चोल साम्राज्य

chol samrajy ka abhyuday nauvian shatabdi mean hua aur dakshin pray:dvip ka adhikaansh bhag isake adhikar mean tha. chol shasakoan ne shrilanka par bhi vijay prapt kar li thi aur maladiv dvipoan par bhi inaka adhikar tha. kuchh samay tak inaka prabhav kaliang aur tuangabhadr doab par bhi chhaya tha. inake pas shaktishali nausena thi aur ye dakshin poorvi eshiya mean apana prabhav qayam karane mean saphal ho sake. chol samrajy dakshin bharat ka niahsandeh sabase shaktishali samrajy tha. apani prarambhik kathinaiyoan par vijay prapt karane ke bad qarib do shatabdiyoan tak arthat barahavian eesvi ke madhy tak chol shasakoan ne n keval ek sthir prashasan diya, varan kala aur sahity ko bahut protsahan diya. kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki chol kal dakshin bharat ka 'svarn yug' tha.

chol samrajy ki sthapana

chol samrajy ki sthapana vijayalay ne ki jo arambh mean pallavoan ka ek samanti saradar tha. usane 850 ee0 mean tanjavur ko apane adhikar mean kar liya aur paandy rajy par chadhaee kar di. chol 897 tak itane shaktishali ho ge the ki unhoanne pallav shasak ko harakar usaki hatya kar di aur sare tauand mandal par apana adhikar kar liya. isake bad pallav, itihas ke pannoan se vilin ho ge, par chol shasakoan ko rashtrakootoan ke viruddh bhayanak sangharsh karana p da. rashtrakoot shasak krishna tritiy ne 949 ee0 mean chol samrat parantak pratham ko parajit kiya aur chol samrajy ke uttari kshetr par adhikar kar liya. isase chol vansh ko dhakka laga lekin 965 ee0 mean krishna tritiy ki mrityu aur rashtrakootoan ke patan ke bad ve ek bar phir uth kh de hue.

chol samrajy ka utthan

chhathi shatabdi ke madhy ke bad dakshin bharat mean pallavoan, chalukyoan tatha paandy vanshoan ka rajy raha. pallavoan ki rajadhani kaanchi, chalukyoan ki badami tatha paandyoan ki rajadhani maduree thi, jo adhunik tanjavur zile mean hai aur dakshin arthat keral mean, cher shasak the. karnatak kshetr mean kadamb tatha gangavanshoan ka shasan tha. is yug ke adhikatar samay mean gang shasak rashtrakootoan ke adhin the ya unase milate hue the. rashtrakoot is samay maharashtr kshetr mean sabase adhik prabhavashali the. pallav, paandy tatha cher apas mean tatha milakar rashtrakootoan ke viruddh sangharsharat the. inamean se kuchh shasakoan visheshakar pallavoan ke pas shaktishali nausenaean bhi thian. pallavoan ke dakshin poorv eshiya ke sath b de paimane par vyaparik sambandh the aur unhoanne vyapar tatha saanskritik sambandhoan ko badhane ke lie kee rajadoot bhi chin bheje. pallav adhikatar shaiv mat ke anuyayi the aur inhoanne adhunik chennee ke nikat mahabalipuram mean kee mandiroan ka nirman kiya.

rajaraj ka kal

chol vansh ke sabase shaktishali raja rajaraj (985-1014 ee0) tatha usaka putr rajendr pratham (1012-1044 ee0) the. rajaraj ko usake pita ne apane jivan kal mean hi apana uttaradhikari niyukt kar diya tha aur sianhasan par baithane ke pahale hi usane prashasan tatha yuddh-kaushal mean dakshata prapt kar li thi. rajaraj ne sabase pahale apana dhyan paandy tatha cher shasakoan tatha unake mitr shrilanka ke shasak ki or diya. usane trivendram ke nikat cher ki nausena ko nasht kiya tatha kuilan par dhava bol diya. usake bad usane maduree tak vijay prapt ki aur paandy shasak ko apana bandi bana liya. usane shrilanka par bhi akraman kiya aur us dvip ke uttari hisse ko apane samrajy ka aang bana liya. ye qadam usane isalie uthaya kyoanki vah dakshin-poorv eshiya ke deshoan se hone vale vyapar ko apani mutthi mean rakhana chahata tha. un dinoan koro mandal tat tatha malabar, bharat tatha dakshin poorv eshiya ke bich hone vale vyapar ke kendr the. rajaraj ne maladiv dvipoan par bhi chadhaee ki. uttar mean rajaraj ne gang pradesh ke uttar-pashchimi hissoan ko bhi apane adhikar mean le liya tatha veangi ko bhi vijit kar liya.

rajeandr pratham ka kal

rajendr pratham ne raj ke vistar ki niti ko apanaya aur paandy cher deshoan par vijay prapt kar unhean apane samrajy mean mila liya. usane shrilanka par bhi poorn vijay prapt ki aur ek yuddh mean shrilanka ke raja aur rani ke mukutoan aur raj chihnoan ko apane adhikar mean le liya. agale pachas varshoan tak shrilanka chol shasakoan ke niyantran se mukt n ho saka. rajaraj tatha shailendr pratham ne vibhinn jagahoan par shiv tatha vishnu ke mandiroan ka nirman kar apane vijay ke praman die. inamean se sabase prasiddh tanjavur ka rajarajeshvar mandir hai jisaka nirman kary 1010 ee0 mean poora hua. chol shasakoan ne in mandiroan ki divaroan par apani vijay ke b de-b de abhilekh khudavae. inhian se hamean chol shasakoan aur unake poorvajoan ke bare mean bahut kuchh pata lagata hai. rajendr pratham ka ek pramukh abhiyan vah tha jisamean vah kaliang hota hua bangal pahuancha jahaan usaki sena ne do nareshoan ko parajit kiya. is abhiyan ka netritv 1022 ee0 mean ek chol senadhyaksh ne kiya aur usane vahi marg apanaya jo mahan vijeta samudragupt ne apanaya tha. is abhiyan ki saphalata ki prashasti mean rajendr pratham ne 'gangee kauandachol' (arthat ganga ka chol vijeta) ki padavi grahan ki. usane kaveri ke tat par ek nayi rajadhani 'gangaeekoand cholapuramh' (ganga ke chol vijeta ka shahar) ka nirman kiya. rajendr pratham ka ek aur mukhy abhiyan shailendr samrajy ke viruddh nau sainik abhiyan tha. shailendr samrajy ka athavian shatabdi mean uday hua tha aur malaya prayadvip, sumatra, java tatha usake nikat ke dvipoan par isaka adhikar tha. chin ke sath s dak ke raste hone vale vyapar par bhi isaka niyantran tha. shailendr vansh ke shasak bauddh the, choloan ke sath inake b de achchhe sambandh the. shailendr shasak ne nagapattam mean ek bauddh math ka nirman kiya tha aur usake anurodh par rajendr pratham ne math ke kharch ke lie ek gram ka anudan diya tha. in donoan ke bich sambandh tootane ka karan yah tha ki chol shasak bharatiy vyapar mean p dane vali badhaoan ko hatana chahate the. is abhiyan se unhean kadaram ya kedar tatha malaya pray:dvip aur sumatra mean kee sthanoan par vijay mili. kuchh samay tak is kshetr mean choloan ki nausena sabase adhik shaktishali thi tatha bangal ki kha di choloan ki jhil ke saman ho gee thi.

chol shasakoan ne apane kee doot chin bhi bheje. sattar vyapariyoan ka ek mandal 1077 ee0 mean chol dootoan ke roop mean chin gaya aur vahaan use 81,800 kaansy mudraoan ki mala mili arthat yah sankhya utani hi thi jitani un vyapariyoan ki vastuean thian jisamean kapoor, kadhaee kie kap de, hathidaant, gaiandoan ke siang tatha shishe ka saman tha.

chol samratoan ne rashtrakootoan ke uttaradhikari chalukyoan se barabar sangharsh kiya. inhean uttarakalin chaluky kaha jata hai aur inaki rajadhani 'kalyani' mean thi. chol aur chalukyoan mean veangi (rayalasima), tuangabhadr aur karnatak ke uttar-pashchim mean gangoan ke kshetr par prabhutv ke lie sangharsh hua. is sangharsh mean kisi bhi paksh ki nishchit roop se vijay nahian huee aur donoan paksh antatah kamazor p d ge. aisa lagata hai ki is yug mean yuddh ki bhayankarata badhati gee. chol shasakoan ne chalukyoan ke shaharoan ko, jinamean kalyani shamil tha, tahas-nahas kar dala aur janata ka, jisamean brahman aur bachche shamil the, qatleam kiya. yahi niti unhoanne pady rajaoan ke sath apanaee. unhoanne shrilanka ki prachin rajadhani anuradhapur ko bhi dharashayi kar diya aur vahaan ke raja aur rani ke sath b di kathorata ka vyavahar kiya. ye kary chol samrajy ke itihas par kalank haian. lekin isake bavajood chol kisi bhi desh par vijay prapt kar lete the to usamean thos shasan vyavastha qayam karate the. chol-prashasan ki ek pramukh bat yah thi ki ve apane sare samrajy ke gramoan mean svashasan ko protsahit karate the.

chol barahavian shatabdi tak samriddhashali bane rahe lekin terahavian shatabdi ke arambh mean unaka patan shuroo ho gaya. barahavian shatabdi tak maharashtr mean uttar kalin chalukyoan ki shakti bhi kshin p d gee thi. chol samrajy ki jagah ab dakshin mean paandy tatha hoyasal samratoan tatha uttarakalin chol samratoan ki jagah yadav aur kakatiy samratoan ne le li thi. in rajyoan ne bhi kala tatha sthapaty ko badhava diya. durbhagyavash unhoanne apas mean sangharsh kar svayan ko kamazor bana liya. inhoanne ek doosare ke nagaroan ka vidhvans kiya aur yahaan tak ki mandiroan ko bhi nahian chho da. antatah chaudahavian shatabdi ke arambh mean dilli ke sultanoan ne inako j d se ukha d diya.

chol prashasan

chol prashasan mean sabase adhik mahatvapoorn vyakti raja tha. yadyapi usake hathoan mean sari shakti kendrit thi tathapi vibhinn mamaloan mean use salah dene ke lie ek mantrimandal bhi tha. prashasan ke vibhinn pahaluoan ki jaanch ke lie raja bahut bar dauroan par jata tha. choloan ke pas ek bahut b di sena thi jisake tin aang the -

1. hathi sena,
2. ashv sena tatha
3. paidal sena.

paidal sena adhikatar mamaloan mean lais rahati thi. adhikatar raja aangarakshakoan ko rakhate the jo jan ki bazi lagakar bhi unaki raksha karane ke lie vachanavaddh the. terahavian shatabdi mean keral ae venis yatri markopolo ne kaha hai ki kisi samrat ki mrityu hone par usaki chita ke sath usake aangarakshak bhi jalakar apani jan de dete the. par is kathan mean atishyokti bhi ho sakati hai. choloan ke pas shaktishali nausena bhi thi jisaka malabar tatha koromandal tat par adhikar tha. kuchh samay tak to yah nausena poori bangal ki kha di par chhayi huee thi.

chol samrajy mandalam arthat prantoan mean vibhakt tha aur ye phir 'valanadu' aur 'nadu' mean bante the. kee bar rajakumaroan ko in prantoan ka shasak niyukt kiya jata tha. adhikariyoan ko samanyatah vetan ke roop mean kar vali bhoomi di jati thi. chol shasakoan ne apane samrajy mean s dakoan ka jal sa bichha diya tha jisase vanijy tatha sena ke avagaman mean b di suvidha hoti thi. chol samrajy mean vanijy aur vyapar bahut unnatishil tha aur kee b de vyapar sangh the jo java aur sumatra ke sath vyapar karate the.

choloan ne sianchaee vyavastha par bhi bahut dhyan diya. is uddeshy ke lie kaveri tatha any nadiyoan ka istemal kiya jata tha. choloan ne sianchaee ke lie kee talab bhi khudavae. kuchh chol shasakoan ne lagan ki dar nishchit karane ke lie poori bhoomi ka vyapak sarvekshan karavaya. lekin yah nahian pata chal saka hai ki lagan ki dar kya thi. aisa anuman hai ki rajaraj pratham ke samay lagan kul utpadan ka ek tihaee hota tha.

bhoomi kar ke alava chol samrat apani ay vanijy-kar tatha p dos ke kshetroan mean loot-mar kar bhi badhate the. is prakar chol shasakoan ke pas b di sampatti thi aur isaka upayog unhoanne kee nagaroan ki sthapana aur bhavan tatha smarakoan ke nirman ke lie kiya.

gram prashasan

hamean in gramoan ke prashasan ke bare mean chol shasakoan ke abhilekhoan se aur vistrit janakari milati hai. hamean do samitiyoan ke bare mean pata chalata hai jinhean 'oor' tatha 'sabha' ya 'mahasabha' kahate the. oor gram ki samany samitiyaan thian par ham mahasabha ke kam ke bare mean aur adhik janane mean saphal ho sake haian. yah brahmanoan ke gaanvoan ke b de-bujurgoan ki sabha thi aur isake sadasyoan ko 'agrahar' kaha jata tha. in gaanvoan ki adhikatar bhoomi kar - mukt thi aur inamean adhikatar brahman rahate the. ye gram bahut had tak svashasi the. gram ki dekhabhal ke lie ek 'prabandh samiti' hoti thi. jisake lie gaanv ke shikshit bhoo-svamiyoan mean se sadasyoan ka chunav parche utha kar athava kram se hota tha. har sadasy ka karyakal tin varsh ka tha. lagan nirdharit karane aur vasoolane tatha shanti aur vyavastha qayam karane aur nyay karane ke lie any samitiyaan thian. ek mahatvapoorn samiti khetoan ko vyavasthit dhang se pani dilane ki dekhabhal karati thi. mahasabha ko gaanv ke lie nee bhoomi hasil karane, gaanv ke lie rrin prapt karane tatha kar vasool karane ka bhi adhikar tha.

chol gramoan mean svashasan vyavastha vastav mean b di achchhi vyavastha thi. kuchh had tak yah vyavastha any gaanvoan mean bhi thi lekin samantavad ke vikas se in gaanvoan ke svashasan adhikar bad mean simit ho ge.

saanskritik jivan

chol samrajy ke vistar aur usake vaibhav se usake shasakoan ke lie tanjavur, gangaeekoandacholapuramh, kaanchi jaise b de nagaroan ka nirman sambhav ho saka. shasakoan ne apane lie b de-b de mahal, jo baganoan se susajjit the, banavae. chol shasakoan ne paanch aur sat manzili imaratean banavayian aur unake saradaroan ke pas tin se paanch manzile mahal the. durbhagyavash us kal ki ek bhi imarat aisi nahian bachi hai. choloan ki rajadhani gangaeekoandacholapuramh ab tanjavur ke nikat ek chhota sa gaanv matr hai. lekin is yug ke sahity se hamean chol shasakoan aur unake mantriyoan tatha b de vyapariyoan ke vishal mahaloan aur unake vaibhav ke bare mean pata chalata hai.

mandir sthapaty kala

chol samratoan ke yug mean dakshin bharat mean mandir sthapaty apane shikhar par tha. inake samay mandir sthapaty mean ek nayi shaili ka vikas hua. is shaili ko 'dravi d' kahate haian. kyoanki yah adhikaansh dakshin bharat mean simit thi. isaki pramukh visheshata yah thi ki garbhagrih, arthat pratima kaksh ke oopar ek ke bad ek kar paanch se sat manziloan tak ka nirman hota tha. har manzil ek vishesh shaili mean nirmit hoti thi jise 'viman' kahate the. pratima kaksh ke samane khamboan vala aur sapat chhat ka ek vishal haul tha jise 'mandap' ke nam se jana jata tha. isake khamboan par barik khudaee hoti thi. mandap mean vishesh avasaroan par sabhaean hoti thian aur 'devadasiyoan' ka nrity hota tha. devadasiyaan aisi striyoan ko kahate the jinhean devoan ki seva ke lie arpit kar diya jata tha. kabhi-kabhi pratima kaksh ke charoan or ek galiyara hota tha. taki bhakt log pratima ki parikrama kar sakean. is galiyare mean bhi kee devi-devataoan ki moortiyaan hoti thian. mandap tatha pratima kaksh ek ooanchi divaroan vale bahut b de praangan se ghira rahata tha jisamean pravesh ke lie b de-b de daravaze the jo 'gopuramh' ke nam se jane jate the. samay ke sath vimanoan ko aur ooancha karane ka rivaz badhata gaya, praanganoan ki sankhya do ya tin tak badha di gee tatha gopuramh aur adhik bhavy hote ge. is prakar mandiroan ne chhote-mote mahal athava shaharoan ka roop dharan kar liya. jisamean pujari tatha mandir se sambandhit any log rahate the. mandiroan ko kharche ke lie kar-mukt bhoomi ka anudan diya jata tha. isake alava dhani vyapari bhi inhean dan dete the. kuchh mandiroan ke pas to itani sampatti ho gee ki ve bhi vyapar aur rrin dene ka kam karane lage.

dravi d shaili ke arambh ke kal ke mandir sthapaty ka udaharan hamean kaanchipuramh mean kailashanath mandir mean milata hai. isaka utkrisht udaharan hamean tanjavur mean rajaraj pratham dvara nirmit 'brihadishvar mandir' mean milata hai. ise rajaraj mandir kah kar pukara jata hai. kyoanki chol samrat mandiroan mean devi-devataoan ki pratimaoan ke alava apani tatha raniyoan ki moortiyaan bhi pratishthapit karate the. gangaeekoandacholapuramh ke mandir mean bhi, yadyapi yah tooti-phooti sthiti mean hai, hamean chol samratoan ke kal ke mandir sthapaty shaili ka achchha udaharan dekhane ko milata hai. dakshin bharat ke any jagahoan mean bhi b di sankhya mean mandiroan ka nirman karaya gaya. lekin chol samratoan ne aise karyoan ko p dosi rajyoan ki janata ko lootakar kiya.

choloan ke patan ke bad chalukyoan aur hoyasaloan ne mandir nirman ka kam jari rakha. dharavar zile tatha hoyasaloan ki rajadhani 'helebid' mean kee mandir haian. inamean sabase bhavy 'hoyasaleshvar mandir' hai. chaluky shaili ka yah sabase achchha udaharan hai. mandir mean devi-devataoan aur unake paricharakoan, yaksh aur yakshini ki moortiyoan ke alava aise chitrapatt haian jin par jivan ke vibhinn pahaluoan, jaise nrity, sangit, yuddh aur pranay ke drishy tarashe hue haian. isase yah pramanit hota hai ki jivan aur dharm mean bahut gahara sambandh tha. am adami ke lie mandir matr pooja ka sthan nahian balki samajik aur saanskritik jivan ka bhi kendr tha.

is yug mean dakshin bharat mean vastu kala bhi b di vikasit thi. isaka ek udaharan hamean shravan belagola mean 'gomateshvar' ki vishal pratima mean milata hai. is yug mean pratima gadhane ki kala bhi apane shikhar par thi jaisa ki ham nrity ki mudra mean shiv, nataraj, ki pratima mean dekhate haian. is kal ki nataraj ki pratimaean, visheshakar jo kaansy mean gadhi gee haian, is kala ki utkrisht udaharan haian. ye moortiyaan bharatiy tatha videshi sangrahalayoan ki shobha haian.

kala aur sahity

is yug mean vibhinn vanshoan ke rajaoan ne kala aur sahity ko sanrakshan pradan kiya. sanskrit ko uchch sanskriti ki bhasha mana jata tha aur kee vidvanoan aur nareshoan ne is bhasha mean rachanaean kian. lekin isake alava is yug ki yah visheshata thi ki vibhinn kshetriy bhashaoan aur unake sahity ka bhi bahut vikas hua. chhathi aur nauvian shatabdi ke bich tamil kshetr mean shiv aur vishnu ke kee bhakt kavi hue. jo 'nayanar' aur 'alavar' ke nam se jane jate the aur jinhoanne tamil tatha any kshetriy bhashaoan mean rachanaean kian. barahavian shatabdi ke arambh mean in sant kaviyoan ki rachanaoan ka gyarah khandoan mean sangrah kiya gaya. yah sangrah jise 'tirumuraee' kahate haian, pavitr, aur yahaan tak ki pancham ved ke roop mean mana jata hai.

gyarahavian shatabdi ke uttararddh tatha barahavian shatabdi ke arambh ko, jise kamban kal mana jata hai, tamil sahity ka 'svarn yug' samajha jata hai. kamban rachit ramayan tamil sahity ka gaurav granth hai. aisa mana jata hai ki kamban kisi chol naresh ke darabar mean rahate the. any darabari kaviyoan, visheshakar 'auttakuttun' tatha 'pugaleandi' ke sath unaki pratidvandvita ki anek kahaniyaan prachalit haian. 'nal-damayanti' ki pranay katha par adharit pugaleandi krit tamil rachana 'nal veanba' tamil kavy sahity mean sarasata aur madhurata ke lie vishisht sthan rakhati hai. kee any tamil sahityakaroan ne ramayan aur mahabharat ki kahaniyoan ko apana vishay banakar in mahakavyoan ko lokapriy banaya.

yadyapi kann d bhasha ka vikas tamil ke bad hua tathapi vah bhi is yug mean sahityik bhasha ke roop mean samane aee. rashtrakoot, chaluky tatha hoyasal samratoan ne telugu ke sath-sath kann d ko bhi protsahit kiya. rashtrakoot naresh amoghavarsh ne kann d mean kavy shastr par ek pustak bhi likhi. kee jain vidvanoan ne bhi kann d ke vikas mean yogadan diya. panpa, paunna aur ranna kann d kavy ke ratn mane jate haian. yadyapi ve jain dharm ko manane vale the phir bhi unhoanne ramayan aur mahabharat ke vishayoan par rachanaean kian. nannaiya ne, jo chaluky darabar mean rahata tha, mahabharat ka telugu anuvad arambh kiya. usake dvara shuroo kie ge kary ko terahavian shatabdi mean tikkana ne poora kiya. tamil ramayan ki tarah telugu ka mahabharat bhi ek gaurav granth mana jata hai. jisase bad ke kee sahityakar prabhavit hue. in bhashaoan ke sahity mean kee lokapriy vishayoan par bhi rachanaean milati haian. aise vishay jo sanskrit se nahian lie ge haian lekin lok bhashaoan ko darshate haian, unhean telugu mean 'desi' kaha jata hai.

is prakar athavian shatabdi se barahavian shatabdi ka kal dakshin bharat ke lie n keval rajanitik ekikaran ka, balki adbhut saanskritik vikas ka bhi yug tha. is kal mean vanijy aur vyapar mean bhi vriddhi huee. kul milakar dakshin bharat ka yah gaurav yug mana ja sakata hai.

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