चतुर्वर्ण की उत्पत्ति
chaturvarn ki utpatti
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| vivaran | shoodr bharatiy samaj vyavastha mean chaturth varn ya jati hai. |
| utpatti | shoodr shabd moolat: videshi hai aur sanbhavat: ek parajit anary jati ka mool nam tha. |
| pauranik sandarbh | vayu puran ka kathan hai ki shok karake dravit hone vale paricharyarat vyakti shoodr haian. bhavishyapuran mean shruti ki druti (avashishtaansh) prapt karane vale shoodr kahalae.[1] |
| vaidik paranpara | atharvaved mean kalyani vak (ved) ka shravan shoodroan ko vihit tha.[2] paranpara hai ki aitarey brahman ka rachayita mahidas itara (shoodr) ka putr tha. kiantu bad mean vedadhyayan ka adhikar shoodroan se le liya gaya. |
| aitihasik sandarbh | shoodr janajati ka ullekh dayodoras, t aaulmi aur hven tsaang bhi karate haian. |
| arthik sthiti | uttar vaidik kal mean shoodr ki sthiti das ki thi athava nahian[3] is vishay mean nishchit nahian kaha ja sakata. vah karmakar aur paricharya karane vala varg tha. |
| madhy kal | kabir, raidas, pipa is kal ke prasiddh shoodr sant haian. asam ke shankaradev dvara pravartit mat, panjab ka sikkh sanpraday aur maharashtr ke barakari sanpraday ne shoodr mahattv dharmik kshetr mean pratishthit kiya. |
| adhunik kal | vebar, bhimarav ambedakar, zimar aur ramasharan sharma kramash: shoodroan ko moolat: bharatavarsh mean prathamagat aryaskandh, kshatriy, brahuee bhashi aur abhir sanbaddh manate haian. |
| sanbandhit lekh | varn vyavastha, brahman, vaishy, kshatriy, charmakar, mina, kumhar, das, bhil, banjara |
| any janakari | pad se utpann hone ke karan padaparicharya shoodroan ka vishisht vyavasay hai. dvijoan ke sath asan, shayan vak aur path mean samata ki ichchha rakhane vala shoodr dandy hai.[4] |
chaturvarn ki utpatti ke bare mean prachinatam anuman rrigved ke purushasookt mean varnit srishti sambandhi purakatha mean paya jata hai. samajha jata hai ki is sanhita ke dasham mandal mean yah vishay bad mean aantarveshit kiya gaya hai. lekin uttar vaidik sahity[5] mean aur gathakavy[6] puran[7] tatha dharmashastr[8] ki anushrutiyoan mean bhi ise kuchh herapher ke sath prastut kiya gaya hai. isamean kaha gaya hai ki brahman ki utpatti adimanav (brahma) ke mukh se, kshatriy ki utpatti unaki bhujaoan se, vaishy ki unaki jaanghoan se aur shoodr ki unake pairoan se huee thi.[9] isase ya to yah spasht hota hai ki shoodr aur any tin varn ek hi vansh ke the aur isake phalasvaroop ve ary samuday ke aang the, athava isake dvara vibhinn jatiyoan ko brahmaniy samaj mean utpatti ki kahani ke dvara milane ka prayas kiya gaya. purushasookt atharvaved ke antim aansh mean hai[10] aur ise kalakram ki drishti se atharvavaidik yug ke ant ka mana ja sakata hai.[11] yah janajatiyoan ke samajik vargoan mean vighatit hone ka saiddhantik auchity prastut karata hai. shram ka vibhajan rrigvaidik kal mean hi kafi vikasit ho chuka tha. kintu, yadyapi ek hi parivar ke vibhinn sadasy kavi, bhishak aur pathak (pisaee karane vale) ka kam karate the, [12] isase koee samajik bhedabhav utpann nahian hota tha. par atharvavaidik kal ke ant mean karyoan ki bhinnata ke adhar par samajik haisiyat mean bhi antar kiya jane laga aur is prakar janajatiyoan tatha kunaboan ka samajik vargoan mean vighatan shuroo hua. maloom hota hai ki shoodr ya dasakarm karane vale kuchh ary chaturth varn ki shreni mean a ge. is arth mean charoan varnoan ki saman utpatti ki katha mean ary shoodroan ke vanshajoan ki sankhya ganga ki nee urvar ghatiyoan mean badhati gee ho. sath hi vaidik kal se lekar age tak vibhinn prakar ke vibhinn varnoan ke aryetar adivasi dhire-dhire b di sankhya mean shoodr varn mean sammilit kiye ge.[13] varnoan ki saman utpatti ke bare mean chali a rahi parampara se yah spasht nahian ho saka ki aryetar janajatiyaan kis prakar brahmaniy samaj mean pravesh pa sakian, lekin yah kalpana upayogi siddh huee. yah vibhinn prakar ke logoan ko milane aur unhean sath le chalane mean sahayak ho saki, aur chooanki shoodroan ko pratham manav ke charan se utpann mana gaya hai, isase brahmanapradhan samaj mean unaki gulamoan jaisi sthiti ko nyayasiddh mana aur bataya ja saka.
shoodroan ka sarvapratham ullekh
tin uchch varnoan ki seva karane vale samajik varg ke roop mean shoodroan ka sarvapratham ullekh kab kiya gaya hai? rrigvaidik kalin samaj mean kuchh das-dasiyaan hoti thian, jo ghareloo naukar ke roop mean kam karati thian, par unaki sankhya itani nahian thi ki unako milakar shoodroan ka das varn ban pata. samaj ke varg ke roop mean shoodroan ka pratham aur ekamatr ullekh rrigved ke purushasookt mean aya hai, jisaki punaravritti atharvaved ke unnisavean bhag mean huee hai.[14] isi bhag ke do any parichchhedoan mean bhi char varnoan ka sanket kiya gaya hai. isamean se ek parichchhed mean darbh (ghas) se prarthana ki gee hai ki vah prarthi ko brahman, kshatriy, shoodr aur ary ka priyapatr banae.[15] yahaan ary shabd ka prayog pray: vaishy ke lie kiya gaya hai. doosare parichchhed mean devoan aur rajaoan ke sath-sath shoodr tatha ary donoan ke hi priyapatr banane ki ichchha vyakt ki gee hai.[16] maloom hota hai ki yahaan dev brahman ke lie aur ary vaishy ke lie prayukt hua hai.[17] hamean smaran rakhana hai ki ye sabhi parichchhed unnisavean bhag mean ae haian, jo bisavean bhag ko milakar atharvaved ke mukhy sankalan ka parishisht hai.[18] isake poorv ke ek parichchhed mean brahman, rajany ya shoodr dvara kiye ge jadoo-tone (ya unake dvara banaye ge tabij) ka ullekh hai aur ek mantr mean bataya gaya hai ki prayog karane vale ko bhi jadoo ka jhataka lag sakata hai.[19] yah parichchhed atharvaved ke dvitiy khand (bhag ath-barah) mean hai, jisake sambandh mean vhitane ki ray hai ki isaki rachana spashtat: purohitoan ne ki hogi.[20] isase yah sanket milata hai ki varn vyavastha ka vikas purohitoan ke prabhav mean hua. hamare kam ka keval ek prasang aisa hai, jise vhitane ke anusar atharvaved ke arambhik kal ka kaha ja sakata hai. isamean brahman, rajany aur vaishy ka ullekh to hua hai, [21] kintu shoodr ko chho d diya gaya hai. isase spasht hai ki atharvaved kal ke ant mean hi shoodroan ko samaj ke ek varg ke roop mean chitrit kiya gaya hai. isi avadhi mean unaki utpatti ke sambandh mean purushasookt mean ullikhit ukti ka samavesh rrigved ke dasham mandal mean kiya gaya hoga.
- chaturth varn shoodr kyoan
log janana chaheange ki chaturth varn shoodr kyoan kahalane laga. maloom hota hai ki jis prakar samany yooropiy shabd ‘slev’ aur sanskrit shabd ‘das’ vijit janoan ke nam par bane the, usi prakar shoodr shabd ukt namadhari parajit janajati ke nam par bana tha. eesa poorv chauthi shatabdi mean shoodr nam ki janajati thi, kyoanki diyodoras ne likha hai ki sikandar ne adhunik siandh ke kuchh ilakoan mean rahane vali sodree namak janajati par chadhaee ki thi.[22] grik lekhakoan ne jin jatiyoan ka ullekh kiya hai, unaka astitv atiprachin kal mean bhi dekha ja sakata hai. udaharanarth, eriyan dvara charchit abastanoee (jise diyodoras ne sanbastee kaha hai) ko aitarey brahman ke aanbashthoan ka samaroop mana gaya hai.[23] is brahman mean ek aanbashth raja ki charcha hai.[24] yahi bat shoodr jati par bhi lagoo hoti hai aur is tarah lagabhag ee.poo. 10vian shatabdi ki shoodr jati aur chauthi shatabdi ki shoodr janajati mean samy dekha ja sakata hai. atharvaved ke arambhik bhag mean shoodroan ke tin ullekhoan ki is drishti se vivechana ki ja sakati hai. vhitane ka kathan hai ki ye atharvaved ke pratham khand (bhag1-7) mean ate haian, jo param lokamoolak haian aur sabhi prakar se us sanhita ka atyant abhilakshanik aansh hai.[25] inamean se do sandarbhoan mean pujari chahata hai ki har kisi ko, chahe vah ary ho ya shoodr, j di-booti ki sahayata se parakhe taki jadoogar ka pata chal jae.[26] is sambandh mean brahman ya rajany ka koee ullekh nahian hua hai. ab prashn yah hai ki yahaan ary aur shoodr do samajik vargoan (varnoan) ke pratik haian, ya do janajatiyoan ke. inamean se uttaravarti kalpana yuktiyukt lagati hai. pahale ary aur das ya dasyu ke bich jo virodh rahata tha, vah ab badalakar ary aur shoodr ke bich ka ho gaya. yah vishesh roop se dhyan dene yogy hai ki ye nirdesh samajik vibhed ya ashaktataoan ka aisa abhav nahian dete, jo varn ki kalpana mean aantarnihit haian. unaki tulana usi sanhita ke ek any parichchhed se ki ja sakati hai, jisamean ary aur das ki charcha hai aur jisamean purohit ya varun ne yah dava kiya hai ki usane jis marg ka anusaran kiya hai, use koee das ya ary vinasht nahian kar sakata.[27]
rrigved mean isi tarah ki any rrichaean bhi aee haian, jinamean purohit chahata hai ki vah apane dushman aryoan aur dasoan ya dasyuoan ko parast kare. vaidik granthoan mean ae hue samajik sambandhoan ke pratyaksh nirdeshoan ka sahi arth lagane mean brahman tikakar isalie saphal nahian ho sake ki unaka dhyan sada bad mean hone vali ghatanaoan ki or laga rahata tha. rrigved mean ary aur das shabdoan ka arth jis roop mean kiya gaya hai, vah is ashay ka udaharan kaha ja sakata hai. sayan ary ko pratham tin varnoan ka aur das ko shoodr varn ka manate haian.[28] spasht hai ki sayan ne yah tika bad mean samaj ke char varnoan mean vibhakt hone ke adhar ki, jinaka auchity vah siddh karana chahate haian. isi prakar yahaan jis atharvavaidik prasang ka vivechan kiya ja raha hai, usamean sayan ne ary ki vyakhya tin varnoan ke sadasy ke roop mean ki hai,[29] jisase sahaj hi shoodr chauthe varn ke pratinidhi ho jate haian. kintu dharmashastroan mean ary aur shoodr ke prati jo drishti apanaee gee hai, usake adhar par pahale ke granthoan ka sahi arth lagana bahut kathin ho jata hai.
atharvaved ke arambhik bhag mean shoodr ko janajati mana gaya hai. is ashay ka nishkarsh isamean upalabdh tisare prasang se bhi nikala ja sakata hai, jisamean ‘takmanh’ jvar se kaha gaya hai ki vah mujavantoan, balhikoan aur mahavrishoan ke sath-sath kulata shoodr mahilaoan ko bhi grasit kare.[30] maloom hai ki ye sabhi jan uttarapoorv bharat ke nivasi the,[31] jahaan shoodr janajati abhiroan ke sath rahati thi,[32] jaisa ki mahabharat mean bataya gaya hai. ek any rricha mean bhi is ichchha ki punaravritti ki gee hai ki jvar videshiyoan ko grasit kare.[33] isase abhas milata hai ki shoodr mahilaoan ka ullekh jis sandarbh mean hua hai vah atharvavedakalin aryoan ke us bair-bhav ka dyotak hai jo unake man mean bharat ke uttar-pashchim bhag ke vijatiy nivasiyoan ke prati rahata tha. at: yahaan sambhavat: shoodr shabd ka arth hai shoodr jati ki mahila. paiplad shakha ki ek aisi hi rricha mean shoodra ki jagah ‘dasi’ shabd ka prayog hua hai,[34] jisase lekhak ki ray mean yah prakat hota hai ki ye donoan shabd paryayavachi haian. at: atharvaved ke arambhik bhag mean jo shoodr shabd ka prayog hua hai use varn ke arth mean nahian, balki jati ke arth mean lena chahie, jo prasang ki drishti se adhik samichin maloom p data hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ vedaantasootr- 1, 44, 33
- ↑ atharvaved 19, 32, 8
- ↑ ramasharan sharma pri. 163-164
- ↑ gautam dharmasootr 12, 5
- ↑ panchavish brahman, VI. I. 6-10; vajasaneyi sanhita, XXXI, 11; taittiriy aranyak, III. 12.5 aur 6.
- ↑ mahabharat, XII. 73.4-8.
- ↑ vayupuran, I. VIII. 155.9; markandey puran, adhyay 49; vishnu puran, I. adhyay VI.
- ↑ vasishth dharmasootr, IV. 2; baudhayan dharmasootr, I. 10. 19. 5-6; dekhean apastamb dharmasootr, I. 1. 1.7; manusmriti, I. 31; yajurved III. 126.
- ↑ rrigved, X. 90-12.
- ↑ vhitane : ‘harvard orieantal sirij’, VIII. prishth CXLI; VIII. 895-898.
- ↑ atharvaved, XIX. 6.6.
- ↑ rrigved, IX. 112.3.
- ↑ oldenabarg (saitashripht der doychen mergenalaiandishenagezelashapht, barlin, 1i. 286.).
- ↑ atharvaved, XIX. 6.6.
- ↑ atharvaved, XIX. 32.8; paiplad., XII. 4.8.
- ↑ atharvaved, XIX. 62.1; paiplad, II. 32.5.
- ↑ harvard orieantal sirij, VIII. 1003; atharvaved ke anuvad par vhitane ki tippani, XIX. 62.1.
- ↑ vhitane : ‘harvard orieantal sirij’, VIII., prishth 33.
- ↑ atharvaved, X. 1.3.
- ↑ vhitane : ‘harvard orieantal sirij’, VII. prishth. CLV.
- ↑ atharvaved, V. 17.9; paiplad. IX. 16.7.
- ↑ makrindal : ‘inavejan aauf indiya’, prishth 293. eriyan sogadoee (‘inavejan aauf indiya prishth 157) ka ullekh karate haian, jo galat ho sakata hai. maikrindal : ‘ainashieant indiya aij diskraibd bai talami’, prishth 317. phir talami ne spasht likha hai (VI. 20.3) ki sidroee arkesiya ke madhy bhag mean rahate the, jisake antargat poorvi afaganistan ka kafi b da hissa p data hai, aur jisaki poorvi sima par siandhu hai.
- ↑ ech.si. rayachaudhari : politikal histri aauf enashieant indiya, prishth 255.
- ↑ aitarey brahman, VIII. 21.
- ↑ harvard orieantal sirij, VII. prishth CXLVIII aur CLV.
- ↑ atharvaved, IV. 20.4, 8; paipp. VIII. 6.8. ‘tayahan sarv pashyami yashch shoodr utary:’
- ↑ atharvaved, V. 11.3.
- ↑ rrigved ki tika, II. 12.4.
- ↑ atharvaved ki tika, IV. 20.4.
- ↑ atharvaved, V. 22.7 aur 8.
- ↑ majoomadar aur pusalakar : vaidik ej, prishth 258-9.
- ↑ mahabharat, VI. 10.66, 46 jahaan kritikal edishan aauf mahabharat mean aparanta ki jagah ashuddh path aparandhra hai. ‘shoodrabhirath darada: kashmira pashubhi: sah’.
- ↑ atharvaved, V. 22.12, 14.
- ↑ paiplad, XIII. 1.9.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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