गुर्जर प्रतिहार साम्राज्य

devapal ke shasan ke antim dinoan mean pratihar samrajy ki shakti badhane lagi. pratiharoan ka gujarat athava dakshin-pashchim rajasthan se sambandh hone ke karan unhean gurjar pratihar bhi kaha jata hai. ye pal vansh se kuchh samay pahale hi shaktishali bane. arambh mean sambhavatah ye keval sthaniy adhikari the, lekin kalantar mean unhoanne madhy tatha poorvi rajasthan ke kee kshetroan par apana adhikar prapt kar liya. inaki khyati tab badhi jab inhoanne rajasthan aur gujarat mean siandh ke arabi shasakoan ke akraman ka virodh kiya. gujarat ke ek yuddh mean 738 ee0 mean chalukyoan ne 'mlachchhoan' ko nirnayak roop se parajit kiya. bataya jata hai ki isake bad arab kabhi bhi gujarat mean apana prabhav qayam nahian kar sake. is yuddh mean bhag lene vala ek mukhy vyakti dantidurg tha jo badami ke chalukyoan ka ek samant tha aur jo is samay dakshin mean shasak ban baitha tha. bad mean dantidurg ne chalukyoan ko parajit kar rashtrakoot samrajy ki nianv dali.

vyavasthapak, shaktishali shasak raja bhoj

jaisa ki oopar bataya gaya hai, pratihar vansh ke arambhik shasak vatsaraj tatha nagabhatt dvitiy, pal aur rashtrakoot shasakoan se parajit ho ge the, aur is prakar inaki sthiti kamazor ho gee thi. pratihar samrajy ka vastavik vyavasthapak, us vansh ka sabase adhik shaktishali shasak raja bhoj tha. hamean yah pata nahian hai ki bhoj kab sianhasan par baitha. usake prarambhik jivan ke bare mean hamean pata isalie nahian hai kyoanki nagabhatt dvitiy tatha rashtrakoot shasak gopal tritiy se parajit hone ke bad pratihar samrajy ka lagabhag vighatan ho gaya thaan bhoj ne dhire dhire phir samrajy ki sthapani ki. usane kannauj par 836 ee0 tak punah adhikar prapt kar liya aur jo pratihar vansh ke aant tak usaki rajadhani bana raha. raja bhoj ne gurjaratr athava madhy aur poorvi rajasthan par bhi punah apana prabhutv sthapit kiya, lekin ek bar phir pratiharoan ko pal tatha rashtrakootoan ka samana karana p da. bhoj devapal se parajit hua lekin aisa lagata hai ki kannauj usake hath se gaya nahian. ab poorvi kshetr mean bhoj parajit ho gaya, tab usane madhy bharat tatha dakkan ki or apana dhyan laga diya. gujarat aur malava par vijay prapt karane ke apane prayas mean usaka phir rashtrakootoan se sangharsh chhi d gaya. narmada ke tat par ek bhishan yuddh hua. lekin bhoj malava ke adhikatar kshetr par apana prabhutv qayam karane mean saphal raha. sambhav hai ki usane gujarat ke kuchh hissoan par bhi shasan kiya ho. hariyana ke karanal jile mean prapt ek abhilekh ke anusar bhoj ne satalaj nadi ke poorvi tat par kuchh kshetroan ko bhi apane adhin kar liya tha. is abhilekh mean bhoj dev ke shaktishali aur shubh shasanakal mean ek sthaniy mele mean kuchh gho doan ke vyapariyoan dvara gho doan ki charcha ki gee hai. isase pata chalata hai ki pratihar shasakoan aur madhy eshiya ke bich kaphi vyapar chalata tha. arab yatriyoan ne bataya ki pratihar shasakoan ke pas bharat mean sabase achchhi ashv sena thi. madhy eshiya tatha arab ke sath bharat ke vyapar mean gho doan ka pramukh sthan tha. devapal ki mrityu aur usake parinamasvaroop pal samrajy ki kamazori ka labh uthakar bhoj ne poorv mean apane samrajy ka vistar kiya.

durbhagyavash hamean bhoj ke vyaktigat jivan ke bare mean adhik janakari nahian hai. bhoj ka nam kathaoan mean avashy prasiddh hai. sambhavatah usake samasamayik lekhak bhoj ke prarambhik jivan ki romaanchapoorn ghatanaoan, khoe hue rajy ko phir se prapt karane ke sahas, tatha kannauj ki vijay se atyanat prabhavit the. kiantu bhoj vishnu ka bhakt tha aur usane 'adivarah' ki padavi grahan ki thi jo usake sikkoan par bhi aankit hai. kuchh samay bad kannauj par shasan karane vale paramar vansh ke raja bhoj, aur pratihar vansh ke is raja bhoj mean antar karane ke lie ise kabhi-kabhi 'mihir bhoj' bhi kaha jata hai.

bhoj ki mrityu sambhavatah 885 ee0 mean huee. usake bad usaka putr mahendrapal pratham sianhasan par baitha. mahendrapal ne lagabhag 908-09 tak raj kiya aur n keval bhoj ke rajy ko banae rakha varan magadh tatha uttari bangal tak usaka vistar kiya. kathiyava d, poorvi panjab aur avadh mean bhi isase sambandhit praman mile haian. mahendrapal ne kashmir naresh se bhi yuddh kiya par har kar use bhoj dvara vijit panjab ke kuchh kshetroan ko kashmir naresh ko dena p da.

al masoodi ke anusar

is prakar pratihar nauvian shatabdi ke madhy se lekir dasavian shatabdi ke madhy, arthat ek sau varshoan tak uttari bharat mean shaktishali bane rahe. bagadad nivasi al masoodi 915-16 mean gujarat aya tha aur usane pratihar shasakoan, unake samrajy ke vistar, aur unaki shakti ki charcha ki hai. vah gurjar-pratihar rajy ko al-juar (gurjar ka apabhransh) aur shasak ko 'baura' pukarata hai. jo shayad adivarah ka galat uchcharan hai. yadyapi yah padavi raja bhoj ki thi, jisaka is samay tak dehant ho chuka tha. al masoodi kahata hai ki juar rajy mean 1,800,000 gaanv aur shahar the. isaki lambaee 2,000 kilomitar thi aur itani hi isaki chau daee thi. raja ki sena ke char aang the aur pratyek aang mean sat lakh se lekar nau lakh sainik the. al masoodi kahata hai ki uttar ki sena se yah naresh mulatan ke shasak aur usake mitroan se yuddh karata hai, dakshin ki sena se rashtrakootoan se tatha poorv ki sena se paloan se sangharsh karata hai. isake pas yuddh ke lie prashikshit keval 2,000 hathi the lekin ashv sena desh mean sabase achchhi thi. pratihar shasak sahity tatha jnan ko bahut protsahit karate the. mahan sanskrit kavi aur natakakar rajashekhar bhoj ke pautr mahipal ke darabar mean rahata tha. pratiharoan ne kee sundar bhavanoan aur mandiroan ka nirman kar kannauj ki shobha badhaee.

athavian-nauvian shatabdi ke dauran kee bharatiy vidvan bagadad ke khalifoan ke darabar mean ge. inhoann arab mean bharatiy vijnan, visheshakar ganit, bijaganit tatha chikitsa shastr ka prachar kiya. hamean un rajaoan ke nam ka pata nahian jo apane dootoan aur in vidvanoan ko bagadad bhejate the. pratihar siandh ke arab shasakoan ke shatru ke roop mean jane jate haian. isake bavajood aisa lagata hai ki is kal mean bhi bharat aur pashchim eshiya ke bich vidvanoan aur vastuoan ka adan-pradan jari raha.

rashtrakoot naresh indr tritiy ne 915 aur 918 ee0 ke madhy mean ek bar phir kannauj par dhava bol diya. isase pratihar samrajy kamazor p d gaya aur sambhavatah gujarat par rashtrakootoan ka adhikar sthapit ho gaya kyoanki al masoodi kahata hai ki pratihar samrajy ki samudr tak pahuanch nahian thi. gujarat, samudr ke raste hone vale vyapar ka kendr tha tatha uttari bharat se pashchim eshiya ko jane vali vastuoan ka pramukh dvar tha. gujarat ke hath se nikal jane se pratiharoan ko aur bhi dhakka laga. mahipal ke bad pratihar samrajy ka dhire-dhire patan ho gaya. ek aur rashtrakoot samrat krishna tritiy ne 963 ee0 mean uttari bharat par akraman kar pratihar shasak ko parajit kar diya. isake shighr bad pratihar samrajy ka vighatan ho gaya.

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