दर्शन शास्त्र

darshan parichay / Indian Philosophy

adhyatm ka mooladhar darshan hai. bharat mean dharm aur darshan paraspar aise rache-base haian ki unhean alag nahian kiya ja sakata. donoan ki paranpara saman gati se nirantar pravahaman drashtavy hai. bharat chirakal se ek darshan pradhan desh raha he. bhautik jagat ka mithyatv tatha nirakar brahm ka saty evan sarvavyapakata yahaan sadaiv vichar ka vishay bane rahe haian. bharatiy darshanik vicharadhara ko samay ki drishti se char kaloan mean vibhajit kar sakate haian:

1. vaidik kal mean ved se upanishad tak racha sahity samahit hai.
2. mahabharat kal- charvak aur gita ka yug.
3. bauddh kal- jain tatha bauddh dharm ka yug.
4. uttar bauddh kal- nyay, vaisheshik, saankhy, yog, poorv tatha uttar mimaansa ka yug.

vaidik kal mean aryoan ki chiantadhara ullas tatha aishvary bhogane ki kamana se yukt thi. brahman granthoan mean vaidik rrichaoan aur mantroan ke arth ke sath-sath tatkalin puran aur itihas ke sandarbh bhi milate haian. unake madhyam se karm ki mahatta badhane lagi. unaki sabase b di visheshata ved aur vedottar sahity ki madhyavarti k di hone mean hai. dhire-dhire aryoan ki vicharadhara aantarmukhi hone lagi. at: upanishadoan ki rachana huee. aupanishadik sahity mean anek kathaean darshanik tathyaankan karati hai.

• pippalad ki katha brahm jiv, jagat par prakash dalati hai.
• nachiketa bhautik sukhoan ki ni:sarata par.
• sukesha ke madhyam se solah kalaoan se yukt purush ka aankan hai to
• varun aur bhrigu ka vartalap brahm ke svaroop ko spasht karata hai.
• chhaandogyopanishad mean aankit brihaspati ki katha indriyoan ki nashvarata ko ujagar karati he. aisi anek kathaean upalabdh haian.

vaidik kal

vaidik rrishiyoan ne ekaant aranyoan (vanoan) mean rahakar jin granthoan ki rachana ki, ve aranyak kahalaye. in granthoan mean tap ko jnan marg ka adhar manakar tap par hi bal diya gaya tha. sootr granthoan ki rachana ke sath karmakaand ki mahatta badhane lagi. bharatiy yajn paddhati ka samyak vivechan shraut sootroan mean milata hai, manav jivan ke solah sanskaroan ka vivechan smriti sootroan mean upalabdh hai. smritiyoan ka pariganan bhi vaidik sahity mean hi hota hai. in granthoan mean vaidik sanskriti ka svaroop aankit kiya gaya hai. yadyapi manusmriti tatha yajnavalky smriti hi sarvadhik charcha ka vishay banian kiantu smritiyoan ki sankhya puranoan ki bhaanti bahut adhik hai. smriti granth lok jivan ke achar-vichar, dharmashastr, ashram, varn, rajy aur samaj adi parak anushasan ka aankan prastut karate haian. kul milakar is samast vaidik sahity mean nirgun param satta ki vidyamanata many thi. usi param satta ki daiviy shakti prakriti ke vibhinn tattvoan mean samahit mani jati thi. varun, soory, agni bhautik tattv pradan karane vale devataoan ke roop mean poojy the. indr un devataoan ke niyanta the. tab log mandiroan ki sthapana nahian karate the kyoanki prakriti ke aansh-aansh mean usaki abhivyakti ka anubhav karate the. unake achar-vichar mean karm, jnan, upasana ki svikriti thi. tatkalin sanskriti mean yajn ki pradhanata thi.

mahabharat kal

mahabharat yug tak vaicharik virodh badh chuka tha. us sangharshamay samaj mean ek or jnan par bal diya ja raha tha doosari or karm par. aisi visham k diyoan mean ek or charvak ne jnan aur karm ki nirarthakata par prakash dalakar jivan ke bhautik sukh ko ujagar karane ka kary kiya, to doosari or saankhy darshan ke aankur bhi tatkalin sanskriti mean ubharate dikhalayi p de. bhagavadgita ne samajik vishamataoan ko door kar samanata lane ka kary kiya. gita ne naitik drishtikon ko sarvasulabh banaya. isake madhyam se prabuddh manav samaj se itar janasadharan mean charvakajany pravritti tatha upanishadajany nivritti tatha upanishadajany nivritti ka samanvit roop aankit hua. gita ke upadesh ne phalakaankshavihin karm mean lage rahane ki or pravritt kiya. isake anusar samast karm eeshvar ke prati arpit hone chahie. at: uttar vaidik kal mean sarveshvaravad ka prachar hua, atma-paramatma ke aansh-aanshi sanbandh ka vivechan hua. yajnoan ki anek roopata ka prasar hua. grih yajn, panchamahayajn, solah sanskar sanbandhi yajnoan ki sanpannata bhinn-bhinn mantroan se hoti thi; at: yajn vishayak jnan purohitoan tak simit hota gaya. uttarottar karmavad ki mahatth badhati gayi. jnan tatha upasana ki apeksha karmakaand adhik mahattvapoorn ho gaya. yajnoan mean anek prakar ke jivoan ki ahutiyaan di jane lagian.

• is prakar ka raktapat janasadharan ki utpi da ka karan ban baitha. un vishay gh diyoan mean nastik darshanoan ne janm liya. nastik ka abhipray vedoan mean vishvas n hone se tha. charvak, jain tatha bauddh darshanavadi karmakaand ki atishayata ko vaidik paranpara manakar usase door hat rahe the. unhoanne manav-samaj ko lekar jivan ki vyavaharik paksh ki or le jane ka prayas kiya. charvak darshan mean sukhapoorvak jivanayapan karane par bal diya gaya tha.:

yavajjiveth sukhan jiveth rrinan kritva ghritanpiveth.
bhasmi bhootasy dehasy punaragamanan kut:..

• janata janardan ke lie is prakar ke kathan itane suandar the ki yah darshan charvak (charu+vakh =charvak) kahalaya. yah bhautikavadi, pratyakshavadi, nirishvaravadi, yadrichchhavadi, svabhavavadi tatha sukhavadi darshan hai. yah paanch tattvoan mean se akash ko svikar nahian karata, keval pratyaksh par vishvas karata hai. jivan ka lakshy adhikadhik bhautik sukh prapt karana hai.

baudhd kal

mahabharat yuddh ke uparaant samaj kuchh aisi vicharadhara mean phans gaya tha ki manavamatr svayametar kisi par vishvas nahian karana chahata tha. jain tatha bauddh mat ne manav samaj ke atmavishvas ko pusht kar unhean vyavaharik jivan sucharu roop se jine ke lie prerit kiya.

jain darshan

jain darshan mean saty-ahiansa par vishesh bal diya gaya. yah nirishvaravadi darshan hai. isamean srishti ko anadi tatha chhah tattvoan se – jiv, pudgal (sharir), dharmadravy, adharmadravy, akash (anat) tatha kal (mrityu) se bana hua mana hai. sadhana ke sat sopan haian:

1. jiv (atma),
2. ajiv (sharir),
3. prasrav,
4. bandh,
5. sanvar,
6. nirjara tatha
7. saptamh sopan kaivaly (moksh) hai.

bauddh darshan

bauddh darshan ke pratishthapak mahatma buddh (siddharth) the. mahatma buddh ne rajasi vaibhav ki nissarata ka anubhav kiya tatha bodhisattv prapt karake unhoanne nirishvaravad ki sthapana ki. bauddh darshan ke anusar char aryasaty haian:

1. sarvandu:khamh,
2. du:kh samuday,
3. du:kh nirodh,
4. du:kh nirodhagamini pratipad. n saansarik bhog mean lipt rahana uchit hai aur n sharir ko vyarth ka kasht dena. ashtaangik marg se ichchhaoan aur trishnaoan par vijay prapt ki ja sakati haian yah darshan kshanikavadi hai. is darshan mean atma ke sthayitv ki bhi asvikriti hai, vah nirantar parivartanashil mani gayi hai. bauddh darshan mean mukhy roop se satkarm par bal diya gaya hai, vahi nirvan tak pahuancha sakata hai.

---

prachin paranparaoan ka palan karane vale, ved mean astha rakhane vale log charvak, jain aur bauddh mat ki nastik gatividhi se vishesh ahat hue. unhoanne astik darshanik vicharadhara ko tark ki kasauti par kasakar jivan ke nikat lane ka prayas kiya. is prakar samaj ka ek varg nastik darshanoan mean vishvas kar raha tha to doosara varg astik darshanoan mean astha rakhata tha. is varg ke darshanik atma-paramatma ke guhy rahasyoan ko vibhinn ayamoan se dekhakar apani alag-alag darshan paddhatiyoan ka parichay de rahe the. astik darshanoan ki sankhya chhah thi, at: ve shaddarshan nam se abhihit haian:

• nyay darshan ke praneta gautam muni the. yah mat tark tatha jnan par bal deta hai. isake anusar brahm sarvashaktisanpann, sarvajn tatha saty hai. atma bhi saty, ajar tatha amar hai. tark char pramanoan (anuman, upaman, pratyaksh tatha apt shabd) par adharit rahata hai. is darshan ne tark-pranali ko vikasit kiya.
• vaisheshik darshan ke udbhavak kanad muni the. unhoanne drishy jagat ki vyakhya, use vibhinn shreniyoan mean vibhakt karake ki hai, at: is darshan ke anusar vishv ka saty-dravy, gun, karm, samany, vishesh tatha samavay hai. vaisheshik ne paramanuvad par phir se drishti dali.
• saankhy darshan ke praneta kapil muni the. unhoanne j d jangam jagat ki prahelika sulajhate hue purush ke sath chaubis prakritik tattvoan ka akhyan kiya. isi se yah saankhy darshan nam se abhihit hua. kapil muni ke anusar jab tak prakriti ki sattv raj tam mean samyavastha hai, utpatti nahian hoti. vishamavastha mean utpatti hoti hai, pun: samy hone par pralay mean sab kuchh samahit ho jata hai. purush ajanma, sarvashaktisanpann, amar aur alipt hai. vah keval prakriti ki samyavastha ko bhang karata hai. chaubis tattvoan ki ganana is prakar ki hai:

prakriti (sath, raj, tamh se yukt) 1+buddhi 1+ahankar 1. (sath, raj, tam ke udvelan se kuchh aantarik parinam utpann hote haian tatha kuchh bahy): aantarik parinam = man (1) + jnaneandriyaan (5)+ karmeanndriyaan (5)bahy parinam= tanmatra (5)+ panchabhoot (5) phalat: srishti ka udbhav hota hai. kapil muni ne saankhy darshan mean matr siddhaantoan ka vivechan kiya hai.

• yog darshan ke udbhavak patanjali ne saankhy darshan ke siddhaantoan ko karm se jo dakar prastut kiya. unhoanne chittavritti nirodh par bal diya. usako do shreniyoan mean baanta-

1. shariraparak (hathayog),
2. manaparak (rajayog).

hathayog ke aantargat ahiansa, saty, astey, brahmachary, aparigrah, niyam, asan, pranayam pratyahar ka vivechan hai tatha rajayog ke aantargat dharana, dhyan, samadhi ka aankan hai. indriyoan ke lobh sanvaran tatha chittavritti nirodh ke phalasvaroop turiyavastha (samadhi ki avastha) taduparaant jivanamukti (jab tak sharir nahian tyaga) aur aantatogatva dehamukti (sharir tyag kar) ki upalabdhi hoti hai.

poorv mimaansa ya karmakaand

poorv mimaansa ki sthapana karate hue jaimini ne nirishvaravad, bahudevavad tatha karmakaand ka yog prastut kiya. unhoanne nityanaimittik karmoan ke sath-sath nishaddh karmoan par bhi vichar kiya. unhoanne atma ko ajar-amar tatha vedoan ko apaurushey mana. brahy jagat ka akhyan tin ghatakoan ke roop mean kiya-

1. sharir
2. indriyaan tatha
3. vishay. unake anusar abhisht tattv moksh hai. moksh ka abhipray atmajnan se hai.

uttar mimaansa ya vedaant darshan

vedaant darshan ko uttaramimaansa bhi kaha jata hai. isake pratishthapak badarayan vyas the. unhoanne vedtrayi (rrikh, yajh tatha sam) ko vishesh mahattv diya. us yug tak atharvaved ki rachana nahian huee thi. is darshan ka mukhyadhar prasthan trayi hai arthat upanishad, brahmasootr tatha bhagavadgita namak granthoan ko mukhy roop se grahan kiya gaya hai. isake anusar brahm jagat ki utpatti ka karan hai. vah keval anubhooti ka vishay hai. atma svat:siddh hai tatha moksh brahm mean lin hone ka athava mukti ka paryay hai. vedaant mean upanishadoan ke tattv jnan ko vishesh roop se grahan kiya gaya hai. vedaant darshan ka nam hi vaidik yug ke aantim charan ka dyotak hai. us yug mean yah darshan sarvadhik prachalit hua kyoanki badarayan vyas ne darshanik vyakhya ke sath-sath samajaparak anek tathyoan ko samane rakha tha; jaise stri-purush samanata, shoodroan ke vishay mean udarata adi. isaka sabase b da yogadan samast vishv mean ekata ka bhav jagane ka prayas hai. upanishadoan mean dvait tatha advait darshan ka suandar vivechan upalabdh hai. badarayan vyas ne ab usake sath bhagavadgita tatha brahmasootr ke tathyoan ko samavisht karake atyant nikhara hua darshanik roop prastut kiya. unhoanne pun: 'tattvamasi', 'ahan brahmasmi' ki sthapana ki. is darshan mean ek dhoomil tattv darshaniy hai, vah yah ki badarayan ne brahm ko parinam aur nity drishti donoan hi roopoan mean aankit kiya hai<balloon title="'janmadyasy yat:' tatha 'atmakrite: parinamath.'-vedaant darshan-sootr 1.1.2 1.4.26" style=color:blue>*</balloon>jo ki paraspar virodhi vicharadharaean haian.<balloon title="uttarotpade ch poorvanirodhamh. asati pratijnoparodho yogapadyamanyatha.-vedaant darshan- sootr 2.2.20.21" style=color:blue>*</balloon>virodhi tattvajany ulajhan ko door karate hue shankarachary ne parinamavad ko vivartavad mean parinat kiya. shankarachary ne advaitavad ki pratishtha ki, jo mayavad bhi kahalaya. unhoanne paramarthik satta ko 'ek' n kahakar 'advait' kaha jisaka aankan 'neti, neti' ke madhyam se hi sanbhav hai.<balloon title="shaankarabhashy 3.2.22" style=color:blue>*</balloon>jagat ki sanpoorn satta ko nakar kar hi brahm ki satta ka anuman lagaya ja sakata hai. shankarachary ne brahm ko 'ekata', 'anekata' se alag 'upadhishoony chetan tattv' mana hai. maya bhi anirvachaniy hai-vah n sat hai, n asat. sat asat se vilakshan hai. usaka parinami upadan karan jagat hai. jaise rajju mean saanp ki athava sipi mean rajat ki pratit hoti hai- usaka parinami upadan karan ajnan hai- vahi maya hai- jo sat asat vilakshan hai. advait brahm ki avasthaean haian- paramarthak avastha mean vah advait brahm hai, saty hai. vyavaharik avastha mean vah jiv, tatha pratibhasit avastha mean svapn kahalata hai. at: jagat evan sansar ka vivartopadan karan brahm hai. maya ki upadhi se brahm hi eeshvar ban jata hai.<balloon title="chhaandogyopanishad bhashy-shankar- 3.14.2" style=color:blue>*</balloon>jaise prithvi se anek vastuoan ka janm hota hai, vaise hi eeshvar se jiv aur vibhinnataean abhavit hoti haian.<balloon title="shaankarabhashy 2.1.23" style=color:blue>*</balloon> is anekata se brahm par koee prabhav nahian p data vah mayavi mayajany tattvoan se aprabhavit rahata hai.<balloon title="vrihadaranyak upanishad bhashy- shankar- 2.4.12" style=color:blue>*</balloon>avidya ki nivritti se moksh ka sakshatkar hota hai. shankarachary ke advaitavad ne samast bharat ko prabhavit kiya. aj bhi bharatiy samaj ka prabuddh varg isase prabhavit hai. shaiv mat ka adhar bhi advaitavad hi tha. lagabhag tin shatabdi bad isake pratirodh mean svar utha. advaitavad ka virodh sahaj kary nahian tha, kiantu bhakti ke prachar ke nimatt vibhinn granthoan ki rachana huee. uttarottar dakshin pradeshiy alavar athava adavar bhaktoan ka mahattv badha- vaishnav bhakti ka udbhav hua. samasamayik vidvanoan ne vibhinn darshanoan ki sthapana ki. unaki vaicharikata ka mooladhar shrimadbhagavat tha. sarvashaktiman, sarvavyapak brahm ko svikar karate hue bhi unhoanne vibhinn konoan se jagat, brahm aur jiv ki vyakhya ki. at: shankarachary ki advaitavadi vicharadhara ke virodh mean mukhy roop se char darshanik sanpradayoan ki sthapana huee:

1. vishishthadvait,
2. dvait,
3. shudvadvait tatha
4. dvaitadvait.

vishishtadvait darshan

vishishtadvait darshan ke pratishthapak ramanujachary the. unaka janm san0 1084 ke as-pas hua tha. unaki vicharadhara shankarachary ke advaitavadi nirgun brahm ke viruddh ek pratikriya thi. unhoanne sagun brahm ke sath-sath jagat aur jiv ki satta ki pratishtha ki. unhoanne sharir ko visheshan tatha atmatattv ko visheshy mana. sharir vishisht hai, jivatma aansh tatha aantaryami paramatma aanshi hai. sansar praranbh hone se poorv sookshm chidh chidh vishisht brahm ki sthiti hoti hai sansar evan jagat ki utpatti ke uparaant sthool chidh chidh vishisht brahm ki sthiti rahati hai. tayo ekan iti brahm apani simaoan ki paridhi se chhoot jana hi moksh hai. muktatmaean eeshvar ki bhaanti ho jati haian- kiantu eeshvar nahian hotian.

dvaitavad

dvaitavad ke praneta madhvachary the. 'ek' se adhik ki svikriti hone ke karan yah 'dvait' tatha 'trait' donoan hi namoan se abhihit hai. is darshan ke anusar prakriti, jiv tatha paramatma tinoan ka astitv many hai. madhvachary ne 'bhav' aur 'abhav' ka aankan karate hue bhram ka mool karan abhav ko mana. is mat mean vibhinn darshanoan mean se anek tattv grihit haian. dvait mean bhed ki dharana ka b da mahattv hai. bhed hi padarth ki visheshata kahalata hai. at: use savisheshabhed kaha gaya. mukti char prakar ki hoti hai: saloky, samipy, saroopy tatha sayujy.

shuddhadvaitavad

shuddhadvaitavad ke pratishthapak vallabhachary the. unake anusar brahm saty hai. maya brahm ki ichchha ka parinam matr hai. ichchha aantarik tattv hai at: use brahm se alag nahian kar sakate. sath hi usake astitv ko nakar bhi nahian sakate. maya ka astitv hai- at: advaitavad amany hai.

dvaitadvaitavad

dvaitadvaitavad ki sthapana karate hue nimbarkachary ne kaha ki jis prakar pe d bhi saty hai tatha shakhaean bhi saty haian, unaka alag astitvaankan drishtibhed ke karan se hota hai- thik usi prakar ki sthiti jagat, jiv aur brahm ki hai. brahm nijanand ka aviram bhokta hone ke karan akshar brah kahalata hai. apane aansh (jiv) aur jagat ke roopoan ka drashta hone ke karan eeshvar kahalata hai. karan brahm ka mukhy kartriroop jiv hai at: vah jiv brahm kahalata hai. chidh aansh ke tirobhav ke karan jiv jagat ko j d dekhata hai, isalie jagat brahm nam se bhi abhihit hai. mukti ka abhipray brahma mean lin hona nahian hai. jiv brahm se alag rahate hue bhi drishyaman jagat ke brahm tattv ko dekhane mean samarth ho jata hai- svaantarik anand ka bhog karata hai.

bharatiy darshanik

bharatiy darshanik paranpara ne chiantanashil manav samaj ko atmachiantan ke prati jagarook rahakar atmik vikas ke lie prerit kiya. samay-samay par chiantadhara ke kon bhale hi badalate hue dikhayi p date haian kiantu yah darshanik vicharadhara astikata, naitikata tatha adhyatm ki adharashila ke roop mean drashtavy hai. bharatiy mithak sahity mean darshan ke vividh roopoan ko akhyanoan ke madhyam se arakshit rakha gaya. kahian-kahian to mithak ke madhyam se hi darshanik vicharoan ka klisht roop sarvasulabh ho paya hai. nachiketa ke madhyam se sansar ki nissarata- muandakopanishad mean pakshi yugal ke madhyam se jiv aur atma, devasur sangram ke madhyam se hridayajany suvrittiyoan evan kuvrittiyoan ka sangharsh sahaj roop mean aankit hai. raja alark ki katha jivan ke prati anasakti par prakash dalati hai. samudraparyant prithvi ke svamitv ki nissarata ko pahachanakar unhoanne dhyan yog se moksh prapt kiya tha. darshanik paranpara ne bharatiy samaj ki chiantadhara par adhyatmik aankush lagaye rakhane ka kary kiya hai.