahian ubhara tha, balki sabhi ki rachanaean uttar se dakshin tak aur poorab se pashchim tak saman roop se samadrit hoti thian. jin sadhu-vairagiyoan ke math aur akha de sare desh mean phaile hue the, unamean kahian bhi bhasha ka jhag da nahian uthata tha.
isaka nishkarsh yahi hai ki bhashaoan ki vividhata desh ki ekata mean kahian bhi badhak nahian samajhi jani chahie. ‘das bigaha par pani badale, das kosan par pani’ ke anusar ‘pani’ aur ‘bani’ ki anekavidhata to svabhavik hi hai, kiantu kabir ne jis ‘sanskrit’ to ‘koop-jal’ aur jis ‘bhasha’ ko ‘bahata nir’ kaha hai vah bhasha nishchay hi hindi hai. isi mean unhoanne apana sandesh desh ko diya tha aur use ve ‘ekata ki k di’ ke roop mean dekhate the. bhasha vahi mahatvapoorn hoti hai jo logoan ko ‘to dane’ ke bajay ‘jo dane’ ka sandesh de aur jisake madhyam se prem ka marg prashast ho. isi pavan bhavan se prerit hokar mahakavi jayasi ne yah kaha tha :
turaki, arabi, hinduee, bhasha jeti ahi.
jehi manh marag prem ka, sabai sarahe tahi..
aur yah prem ka marg keval hindi ke madhyam se prashast ho sakata hai. yadi aisa n hota to bangal ke advitiy sudharak raja ramamohan ray aur keshavachandr sen jaise manishi apane vicharoan ke prachar ke lie ise kyoan apanate? aryasamaj ke sansthapak maharshi svami dayanand sarasvati aur rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ne gujarati hote hue bhi rashtriyata aur samaj-sudhar ki apani bhav-dhara ko hindi ke dvara hi sare desh mean phailaya. ‘svarajy hamara janm-siddh adhikar hai’ ke janmadata lokamany balagangadhar tilak ne maharashtriy hote hue bhi 1920 mean banaras mean hindi mean bhashan diya tha. unake yah vichar vastav mean hindi ke vyapakata ka supusht praman prastut karate haian. unhoanne kaha tha meri samajh mean hindi bharat ki samany bhasha honi chahie. jab ek praant doosare praant se mile, to apas mean vichar-vinimay ka madhyam hindi hi honi chahie. samajik kshetr mean jahaan anek sudharakoan dvara hindi ko bharat ki ekata ka pramukh sadhan samajha ja raha tha, vahaan mahatma gaandhi ke dvara usake prachar aur prasar ko vyapak bal mila tha.
hindi ke sarvajanik upayogita aur mahatta ka isi se pata chalata hai ki ise doosare pradeshoan ke nivasi netaoan aur vicharakoan ne apane vicharoan ke prakat karane ka madhyam banaya tha. aj dakshin ke charoan rajyoan mean hindi ka jo saphal lekhan, pathan aur adhyapan ho raha hai usamean bhi rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi dvara sthapit ‘dakshin bharat hindi prachar sabha’ aur ‘rashtrabhasha prachar samiti vardha’ jaisi anek sansthaoan ka atyadhik yogadan hai. isi prakar u disa, asam tatha meghalay mean bhi hindi ka vyapak prachar tatha prasar parilakshit hota hai. vibhajan ke uparaant desh ke vibhinn aanchaloan mean phaile hue siandhi bhaee bhi kisi se pichhe nahian haian. aj ke hindi ke lekhan mean bharat ke sabhi bhashabhashiyoan ka ullekhaniy yogadan hai. shrimati sarojini nayadoo ne hindi ki mahatta ko svikar karate hue ek bar kaha tha :

‘desh ke sabase jyada hisse mean hindi hi likhi jati hai. agar ham sadharan buddhi se kam lean tabhi hamean pata chalega ki hamari kaumi jaban hindi hi ho sakati hai.’ suprasiddh manishi achary kshitimohan sen ne bhasha ko kisi bhi desh ki ekata ka pradhan sadhan manate hue hindi ki mahatta ki jo pratishthapana ki thi vah hamare lie apekshaniy nahian hai. unhoanne kaha tha: ‘aangreji bhasha ki mahima isalie nahian hai ki vah hamare shasakoan ki bhasha thi, balki isalie hai ki usane sansar ki samast vidyaoan ko atmasat kiya hai. hindi ko bhi yah pad pana hai. use bhi nana vidyaoan, kalaoan aur sanskritiyoan ki triveni banana hoga. hindi mean vah kshamata hai. bina aisa bane bhashi ki sadhana adhoori rah jaegi. bhasha hamare lie sadhan hai, sadhy nahian; marg hai, gantavy nahian ; adhar hai, adhey nahian.’

aj rajaniti ka a d lekar jahaan bangal mean yada-kada hindi-virodh. ki jo avaj uth kh di hoti hai vahaan ke nivasi yah kaise bhool jate haian ki atit kal mean bangal ne hindi ke sanvardhan aur pallavan mean b da bhari yogadan diya tha. bangal se jahaan raja ramamohan ray ne ‘agradoot’ namak patr hindi mean saphalatapoorvak prakashit kiya, vahaan ‘bandemataramh’ rashtr-gan ke amar gayak bankimachandr chatarji ne apane ‘bang-darshan’ namak granth ke paanchave khand mean spasht roop se yah likha tha: hindi bhasha ki sahayata se bharatavarsh ke vibhinn pradeshoan mean bikhare hue log jo aiky-bandhan sthapit kar sakeange, vastav mean ve hi sachche bharatiy kahalane yogy haian. keval yahi nahian, bangala ‘vasumati’ ke sanpadak sureshachandr samajapati aur ‘sandhya’ ke sanpadak pan. brahmabaandhav upadhyay adi ne bhi apane patroan mean hindi ki rashtrabhashasanbandhi kshamata ko mukt kanth se svikar kiya tha. suprasiddh tatv-chiantak shri araviand ghosh ne bhi apane ‘karmayogi’ aur ‘dharm’ namak patroan ke madhyam se rashtrabhasha hindi ke unnayan mean apana anany sahayog dene mean mahatvapoorn bhoomika ka kary kiya tha. jahaan bang desh mean ukt sudharak, vicharak aur chiantak hindi-sanbandhi andolan ko age badha rahe the vahaan shri bhoodev mukharji bihar mean tatha shri navinachandr ray panjab mean hindi-prachar ka kary kar rahe the. prakashan aur mudran ke kshetr mean bhi bangabhashiyoan ki sevaean avismaraniy haian. shri ramanand chatarji ne apane pravasi pres se jahaan ‘vishal bharat’ jaisa uchchakoti ka masik patr nikala, vahaan shri chiantamani ghosh ke iandiyan pres ne ‘sarasvati’ ka prakashan karake hindi-sahity ki abhivriddhi mean abhootapoorv yogadan diya. yah bangal ke hi sapoot shri nageandranath basu ko shrey diya ja sakata hai ki unhoanne 25 khandoan mean vishvakosh prakashit karake hindi-sahity ki abhivriddhi ki thi.
anek bang-netaoan dvara jahaan rashtrabhasha ke prachar-prasar mean yogadan ki disha mean aise mahatvapoorn kary ho rahe the, vahaan jastis sharadacharan mitr ne ‘ek lipi vistar parishadh’ ki sthapana karake usake dvara ‘devanagar’ namak aisa patr prakashit kiya tha ki jisaka uddeshy devanagari lipi ke madhyam se samast bharatiy bhashaoan ki kritiyoan ko prakashit karake unamean samanvay sthapit karata tha. unaka yah bhi abhimat tha ki yadi bhashaoan mean se lipi ki divar ko hata diya jae aur sab bhashaoan ko ‘devanagari’ lipi mean hi likhane ki paranpara chal p de, to bharat ki ekata akhand rah sakegi. vastav mean yadi lipi ki badha ko door kar diya jae aur sare desh ki bhashaean ‘devanagari’ ko apana lean to hamari saanskritik, samajik aur sahityik chetana ko b da bal mil sakega. ipashchimi eshiya ki ‘tajik’ aur ‘turki’ bhashaoan ne jab ‘arabi’ lipi ko chho dakar roman lipi ko apanaya tab vahaan bhi b de hi kraantikari parivartan hue the. ek lipi ke madhyam se hamari ekata sarvatha akshunn rah sakegi.
jis hindi ko jayasi, rahim, rasakhan, alam, shekh aur usman jaise muslim kaviyoan ne apani abhivyakti ka madhyam banaya, vah kya keval hinduoan ki hi bhasha kahi ja sakati hai? kh diboli ke adi kavi ke roop mean jahaan amir khusaro ne hindi kavita ko ne muhavare die vahaan saiyad iansha allakhaan ki ‘rani ketaki ki kahani’ namak rachana se hindi kahani ki vidya mean ek abhootapoorv nikhar aya hai. hindi-sahity mean jahaan ukt vibhootiyoan ka apana mahatvapoorn sthan hai, vahaan adhunik kal mean bhi aise anek nam hamare samane ubharakar ate haian, jinhoanne jati aur dharm ki divar ko to dakar sahity-nirman ke vividh kshetroan mean ullekhaniy kary kiya tha. aise mahanubhavoan mean saiyad amirali ‘mir’, kasimali sahityalankar, bandeali fatmi, jahoorabakhsh hindi kovid aur nabibakhsh ‘phalak’ adi ke nam gaurav ke sath smaran kie ja sakate haian. kadachit aise hi udaramana manishiyoan ko drishti mean rakhakar bharateandu ne yah likha tha: ‘in musalaman kavijanan par, kotin hindoovariye.’
ab vah samay a gaya hai ki jab samast bharatiy bhashaean mukt svar se jahaan ‘ek hriday ho bharat janani’ ka pavan udghosh kareangi, vahaan rashtrakavi maithalisharan gupt ki yah bhavana desh ki ekata ke lie saty siddh hokar hi rahegi:
hindi ka uddeshy yahi hai,
bharat ek rahe avibhajy.
yoan to roos aur amerika
jitana hai usaka jan-rajy..

sanbandhit lekh

tritiy vishv hindi sammelan 1983

kramaank

lekh ka nam

lekhak

hindi aur samasik sanskriti
1.	hindi sahity aur samasik sanskriti	d aau. karn rajasheshagiri rav
2.	hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti ki sarjanatmak abhivyakti	pro. kesarikumar
3.	hindi sahity aur samasik sanskriti	d aau. chandrakaant baandivadekar
4.	hindi ki samasik evan saanskritik ekata	d aau. jagadish gupt
5.	rajabhasha: karyacharan aur samasik sanskriti	d aau. en.es. dakshinamoorti
6.	hindi ki akhil bharatiyata ka itihas	pro. dineshvar prasad
7.	hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti	d aau. muanshiram sharma
8.	bharatiy vyaktitv ke sanshlesh ki bhasha	d aau. raghuvansh
9.	desh ki samasik sanskriti ki abhivyakti mean hindi ka yogadan	d aau. rajakishor paandey
10.	saanskritik samanvay ki prakriya aur hindi sahity	shri rajeshvar gangavar
11.	hindi sahity mean samasik sanskriti ke tattv	d aau. shivanandan prasad
12.	hindi:samasik sanskriti ki sanvahika	shri shivasagar mishr
13.	bharat ki samasik sanskririti aur hindi ka vikas	d aau. haradev bahari
hindi ka vikasashil svaroop
14.	hindi ka vikasashil svaroop	d aau. anandaprakash dikshit
15.	hindi ke vikas mean bhojapuri ka yogadan	d aau. udayanarayan tivari
16.	hindi ka vikasashil svaroop (shabdavali ke sandarbh mean)	d aau. kailashachandr bhatiya
17.	manak bhasha ki sankalpana aur hindi	d aau. krishnakumar gosvami
18.	rajabhasha ke roop mean hindi ka vikas, mahattv tatha prakash ki dishaean	shri jayanarayan tivari
19.	saanskritik bhasha ke roop mean hindi ka vikas	d aau. trilochan paandey
20.	hindi ka saralikaran	achary deveandranath sharma
21.	prashasanik hindi ka vikas	d aau. narayanadatt palival
22.	jan ki vikasashil bhasha hindi	shri bhagavat jha azad
23.	bharat ki bhashik ekata: paranpara aur hindi	pro. manik goviand chaturvedi
24.	hindi bhasha aur rashtriy ekikaran	pro. ravindranath shrivastav
25.	hindi ki sanvaidhanik sthiti aur usaka vikasashil svaroop	pro. vijayendr snatak
devanagari lipi ki bhoomika
26.	rashtriy aur aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean devanagari	shri jivan nayak
27.	devanagari	pro. devishankar dvivedi
28.	hindi mean lekhan sanbandhi ekaroopata ki samasya	pro. p. ba. jain
29.	devanagari lipi ki bhoomika	d aau. babooram saksena
30.	devanagari lipi (kashmiri bhasha ke sandarbh mean)	d aau. mohanalal sar
31.	rashtriy aur aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean devanagari lipi	pan. rameshvaradayal dube
videshoan mean hindi
32.	vishv ki hindi patr-patrikaean	d aau. kamata kamalesh
33.	videshoan mean hindi:prachar-prasar aur sthiti ke kuchh pahaloo	pro. premasvaroop gupt
34.	hindi ka ek apanaya-sa kshetr: sanyukt rajy	d aau. ar. es. megregar
35.	hindi bhasha ki bhoomika : vishv ke sandarbh mean	shri rajendr avasthi
36.	marishas ka hindi sahity	d aau. lata
37.	hindi ki bhavi aantarrashtriy bhoomika	d aau. brajeshvar varma
38.	aantarrashtriy sandarbh mean hindi	pro. siddheshvar prasad
39.	nepal mean hindi aur hindi sahity	shri sooryanath gop
vividha
40.	tulanatmak bharatiy sahity evan paddhati vijnan ka prashn	d aau. iandranath chaudhuri
41.	bharat ki bhasha samasya aur hindi	d aau. kumar vimal
42.	bharat ki rajabhasha niti	shri krishnakumar shrivastav
43.	videsh doorasanchar seva	shri ke.si. katiyar
44.	kashmir mean hindi : sthiti aur sanbhavanaean	pro. chamanalal saproo
45.	bharat ki rajabhasha niti aur usaka karyanvayan	shri deveandracharan mishr
46.	bhashayi samasya : ek rashtriy samadhan	shri narmadeshvar chaturvedi
47.	sanskrit-hindi kavyashastr mean upama ki sarvalankarabijata ka vichar	d aau. mahendr madhukar
48.	dvitiy vishv hindi sammelan : nirnay aur kriyanvayan	shri rajamani tivari
49.	vishv ki pramukh bhashaoan mean hindi ka sthan	d aau. ramajilal jaangid
50.	bharatiy adivasiyoan ki matribhasha tatha hindi se inaka samipy	d aau. lakshmanaprasad sinha
51.	maian lekhak nahian hooan	shri vimal mitr
52.	lokajnata sarvajnata (lokavartta vijnan ke sandarbh mean)	d aau. haradvarilal sharma
53.	desh ki ekata ka mool: hamari rashtrabhasha	shri kshemachand ‘suman’
videshi sandarbh
54.	marishas: sagar ke par laghu bharat	shri es. bhuvaneshvar
55.	amarika mean hindi -d aau. kerin shomar
56.	lipaziang vishvavidyalay mean hindi	d aau. (shrimati) marget gatslaf
57.	jarmani sanghiy ganarajy mean hindi	d aau. lothar lutse
58.	soorinam desh aur hindi	shri sooryaprasad bire
59.	hindi ka aantarrashtriy pariprekshy	shri bachchooprasad sianh
svaichchhik sanstha sandarbh
60.	hindi ki svaichchhik sansthaean	shri shankararav loandhe
61.	rashtriy prachar samiti, vardha	shri shankararav loandhe
sammelan sandarbh
62.	pratham aur dvitiy vishv hindi sammelan: uddeshy evan upalabdhiyaan	shri madhukararav chaudhari
smriti-shraddhaanjali
63.	svargiy bharatiy sahityakaroan ko smriti-shraddhaanjali	d aau. prabhakar machave

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