सामाजिक सुधार अधिनियम

samajik sudhar adhiniyam mukhyat: 19vian shatabdi mean laye ge. is shatabdi ke sudhar andolan ne keval dharmik sudhar ke kshetr ko hi nahian, balki samaj sudhar ko bhi apana lakshy banaya. tatkalin samaj mean vyapt aisi kee kuprathaoan, jaise- sati pratha, bal vivah, bal hatya, jatiy bhedabhav adi ko in aandolanoan ne apana nishana banaya. bharatiy samaj mean basi huee anekoan kuritiyoan tatha kuprathaoan ko isake madhyam se samapt karane kafi madad mili.

sati pratha

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bharatiy, mukhy roop se hindoo samaj mean sati pratha ka udbhav yadyapi prachin kal se mana jata hai, parantu isaka bhishan roop adhunik kal mean dekhane ko milata hai. sati pratha ka pahala abhilekhiy sakshy 510 ee. eran ke abhilekh mean milata hai. 15vian shatabdi mean kashmir ke shasak sikandar ne is pratha ko band karava diya tha. bad mean purtagali garvanar albukark ne is pratha ko band karava diya. bharat me mugal badashah akabar v peshavaoan ke alava eest indiya kampani ke kuchh garvanar-janaraloan jaise l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis evan l aaurd hestiangs ne is disha mean kuchh prayatn kiye, parantu is kroor pratha ko qanooni roop se band karane ka shrey l aaurd viliyam baiantik ko jata hai. raja ramamohan ray ne baiantik ke is kary mean sahayog kiya. raja ramamohan ray ne apane patr ‘sanvad kaumudi’ ke madhyam se is pratha ka vyapak virodh kiya. radhakant dev tatha maharaja balkrishna bahadur ne raja ramamohan ray ki nitiyoan ka virodh kiya. 1829 ee. ke 17vean niyam ke anusar vidhavaoan ko jivit zinda jalana aparadh ghoshit kar diya gaya. pahale yah niyam 'bangal presideansi' mean lagoo hua, parantu bad mean 1830 ee. ke lagabhag ise bambee aur madras mean bhi lagoo kar diya gaya.

pramukh samajik/dharmik sansthaean

sanstha	sthapana varsh	sansthapak
brahm samaj	1828 ee.	raja ramamohan ray
tatvabodhini	1839 ee.	devendranath taigor
devaband skool	1866-1867 ee.	mohammad kasim nanautavi v rashid ahamad gangohi
prarthana samaj	1867 ee.	atmaram paandurang v mahadev govind ranade
ary samaj	1875 ee.	dayanand sarasvati
thiyosofikal sosaiti	1875 ee. (nyooyark)	maidam ech.pi. blavatsaki v ech.es. alkat
indiyan esosieshan	1876 ee.	surendranath banarji
dinabandhu sarvajanik sabha	1884 ee.	jyotiba phule
bharatiy rashtriy kaangres	1885 ee.	e.o. hmoom
dev samaj	1887 ee.	shivanarayan agnihotri
ahamadiya andolan	1889 ee.	mirza gulam ahamad
thiyosofikal sosaiti	1886 ee.(bharat)	maidam ech.pi. blavatsaki v ech.es. alkat
ramkrishna mishan ved samaj	1897 ee.	svami vivekanand ke.ke. shridharalu nayadoo
sarvents aauf indiya sosayati	1905 ee.	gopal krishna gokhale
muslim lig	1906 ee.	salimulla v aga khaan
gadar parti	1913 ee.	lala haradayal, bhaee paramanand, (amerika) kashiram
homarool lig	1916 ee.	bal gangadhar tilak
akhil bharatiy tred yooniyan kaangres	1920 ee.	en.em. joshi
svarajy parti	1923 ee.	moti lal neharoo v chitaranjan das
hindustan soshalist ripablikan esosiyeshan	1928 ee.	chandrashekhar azad v bhagat sianh
khudaee khidamatagar	1931 ee.	abdul gaffar khaan
faravard bl aauk	1939 ee.	subhashachandr bos

bal hatya

bal hatya ki pratha rajapootoan mean sarvadhik prachalit thi. ve kanya ke janm ko ashubh manate the, atah inake yahaan nashili davaoan evan bhookha rakhakar kanyaoan ko mar diya jata tha. l aaurd hardiang ne 1795 ee. ke 'bangal niyam' evan 1804 ee. ke niyam-3 se bal hatya ko sadharan hatya man liya. 1870 ee. mean is disha mean kuchh qanoon bane, jisake antargat balak-balikaoan ki soochana dena anivary kar diya gaya.

das pratha

bharatiy samaj mean das pratha ka prachalan prachin kal se tha. 18 janavari, 1823 ee. ko listar stainahop ne ianglaind ke dyook aauf glostar ko das pratha ki samapti ke lie ek patr likha. 1789 ee. ki ghoshana dvara dasoan ka niryat band kar diya gaya. 1811 ee. evan 1823 ee. mean dasoan ke sambandh mean qanoon banae gaye. 1833 mean aangrezi samrajy mean dasata samapt kar di gayi. 1833 ee. mean chartar ekt mean dasata ko shighr-atishighr samapt karane ke lie garvanar ko qanoon banane ko kaha gaya. 1843 ee. mean samast bhag mean dasata ko avaidh ghoshit kar diya gaya. 1860 ee. mean 'bharatiy dand sanhita' ke antargat dasata ko aparadh ghoshit kar diya gaya.

vidhava punarvivah

kalakatta ke 'sanskrit k aaulej' ke achary eeshvarachandr vidyasagar ne is disha mean ullekhaniy kary kiya. unhoanne vidhava vivah ke samarthan mean lagabhag ek sahasr hastaksharoan vala prarthana patr tatkalin garvanar dalahauzi ko diya, jisake parinamasvaroop 1856 ee. mean ‘hindoo vidhava punarvivah adhiniyam’ dvara vidhava vivah ko manyata de di gee. is kshetr mean dhoando keshav karve evan viresaliangam puntalu ne bhi ullekhaniy kary kiya. karve mahoday ne poona mean 1899 ee. mean ek ‘vidhava ashram’ sthapit kiya. unake prayas se hi 1906 ee. mean bambee mean 'bharatiy mahila vishvavidyalay' ki sthapana ki gee. dhoando keshav karve vidhava punarvivah sangh ke sachiv the.

bal vivah

is kshetr mean keshavachandr sen ke prayasoan se 1872 ee. mean deshi bal vivah adhiniyam pas hua, jisamean bal vivah par pratibandh lagane ki vyavastha ki gee. sivil mairij ekt (1872 ee.) ke antargat 14 varsh se kam ayu ki kanyaoan tatha 18 varsh se kam ayu ke l dakoan ka vivah varjit kar diya gaya. is adhiniyam ke dvara bahupatni pratha bhi samapt kar di gayi. 1891 ee. mean british sarakar ne es.es. bangali ke sahayog se ‘ej aauf kanset ekt’ parit kiya. ekt ke anusar 12 varsh se kam ayu ki kanyaoan ke vivah par rok laga di gee. is ekt ka lokamany tilak ne is adhar par virodh kiya ki ve ise bharatiy mamale mean videshi hastakshep manate the. 1930 ee. mean ‘sharada adhiniyam’ dvara vivah ke lie l daki ki ayu kam se kam 14 varsh aur l dake ki 18 varsh nishchit ki gee.

stri shiksha

hindoo shastroan mean di huee vyavastha ke adhar par 19vian sadi ke logoan mean ek galat manyata ka prachar tha ki striyoan ko adhyayan ka adhikar nahian hai, parantu sudhar andolanoan ke dvara is kshetr mean phaili bhraanti ko door kiya gaya. sarvapratham eesaee dharm pracharakoan ne is kshetr mean kary karate hue 1819 ee. mean stri shiksha ke lie kalakatta mean ek ‘tarun sabha’ ki sthapana ki. jedi. bethun ne 1849 ee. mean kalakatta mean ek balika vidyalay ki sthapana ki. eeshvarachandr vidyasagar ne bhi is kshetr mean bhi ullekhaniy yogadan kary kiya. ve bangal ke lagabhag 35 vidyalayoan se ju de the. 1854 ee. ke 'charls vud patr' mean stri shiksha ki avashyakata par dhyan diya gaya.

mahilaoan ke utthan ke kshetr mean purushoan ne prayatn kiye, parantu 20vian shatabdi tak apane adhikaroan ke lie mahilayean khud age ane lagian. 1926 ee. mean ‘akhil bharatiy mahila sangh’ ki sthapana huee. desh ke azad hone ke bad 1956 ee. ke 'hindoo uttaradhikar adhiniyam' mean yah vyavastha ki gee ki pita ki sampatti mean putr ke sath putri bhi barabar ki hakadar hogi aur isake sath hi bahuvivah, dahej pratha adi ko bhi pratibandhit kiya gaya. is tarah 20vian sadi mean mahilaoan ki sthiti mean kafi sudhar hua.

jatiy vaikalp nirakaran adhiniyam

uchch varg ke sampan hindoo vyaktiyoan ki eesaee dharm mean parivartit karane mean b di badha yah thi ki dharm parivartan se vyakti apane sampatti ke adhikaroan se vanchit ho jata tha. kalantar mean british sarakar ne is badha ko samapt kar diya, jisase hinduoan ko dharm parivartan ke lie protsahan mila, parantu is adhiniyam ka hinduoan ne jamakar virodh kiya. 20vian shatabdi mean samajik sudhar ke lie chalaye gaye kuchh any aandolanoan mean 1887 ee. mean mahadev govind ranade dvara ‘bharatiy rashtriy samajik sammelan, 1903 ee. mean ‘bambee samaj sudharak sabha’ evan eni besent dvara hindoo sammelan ki sthapana ki gee.

jati pratha ka virodh evan achhootoddhar andolan

prachin kal se hi bharatiy samaj mean vyapt is kupratha mean sudhar ke lie adhunik kal mean kuchh prayas avashy kiye gaye. gaandhi ji ne is kshetr mean mahattvapoorn kary kiya. unhoanne achhootoan ke lie ‘harijan’ (bhagavan ka jan) shabd prayog kiya aur ‘harijan’ namak saptahik patr ka sanpadan kiya. unhoanne harijanoan ke kalyan ke lie 1932 ee. mean ‘harijan sevak sangh’ namak sanstha ki sthapana ki. sanbhavatah gaandhiji pahale vyakti the, jinhoanne harijan samasya ki or janasadharan ka dhyan khicha. nimn jati ya kul mean paida hue d aauktar bhimarav ambedakar jivan bhar jati pratha tatha chhuachhoot se l date rahe. inhoanne ‘aaul iandiya dipresd klas esosieshan’ (akhil bharatiy dalit varg sangh) ki sthapana ki. 1906 ee. mean bi.ar.shiande ke netritv mean bambee mean ‘dipresd klas mishan sositi’ ki sthapana ki gee. madras mean 'dipresd klasej mishan sosaiti' ki sthapana 1909 ee. mean ki gee. dakshin bharat mean 1920 ee. mean ee.vi. ramasvami nayakar ke netritv mean ‘atmasamman aandolan’ chalaya gaya. madras ke brahman virodhi sangathan praja mitr mandali ke sansthapak si.ar. reddi the. dakshin bharat ke ‘atmasamman aandolan' ne 1925 ee. mean bina brahman ke sahayog se shadi, jabaran mandir pravesh, nastikavad evan manusmriti ko jalane ka tark diya. si.en. mudaliyar, ti.em. nayar evan pi.ti. chetti ke netritv mean dakshin mean ‘jastis parti’ ki sthapana ki gee. pahale is parti ko ‘sauth iandiyan libaral esosieshan’ ke nam se jana jata tha. bangal mean 1899 ee. mean jati nirdharan sabha ki sthapana ki gee. keral mean ejhava aandolan ke antargat is aandolan ke netaoan dvara 1903 ee. mean ‘shrinarayan dharm paripal yogam’ ki sthapana ki gee.

andolanoan ka parinam

adhunik bharat mean sudharavadi dharmik aandolanoan ke parinamasvaroop bharat ke logoan mean atm-samman, atm-vishvas evan rashtriy bhavana ka vikas hua. dharm ke kshetr mean vyapt aandh vishvas ko door karane mean sahayog mila aur sath hi bharatiy samaj mean manaviy gun evan naitikata ka logoan mean vikas hua. sudharavadi dharmik aandolanoan ka ek prabhav yah raha ki bharatiyoan mean pashchimi chamak-damak ke prati akarshan evan adhunikikaran ki prakriti ko protsahan mila. in sudharavadi aandolanoan mean sarvadhik mahatv stri mukti, shiksha evan samman ke adhikaroan mean vriddhi evan chhuachhoot ki parampara ko samapt karane ko diya gaya. 19vian-20vian sadi mean chale in sudharavadi dharmik aandolanoan ne shahari uchch evan madhyam varg ko sarvadhik prabhavit kiya. adhunik bharat ka yah aandolan apani vyapakata ke bad bhi kuchh nishchit sima mean hi raha gaya. use atit ko dekhane, atit ki utkrishtata ki duhaee dene tatha dharm granthoan ke praman par jane ki adat si thi. atit mean ‘svarn yug’ khojane ki bhavana se adhunik vijnan ko poorn roop se svikar karane mean badha utpann huee. in pravrittiyoan ne hindu, musalaman, sikkh tatha eesaee ko apas mean baant diya. ooanchi jati ke hindoo nimn jati ke hindoo se alag-thalag p d gaye. sudharakoan ne bharat ke madhyakalin itihas ko avanati ke kal ke roop mean dekha.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh